Experimental and numerical studies of a lean-burn internally-staged combustor

A lean-burn internally-staged combustor for low emissions that can be used in civil avi-ation gas turbines is introduced in this paper. The main stage is designed and optimized in terms of fuel evaporation ratio, fuel/air pre-mixture uniformity, and particle residence time using commer-cial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） software. A single-module rectangular combustor is adopted in performance tests including lean ignition, lean blowout, combustion efficiency, emis-sions, and combustion oscillation using aviation kerosene. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides （NOx） emission is also predicted using CFD simulation to compare with test results. Under normal inlet temperature, this combustor can be ignited easily with normal and negative inlet pressures. The lean blowout fuel/air ratio （LBO FAR） at the idle condition is 0.0049. The fuel split proportions between the pilot and main stages are determined through balancing emissions, combustion efficiency, and combustion oscillation. Within the landing and take-off （LTO） cycle, this combustor enables 42%NOx reduction of the standard set by the 6th Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection （CAEP/6） with high combustion efficiency. The maximum board-band pressure oscillations of inlet air and fuel are below 1%of total pressure during steady-state operations at the LTO cycle specific conditions.     

NOx emissions of turbofan powered unmanned aerial vehicle for complete flight cycle

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been getting more and more popular in both civil and military arena. Similar to manned aircraft, their propulsion systems or engines emit harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides. Since UAVs have different mission profiles and operational parameters than manned aircraft, it is worthy to investigate their NO_x emissions. Therefore, in this study, NO_x emissions of a turbofan powered UAV for complete flight cycle was calculated and optimized within a range of altitude and speed parameters. NO_x emissions were calculated based on ICAO ground test data and corrected to any speed and altitude during flight legs using both Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 and DLR Fuel Flow Method. Total NO_x emissions were calculated for complete flight cycles for different altitude and speed parameters. Numerical results were presented graphically and additionally optimization studies were conducted. Optimization studies include determination and comparison of speed and altitude for minimum NO_x emissions by the two fuel flow methods and maximum loiter time achievable by UAV.     

航空装备视情维修决策研究

航空装备从正常到潜在故障需要经过检测才能知道。本文建立了符合航空装备特点的视情维修决策模型,通过Markov状态分析,以装备的最大可用度为目标函数,确定了基于航空装备的可靠性的检测间隔期和视情维修阈值的求解方法,为航空装备开展视情维修提供了依据,并将所得结论应用于某型飞机的滑油系统进行验证,得出检测次数与装备可用度的关系。     

Estimate of the climate impact of cryoplanes

The climate impact of cryoplanes (i.e. hydrogen-powered aircraft) is estimated in terms of radiative forcing (RF). We compare two scenarios: the conventional (i.e. kerosene-powered aircraft) scenario assumes a growth of the fleet until 2015 and a constant fleet thereafter. In the cryoplane scenario, the whole conventional fleet is instantaneously replaced by cryoplanes in 2015 and does not change thereafter. The resulting direct and indirect effects of aircraft emissions of H₂O (direct RF and RF due to contrails) and NO_x (RF due to O₃ production and CH₄ destruction), as well as aviation-induced atmospheric CO₂ are investigated for both scenarios.Whereas in case of conventional air traffic the components CO₂, O₃, CH₄ and contrails cause a similar RF, in case of cryoplanes, contrails are by far the most climatic relevant component. In 2015, total RF due to the cyoplane scenario is larger than total RF due to the conventional scenario. This changes with time and in 2100 the climate impact due to the cryoplane scenario is smaller. Due to large uncertainties regarding the optical properties of cryoplane contrails, the RF of contrails, and the impact of aviation on `natural' cirrus, our present knowledge is not sufficient to decide whether a substitution of the conventional fleet by a fleet of cryoplanes is of environmental benefit. Further research is necessary in order to faciliate a more precise approach to this question.     

Multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for emission and cost reductions

Pollutant gases emitted from the civil jet are doing more and more harm to the environ- ment with the rapid development of the global commercial aviation transport. Low environmental impact has become a new requirement for aircraft design. In this paper, estimation method for emis- sion in aircraft conceptual design stage is improved based on the International Civil Aviation Orga- nization （ICAO） aircraft engine emissions databank and the polynomial curve fitting methods. The greenhouse gas emission （CO2 equivalent） per seat per kilometer is proposed to measure the emis- sions. An approximate sensitive analysis and a multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for tradeoff between greenhouse effect and direct operating cost （DOC） are performed with five geom- etry variables of wing configuration and two flight operational parameters. The results indicate that reducing the cruise altitude and Mach number may result in a decrease of the greenhouse effect but an increase of DOC. And the two flight operational parameters have more effects on the emissions than the wing configuration. The Pareto-optimal front shows that a decrease of 29.8% in DOC is attained at the expense of an increase of 10.8% in greenhouse gases.     

Experimental study on NOx emission correlation of fuel staged combustion in a LPP combustor at high pressure based on NO-chemiluminescence

Experimental investigations on NO_x emissions of a single-cup, Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP), module combustor were carried out at elevated inlet temperature and pressure up to 810 K and 2.0 MPa, close to the real operating conditions of aero-engine combustors. This LPP combustor adopts centrally staged fuel injections which could produce separated stratified swirling spray flame. In the NO_x emissions measurements, the ranges of dome equivalence ratio and fuel stage ratio were from 0.55 to 0.58 and 8% to 24%, respectively. The optical diagnosis on separated stratified swirling spray flame were carried out with fuel stage ratio changing from 15% to 30%. Therefore, NO* and OH* chemiluminescence images were obtained. The results show that NO_x emissions increase with the increase of the fuel stage ratio. And from the chemiluminescence images, the main flame and pilot flame are found weakly coupled. The pilot flame plays a significant role in NO_x emission production because of its higher adiabatic flame temperature. Based on the results of chemiluminescence optical tests, a new NO_x emission prediction model is proposed based on the Lefebvre’s single flame model. The estimate of local equivalence ratio of the pilot stage’s non-premixed flame is modified considering the characteristics of spray combustion, and a “PLUS” emission prediction model suitable for separated stratified swirling spray flame is obtained. Compared to the experimental data, the “PLUS” model exhibits a good prediction in a range of ±13% of deviation.     

New cycle and emission studies — the CYPRESS project

The overall objective of the EC project CYPRESS is to make informed predictions of the probable changes in aero gas turbine design in the near term (7–10 years) and the longer term (17–20 years) and to predict the pollutant emissions from these engines. Engine classes representative of the range of products of all European manufacturers will be included. CYPRESS will particularly investigate the effects of engine design and cycle on the relationships between CO₂ and NO_X. Because of the prospect that emissions should be regulated at all altitudes, CYPRESS will focus on predictions of cycle efficiencies and emissions throughout the full flight cycle.     

滑窗式谱减法在航空降噪中的应用

航空噪声的存在严重影响了机务人员和地勤人员的通信及健康,降低噪声是解决这一问题的有效途径。文章提出了一种新的改进谱减法,根据采集的真实航空噪声数据,将传统谱减法和改进的谱减法结果进行了比、较,计算结果表明,改进形式的谱减法可以有效降低航空噪声,提高语音的可懂度和信噪比。     

Stratosphere NO y Species Measured by MIPAS and GOMOS Onboard ENVISAT During 2002–2010: Influence of Plasma Processes onto the Observed Distribution and Variability

We present observations of stratosphere NO _y species from 2002 to 2010 taken by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) and by the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instruments on board ENVISAT. We jointly used observations of MIPAS NO₂, HNO₃, N₂O₅, ClONO₂ and N₂O, and GOMOS NO₂ and NO₃. MIPAS results are part of the MIPAS2D database retrieved adopting a full 2D tomographic approach. We describe the mean distribution and variability of NO _y species in the stratosphere, identifying changes induced by plasma processes. Beside enhancements due to sporadic solar proton events, we show that winter polar NO₂ has an almost linear relationship with the geomagnetic activity index Ap down to about 10?hPa. This indicates a dominant role of energetic precipitating particles in the production of upper atmosphere NO _y . The correlation has clear signatures extending to mid latitudes. Partitioning of the NO _y reservoir species are also traced, with HNO₃ and N₂O₅ showing a correlation with Ap extending to lower altitude within the polar regions. We found no large signatures of an impact of thunderstorm-induced plasma processes onto monthly means of NO _y species in the stratosphere.     

One-dimensional numerical investigation on multi-cylinder gasoline engine fueled by micro-emulsions,CNG, and hydrogen in dual fuel mode

This research work is the novel state-of-the-art technology performed on multi-cylinder SI engine fueled compressed natural gas, emulsified fuel, and hydrogen as dual fuel. This work predicts the overall features of performance, combustion, and exhaust emissions of individual fuels based on AVL Boost simulation technology. Three types of alternative fuels have been compared and analyzed. The results show that hydrogen produces 20% more brake power than CNG and 25% more power than micro-emulsion fuel at 1500 r/min, which further increases the brake power of hydrogen, CNG, and micro-emulsions in the range of 25%, 20%, and 15% at higher engine speeds of 2500–4000 r/min, respectively. In addition, the brake-specific fuel consumption is the lowest for 100% hydrogen, followed by CNG 100% and then micro-emulsions at 1500 r/min. At 2500–5000 r/min, there is a significant drop in brake-specific fuel consumption due to a lean mixture at higher engine speeds. The CO, HC, and NO_x emissions significantly improve for hydrogen, CNG, and micro-emulsion fuel. Hydrogen fuel shows zero CO and HC emissions and is the main objective of this research to produce 0% carbon-based emissions with a slight increase in NO_x emissions, and CNG shows 30% lower CO emissions than micro-emulsions and 21.5% less hydrocarbon emissions than micro-emulsion fuel at stoichiometric air/fuel ratio.     

中国通用航空区域发展水平综合测评

为了科学评价目前中国各区域通用航空发展水平,为国家政府层面、民航局层面、地方政府层面制定中国各区域通用航空发展政策提供依据,以2009年中国通用航空区域发展水平为研究对象,按照中国七大中国民用航空地方管理局（华北、华东、东北、中南、西北、西南、新疆）进行区域划分,从各区域通用航空运营规模、运营效率两大方面建立评价体系。运用层次分析法（AHP）确定评价指标体系中七个指标的权重,利用灰色关联分析法测算中国七大区域通用航空发展水平。最后根据灰色关联度值将七个区域的通用航空发展水平进行了由高到低的排序,并找出中国通用航空发展相对较好和相对落后的区域。     

Lownox - a European low emission engine initiative

As air traffic grows, Low NO_x emission technology development is challenged to reduce aircraft engine emissions, if overall environmental impact is to be contained. This paper describes work supported by the European Union, bringing together industry, research centres and universities, to acquire the necessary technology.     

航空发动机排气污染物控制与适航符合性研究

基于民用航空活动对环境排放污染占比快速增长的现状,结合民用航空领域排放物相关政策的历史沿革和背景,展望了发动机排放物政策的发展趋势,研究表明由于NOx危害较大且很难控制,国际民航组织（简称ICAO）和美国联邦航空局（简称FAA）对NOx的要求日趋严格,而对HC、CO和烟的排放要求基本没有变化。同时介绍了低污染燃烧技术发展概况,分析了排气污染物的生成机理和主要影响因素以及改善措施,基于污染物生成机理及控制原理阐述了富油和贫油燃烧的污染排放控制方法。最后对飞机排放适航符合性验证方法进行了介绍,提出了基于发动机台架试验的LTO循环中气态排放污染物和烟尘的测量程序和计算分析方法,该测量程序和计算分析方法能较准确地评估航空发动机运行过程中的排气污染物水平,可以推广应用到航空发动机和大型燃气轮机的排放评估和预测。     

民用飞机全航线排放预测

针对民用飞机全航线的排放预测问题,运用飞机升阻特性模型、发动机性能模型和飞机航线性能模型计算了民用飞机在全航线上的飞机升阻特性与发动机性能,并将以上模型与基于T₃-p₃法与波音流量法所建立的排放计算模型相耦合,详细计算了飞机在实际飞行过程中未燃碳氢化合物(UHC)、一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化合物(NOx)的排放指数,并得到了全航线的各种污染排放物排放总量,完善了民用航空发动机排放预测分析体系,为低污染民用航空发动机的设计与评估提供理论依据.计算结果表明,飞机处在起飞以及爬升阶段时,NOx的排放指数较高,而UHC与CO的排放指数较低;当飞机处在下降以及进场时,NOx的排放指数较低,而UHC与CO的排放指数较高.NOx的总排放量在3种污染排放产物中最高.      

航空运输业排放环境影响评估研究

利用ICAO发动机排放数据库构建了航空运输业排放环境外部成本测算模型,并选取首都国际机场等6个国际机场作为实证研究的对象,测算了其2008年排放产生的环境外部成本,可以看出中国机场普遍存在着显著的排放环境外部成本。同时,针对中国航空运输业的发展现状,提出了通过实施排放权交易制度将中国航空运输业环境外部成本内部化的政策建议。研究成果可用于中国航空运输业排放环境外部成本的测算和治理。     

中美航空市场自由化进程及其对市场的影响研究

中国-美国航空市场的自由化进程,是中国国际航空市场政策演变的典型代表,其发展趋势对远程宽体客机的市场走向也具有重大影响。2003年,中国民航局提出逐步开放航空市场的目标,并开始融入国际航空市场自由化的潮流,自此,中国民航开始调整国际政策以支持航空自由化和国际合作。但是,中国枢纽的发展目标仍然受到了来自邻国—首尔和东京枢纽的激烈竞争。2004年和2007年签署的协议对中美航空市场产生了深远的影响,旅客运输量有了惊人的增长,市场竞争也显著加强。     

某型干式低NOx燃烧室污染物排放试验

应用高压试验台完成了某重型燃气轮机(E级)干式低NO_x(DLN)燃烧室烧天然气污染排放性能试验与研究.各工况下CO及UHC质量分数很低,燃烧室能够保证稳定高效燃烧.燃烧效率达到99%以上;额定工况NO_x质量分数204 mg/N.m3(15%O₂),大大超出设计要求.试验结果表明:该燃烧室值班燃料比例过大,导致扩散燃烧产生NO_x效果明显;燃料预混不均匀是NO_x质量分数过高的另一重要原因.这一结论为该燃机的改进提供了可靠参考和依据.      

Ignition enhancement of ethylene/air by NOx addition

Recently, non-equilibrium plasma assisted combustion (PAC) has been found to be promising in reducing the ignition delay time in hypersonic propulsion system. NO x produced by non-equilibrium plasma can react with intermediates during the fuel oxidation process and thereby has influence on the combustion process. In this study, the effects of NO x addition on the ignition process of both the homogeneous ethylene/air mixtures and the non-premixed diffusion layer are examined numerically. The detailed chemistry for ethylene oxidization together with the NO x sub-mechanism is included in the simulation. Reaction path analysis and sensitivity analysis are conducted to give a mechanistic interpretation for the ignition enhancement by NO x addition. It is found that for both the homogenous and non-premixed ignition processes at normal and elevated pressures, NO 2 addition has little influence on the ignition delay time while NO addition can significantly promote the ignition process. The ignition enhancement is found to be caused by the promotion in hydroxyl radical production which quickly oxidizes ethylene. The promotion in hydroxyl radical production by NO addition is achieved in two ways:one is the direct production of OH through the reaction HO2+NO = NO2+OH, and the other is the indirect production of OH through the reactions NO+O2=NO2+O and C2H4+O = C2H3+OH. Moreover, it is found that similar to the homogeneous ignition process, the acceleration of the diffusion layer ignition is also controlled by the reaction HO2+NO = NO2+OH.     

2007年上市民航运输企业财务分析

利用2007年财务报告，对中国国际航空公司（简称国航）、中国南方航空集团（简称南航）、中国东方航空集团（简称东航）、海南航空公司（简称海航）、上海航空公司（简称上航）5家A股上市民航运输企业财务状况进行了分析，采用比较分析法、比率分析法对5家企业的财务报表进行分析。结果表明，传统财务报表分析方法是从盈利水平和财务风险的角度进行的，从盈利质量、资产质量和现金流的视角能更全面系统地进行财务报表分析，为相关信息使用者决策提供更科学的依据。表明5家A股上市民航运输企业中，在资产规模、获利能力以及创造现金流方面，国航具有总体相对优势，在净资产率和现金流方面，海航具有相对优势。     

直混燃烧与LPP组合燃烧室数值研究

设计了直混燃烧与贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)组合的单管燃烧室.燃烧室头部采用同轴同旋向主模旋流器和副模旋流器结构,主、副油路分别采用直射式喷嘴和压力雾化喷嘴,可以在单管燃烧室上掌握和实现低污染燃烧排放控制技术,并采用Fluent软件对设计的单管燃烧室模型进行数值模拟.计算结果表明:主副模燃烧区相互独立;副模是直混燃烧,主要作用稳定火焰.主模是预混燃烧,燃烧区温度分布均匀,从而实现低NO_x排放.解决了大工况下低NO_x排放与慢车贫油熄火之间的矛盾.