航空电瓶内阻测量与剩余容量探讨

论述了电瓶内阻的基本测量方法。利用３５５０电瓶内阻测试仪对典型的航空电瓶进行实际测量，结果表明，对于酸性电瓶判断比较正确，而对碱性电瓶判断不正确。     

Aerospace and military battery applications

This paper gives a review of the papers presented at the IEEE 17th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, Long Beach, CA, USA, 2002. The topics covered are: Li batteries for satellites, capacity fade of Li-ion cells cycled at different temperatures, Ni-H/sub 2/ battery lifetime, batteries for Mars-exploring vehicles, Li-ion cell performance enhancement at low temperatures, navy service batteries, and US Army man portable applications and mobile power challenges.     

9th Annual Battery Conference on Advances and Applications

The developments in batteries reported at the 8th Annual Battery Conference on Advances and Applications, are discussed. It was sponsored by the electrical engineering department of California state university, long beach, CA, with IEEE-AESS cooperation. Previous well-funded battery research had been directed toward getting low weight in spacecraft batteries, which had to be boosted into orbit with expensive rockets. Ni-H₂ batteries, even though costly, won the race. Their demonstrated life, like 30,000 charge-discharge cycles, gives an earth-orbiting satellite decades of usable life. Other types of batteries discussed are: aircraft batteries; electric vehicle batteries; Ni-Cd cells; Zn-Br batteries; industrial Pb-acid batteries; rechargeability; computer controlled charging; and small rechargeable and primary batteries     

电池条形码综合管理系统设计与开发

从目前小型二次电池生产和应用的现状出发,结合条形码管理的实际特点,介绍了一种新型的电池条形码综合管理系统.系统通过在电池生产过程中引入条形码管理技术,便于电池生产厂家控制生产过程中电池质量、电池Pack厂在组装电池组时提取过程数据及电池流入市场后问题电池的追踪.详细介绍了系统的软硬件结构设计及系统特点,并对系统发展提出展望.     

U.S. Army battery needs-present and future

The purpose of this paper is to describe the needs of the U.S. Army for silent portable power sources, both in the near and longer term future. As a means of doing this, the programs of the Power Sources Division of the Army Research Laboratory are discussed. In carrying out these programs, the personnel of the Power Sources Division work closely with the Battery Management Office of the Army Materiel Command, which is located in the Logistics and Readiness Directorate of the Communication-Electronics Command (CECOM). We are also closely integrated with the Army Research Office, and the fuel cell personnel of the CECOM Research Development and Engineering Center (RDEC), and the battery personnel of the RDECs for the Tank and Automotive Command and the Missile Command. The six program areas discussed in which the Power Sources Division is engaged are: primary batteries, rechargeable batteries, reserve/fuze batteries, pulse batteries and capacitors, fuel cells, and thermophotovoltaic power generation     

A maintenance-free lead acid battery for inertial navigationsystems aircraft

Historically, aircraft inertial navigation system (INS) batteries have utilized vented nickel-cadmium batteries for emergency DC power. The United States Navy and Air Force developed separate systems during their respective INS developments. The Navy contracted with Litton industries to produce the LTN-72 and Air Force contracted with Delco to produce the Carousel IV INS for the large cargo and specialty aircraft applications, over the years, a total of eight different battery national stock numbers (NSNs) have entered the stock system along with 75 battery spare part NSNs. The standard hardware acquisition and reliability program is working with the Aircraft Battery Group at Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, Naval Air Systems Command (AIR 536), Wright Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, and Concorde Battery Corporation to produce a standard INS battery. This paper discusses the approach taken to determine whether the battery should be replaced and to select the replacement chemistry. The paper also discusses the battery requirements, aircraft that the battery is compatible with, and status of Navy flight evaluation. Projected savings in avoided maintenance in Navy and Air Force INS systems is projected to be $14.7 million per year with a manpower reduction of 153 maintenance personnel. The new INS battery is compatible with commercially sold INS systems which represents 66% of the systems sold     

Safety tests of lithium 9-volt batteries for Navy applications

COTS batteries are relatively inexpensive, readily accessible, and extremely versatile. These attributes allow the military to save time and money during the research and development stages. Of these COTS batteries, a 9-Volt (9 V) lithium/manganese dioxide battery is the subject of this paper. This 9 V battery has the ability to provide a low magnetic signature, which is very important to the Navy for many applications, Also, it is Underwriters Laboratories (UL) listed at the unit level; however, these UL tests cannot be directly related to the safety of these 9 V batteries when they are combined in various series and parallel configurations. Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Carderock was tasked to rate the safety of several such specialized battery packs. It was found that packs consisting of two 9 V batteries in parallel were relatively safe, experiencing no violent behavior. Battery packs with six 9 Vs in parallel vented and deformed the 9 V batteries, but no smoke or flames were noticed. A battery pack with thirty 9 V batteries, 2 in series with 15 legs, experienced venting, smoke, and flames under certain circumstances, After testing, the six and thirty 9 V packs were required to include the addition of various safety devices     

Hubble Space Telescope at twelve years of age

The Hubble Space Telescope was deployed from the Space Shuttle Discovery into a 380-mile high Earth orbit on April 25, 1990. It subsequently made outstanding astronomical discoveries with its 8-foot (2.4-meter) telescope and other scientific instruments. Critical to the successful observations was continuous availability of power from its solar arrays during sunlit periods, and from nickel-hydrogen batteries when the satellite was in the Earth's shadow. The adopted nickel-hydrogen batteries were carefully selected and tested to confirm their depth-of-discharge and operating temperature that delivered the longest life in charge/discharge cycling service. These batteries had a design life of 7 years. At 12 years after launch the Hubble batteries have delivered more charge/discharge cycles than any other batteries in low-Earth orbit. However, the Hubble batteries have been subjected to many unexpected stresses, and peculiar reductions in battery capacity have been observed. Battery replacement requires a costly trip to the Hubble Space Telescope by astronauts, so the remaining useful life of the batteries must be predicted. Already in four servicing missions, astronauts have replaced or modified optics, solar arrays, a power control unit, and various science packages. A fifth servicing mission is scheduled in 2004. This paper discusses battery charging hardware and software controls, history of battery events in Hubble, cell performance model and spare battery tests, and capacity walkdown.     

Assessing the environmental impacts of aircraft noise and emissions

With the projected growth in demand for commercial aviation, many anticipate increased environmental impacts associated with noise, air quality, and climate change. Therefore, decision-makers and stakeholders are seeking policies, technologies, and operational procedures that balance environmental and economic interests. The main objective of this paper is to address shortcomings in current decision-making practices for aviation environmental policies. We review knowledge of the noise, air quality, and climate impacts of aviation, and demonstrate how including environmental impact assessment and quantifying uncertainties can enable a more comprehensive evaluation of aviation environmental policies. A comparison is presented between the cost-effectiveness analysis currently used for aviation environmental policy decision-making and an illustrative cost-benefit analysis. We focus on assessing a subset of the engine NO_X emissions certification stringency options considered at the eighth meeting of the International Civil Aviation Organization’s Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection. The FAA Aviation environmental Portfolio Management Tool (APMT) is employed to conduct the policy assessments. We show that different conclusions may be drawn about the same policy options depending on whether benefits and interdependencies are estimated in terms of health and welfare impacts versus changes in NO_X emissions inventories as is the typical practice. We also show that these conclusions are sensitive to a variety of modeling uncertainties. While our more comprehensive analysis makes the best policy option less clear, it represents a more accurate characterization of the scientific and economic uncertainties underlying impacts and the policy choices.     

James Webb Space Telescope: Project Overview

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) project at the NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is responsible for the development, launch, flight, and science operations for the telescope. The project is in phase B with its launch scheduled for no earlier than June 2013. The project is a partnership among NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The JWST mission team is fully in place, including major ESA and CSA subcontractors. This provides an overview of the planned JWST science, current architecture focusing on the instrumentation, and mission status, including technology developments, and risks.     

会计师事务所合伙文化的建设目标

合伙制是国际上会计师事务所发展的一种主流形式,其特定组织结构所形成的特殊文化即会计师事务所的“合伙文化”。文章首先介绍了国际“四大”会计师事务所舍伙文化的建设情况,分析了判断合伙文化优劣的标准,然后分析合伙制会计师事务所所处的环境对合伙文化的影响,包括我国社会文化（传统文化和社会主义文化）对合伙文化的影响、我国法律对合伙文化的影响、事务所面对的市场环境对合伙文化的影响,最后提出会计师事务所合伙文化建设的目标,即树立和谐发展的文化、树立以人为本的文化。     

中国环境绩效审计研究述评

当前,环境问题已经逐渐超越国界成为一个全球性的问题,世界各国对于环境相关的财务问题尤其是环境会计和环境审计越来越重视,而环境绩效审计是环境审计的重要方面和发展趋势。为了对环境绩效审计研究的发展轨迹与现状得到一个全面、准确的认识,文章在掌握了国内大量相关资料的基础上,运用规范研究方法,对环境绩效审计研究所涉及的定义、内容和方法进行了简要地总结和评价,并对未来的环境绩效审计研究提出了相应的建议,以期丰富我国的环境绩效审计理论。     

Perspective on ultracapacitors for electric vehicles

Recent advances in performance of chemical double layer capacitors (DLC) with aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes have made it possible to seriously consider them for commercialization. Non-aqueous (organic) carbon based laboratory monopolar devices have recently met key U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) mid-term specifications (> 5 WNkg, >500 W/kg and >100,000 life cycles) for load-leveling electric vehicles batteries. All DLC technologies currently under development by DoE are discussed. Each technology has distinct advantages and none are clear winners at this time. A study has been completed by the General Electric Company on the interface electronics needed to best utilize the energy of capacitors for load-leveling batteries. System costs are presented based on this study, several battery technologies, and capacitor projections     

民用飞机机载设备的环境鉴定试验研究

民用飞机机载设备的环境鉴定试验是表明设备符合适用的环境标准,进而满足其适用的技术标准规定（TSO）的重要工作内容,对机载设备的适航审定具有重要意义。目前,国内民用飞机机载设备的环境鉴定试验工作还在持续完善阶段。本文以某机载设备的环境鉴定试验为例,介绍了一套机载设备环境鉴定试验的工作流程,包括环境鉴定试验计划制定、环境试验规程开发、环境试验执行3个阶段,并结合设备适用的最低操作性能标准（MOPS）和DO-160标准（机载设备环境条件和试验程序）,详细描述了各阶段的工作内容和重点,以及适航联络的规划和工作建议。该设备已成功取得TSO证,表明该流程能够有效应用于机载设备的环境鉴定试验工作开展并支持设备适航审定,可为后续机载设备的环境鉴定试验工作提供参考。     

The Hy-StorTM battery

The Hy-Stor^TM Battery is a rechargeable battery being developed for electric vehicles and other large battery applications. The battery combines the high energy storage capability of metal hydride alloys with the high cycle life and discharge rate capabilities of nickel-hydrogen cells. It is a hybrid battery concept that offers potential performance, economic and safety advantages over other large battery technologies. Very recent developments indicate that much smaller batteries can also be produced to meet the needs of the portable computer and other portable electronic device markets. Initial tests demonstrated the ability of a metal hydride storage system to achieve high cycle life when absorbing hydrogen that was saturated with battery electrolyte solution and then passed through a purifier. Based on positive test results, a patent for the Hy-Stor battery was applied for and granted     

试论环境试验的分类

环境试验在装备研制生产过程中不可或缺。环境试验技术是充分考虑装备在其使用寿命周期内所经受的各种环境条件,通过将装备暴露在人工模拟或自然环境条件下,考核其环境适应能力的试验方法。     

X-38 integrated aero- and aerothermodynamic activities

The characterisation of the aeroshape selected for the X-38 [Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) demonstrator] is presently being performed as a co-operative endeavour between NASA, DLR (through its TETRA Program), and the European Space Agency (ESA) with Dassault Aviation integrating the aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic activities. The methodologies selected for characterizing the aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic environment of the X-38 are presented.     

P-3 ultra-wideband SAR: description and examples

Under the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)/ASTO sponsorship, through a contract from the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC), the Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) has developed an ultrawideband (UWB) very high frequency (VHF)/ultrahigh frequency (UHF) fully polarimetric airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for studying the detection of foliage-obscured objects. The radar is installed in the NAWC P-3 testbed aircraft and takes advantage of existing ERIM-built multimode, fully-polarimetric X/L/C-band SAR hardware. This paper describes the radar and presents some examples of its capabilities including polarimetric imagery and two-pass interferometric surface height estimates     

The ERIM interferometric SAR: IFSARE

The Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) and Horizons, Inc. have completed the development, calibration and evaluation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)/US Army Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) funded IFSARE (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar for Digital Terrain Elevations) system. This system rapidly produces geocoded SAR imagery and digital terrain elevation data. The dual-channel, X-band SAR is installed in the ERIM Learjet 36. The ground processor was developed in collaboration with the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The system produces 1.5 to 3.0 meters (1 sigma) absolute accuracy three-dimensional terrain elevation data over large areas without the use of ground control points. Several examples from recent data collections are presented     

分解与重构在家居装饰设计中的运用

人们在满足物质生活的基础上,对居住环境的精神层面的要求越来越高,这无疑对居室装饰设计从业人员的设计观念及思维方式提出了新的挑战。从“分解与重构”理念切入,通过造型和色彩两方面对居室装饰设计的影响,探究“分解与重构”手法在居室装饰设计中运用的重要意义。