航改燃机多点喷射贫预混燃烧室燃料分级实验研究

为保证多点喷射贫预混燃烧室在50%～100%载荷工况范围的NO_x和CO排放量满足排放标准,本文实验研究了燃料分级数及不同工况、进口压力、进口温度下燃料分级比例对七喷嘴燃烧室NO_x和CO排放的影响规律。结果表明：主模燃料不分级方案,50%～60%载荷工况CO排放量较高而不满足排放标准;主模燃料分两级方案,50%～100%载荷工况范围内NO_x和CO排放量均满足■≤25×10^-6,f_CO≤50×10^-6(@15%O₂)的排放标准,且70%工况是打开主模第二级燃料的过渡工况点。另外随着进口压力和温度升高,能同时满足NO_x和CO排放标准的R_pilot(副模燃料质量流量与总燃料质量流量之比)范围逐渐缩小,且NO_x排放量与进口压力关系为■∝p₃^0.44。因此采用主模燃料两级分级方案且适当调节R_pilot,本文多点喷射贫...     

某航改燃机氢燃料燃烧室污染排放特性研究

为了对氢燃料燃烧室的低污染燃烧组织方案提供技术支撑,根据某航改燃机燃烧室的工况及结构参数,设计了三种氢燃料喷射单元(贫油直接喷射(LDI)单元以及两种贫油预混喷射(LPIA和LPIB)单元),通过数值计算方法研究了其流场特性,燃料-空气混合特性及污染排放特性,然后采用粒子群优化算法(PSO)建立了三种单元的NO_x排放回归模型。研究表明：氢气喷射方式对流场结构影响较大。LDI单元的中心回流区(CRZ)脱离喷嘴一段距离,LPIA单元的CRZ径向尺寸最大,LPIB单元的下游流场轴向速度最快;LPIA单元燃烧室内燃料-空气混合相对于其它两个单元更加均匀;在设计工况下,LDI单元的NO_x排放量不能满足目前新建燃机的排放标准(@15%O₂,≤30 mg/m³),而LPI单元的NO_x排放能够达标,且LPIA相对于LDI单元可降低81.6%;所建立三个单元NO_x排放回归模型考虑了燃烧室进口压力、温度、当量比及气流速度的影响,其决定系数R²分别为0.9...     

主燃级基于旋流直射式喷嘴的超低排放燃烧室实验研究

为了实现航空发动机超低NO_x超低排放的目标，本文提出贫油预混预蒸发低排放燃烧室主燃级采用旋流直射式喷嘴技术，达到主燃级燃油和空气强化混合的效果，获得良好均匀性的油气混合物进行燃烧。在单头部燃烧室试验件上实验研究了LTO循环4个工况(慢车、进场、爬升和起飞)的燃烧性能和污染排放性能。研究结果表明：除慢车工况的燃烧效率接近0.99外，其余工况的燃烧效率均大于0.995；在LTO循环内，CO,UHC和NO_x排放均比CAEP/6排放标准降低50%以上，且NO_x比CAEP/6低72.5%，达到了超低排放的目标；同时与其他各型低排放燃烧室相比，起飞工况、爬升工况的NO_x排放在LTO循环中的占比均有较大幅度的降低。     

双旋流器燃烧室NOx生成研究

通过试验和数值模拟方法研究不同进口油气比与温度以及主燃孔布局变化对双旋流模型燃烧室两相燃烧整体流场、出口温度丁以及污染物NO_x排放的影响.采用二维粒子图像测速仪(PIV)测量燃烧室内热态流场,用多点温度耙和取样管测量燃烧室出口温度T与NOx在非结构网格体系下,采用Fluent商业软件对燃烧室三维两相燃烧流场和NO_x分布进行计算.计算结果与试验数据符合较好,表明不同油气比、进气温度和主燃孔布局变化对模型燃烧室两相燃烧整体流场、出口温度T与NO_x排放都有一定的影响,并随着油气比与进气温度增加,燃烧室出口温度T与NO_x排放也相应地提高.      

直混燃烧与LPP组合燃烧室数值研究

设计了直混燃烧与贫油预混预蒸发(LPP)组合的单管燃烧室.燃烧室头部采用同轴同旋向主模旋流器和副模旋流器结构,主、副油路分别采用直射式喷嘴和压力雾化喷嘴,可以在单管燃烧室上掌握和实现低污染燃烧排放控制技术,并采用Fluent软件对设计的单管燃烧室模型进行数值模拟.计算结果表明:主副模燃烧区相互独立;副模是直混燃烧,主要作用稳定火焰.主模是预混燃烧,燃烧区温度分布均匀,从而实现低NO_x排放.解决了大工况下低NO_x排放与慢车贫油熄火之间的矛盾.      

WZ-5燃烧半水煤气并注水蒸汽的试验

提供了常压下,在 WZ- 5燃烧试验台上,采用中热值半水煤气为燃料的,向燃烧室喷注水蒸汽的各种方案的试验研究。研究了烧中热值燃料的燃烧性能以及在燃烧室中注入水蒸汽增加工质及增大燃气比热,在燃烧室高温区中注入水蒸汽,降低温度抑制 NO_x 的生成。      

双环预混旋流与单、双环腔燃烧室性能对比

将中心分级的双环预混旋流(TAPS)燃烧室、单环腔燃烧室(SAC)及双环腔燃烧室(DAC)采用相同的扩压器尺寸、外机匣最大直径以及燃烧室出口尺寸,采用相同的数理模型,对TAPS燃烧室,SAC,DAC进行三维数值模拟.对比研究了TAPS燃烧室,SAC,DAC的总压恢复系数、燃烧效率、燃烧室出口温度分布系数、污染排放等性能参数.研究结果表明:采用TAPS燃烧室,可获得比SAC和DAC更高的总压恢复系数及燃烧效率;比SAC和DAC更低的燃烧室出口温度分布系数及NO_x等污染的排放,尤其是设计工况下出口NO_x排放.从研究结果来看中心分级的TAPS燃烧室的技术优势十分明显,是一种很有发展前景的高温升、低污染燃烧室.      

采用详细化学反应机理的火焰面模型模拟煤油两相燃烧流场

基于可实现的 k-ε湍流模型、颗粒随机轨道模型、火焰面模型和航空煤油详细化学反应机理对模型燃烧室内两相燃烧流场进行了数值模拟.其中详细反应机理由替代燃油(80%质量分数的正癸烷,20%质量分数的1,2,4-三甲基苯)的反应机理和NO_x的反应机理组合而成.通过与实验数据的比较,考察采用该详细化学反应机理的火焰面模型模拟RP-3航空煤油燃烧流场的准确性,特别是污染物排放计算的精度.结果表明:稳态火焰面模型模拟的温度场和CO₂生成量与实验数据吻合较好,而预测的NO排放量与实验值偏差较大;非稳态火焰面模型显著提高了NO的预测精度,在工况1(来流马赫数为0.16,进口温度为537K,油气比为0.0048,常压)条件下与实验数据吻合较好,但在工况2 (来流马赫数为0.155,进口温度为523K,油气比为0.010,常压)条件下仍过高估计了NO的排放量.      

限流方法解耦燃烧与喷射过程的合理性研究

为了研究双模态超燃冲压发动机燃烧室在燃烧诱导的高背压环境下燃料的输运和分布情况,采用了限流方法模拟燃烧诱导的高背压环境。针对燃烧室中凹槽上游氢气燃料喷射工况的研究发现,限流试验的压力分布与燃烧试验压力分布在燃烧室前半段比较接近,证明二者的流场在燃料喷射段有一定的相似程度;数值模拟结果表明,相较于低背压状态下62%的混合效率,高背压状态下混合效率提高到了87%,并且燃烧状态下拍摄的火焰区域与限流状态下数值模拟的燃料的可燃质量分数范围相符,证明了限流方法解耦燃烧与喷射过程的合理性。     

贫油预混预蒸发燃烧室排放试验研究

提出一种采用直接喷射和部分预混预蒸发(DIPME)混合燃烧技术的中心分级燃烧室,这种DIPME燃烧室具有低工况稳定燃烧,高工况低NOx排放的特征。对采用该燃烧技术的单头部DIPME燃烧室进行LTO循环4个工况(慢车、返场、爬升和起飞)试验研究。研究结果表明:除慢车工况的燃烧效率接近0.99外,其余工况的燃烧效率均大于0.995;在LTO循环内DIPME燃烧室的CO,UHC和NOx排放均满足CAEP/6排放标准,其中NOx比CAEP/6低60.8%;同采用富油燃烧技术的燃烧室相比,采用该技术的DIPME燃烧室在降低CO和UHC排放上并没有什么优势,但在降低NOx排放上潜力巨大。     

Arrangement of low-emission combustion in the annular GTE combustion chamber

The results of experimental studies carried out for creation and development of an annular combustion chamber with reduced NO _x emission for a full-scale gas turbine plant are presented.     

Improvement of aircraft GTE emission characteristics by using the microflame fuel combustion in a shortened combustion chamber

We present the design of an upgraded shortened combustion chamber with the reduced emission of NO_x and CO. Also shown are the results of experimental studies of the developed design effect on main characteristics of the GTE combustion chamber.     

Experimental and numerical studies of a lean-burn internally-staged combustor

A lean-burn internally-staged combustor for low emissions that can be used in civil avi-ation gas turbines is introduced in this paper. The main stage is designed and optimized in terms of fuel evaporation ratio, fuel/air pre-mixture uniformity, and particle residence time using commer-cial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） software. A single-module rectangular combustor is adopted in performance tests including lean ignition, lean blowout, combustion efficiency, emis-sions, and combustion oscillation using aviation kerosene. Furthermore, nitrogen oxides （NOx） emission is also predicted using CFD simulation to compare with test results. Under normal inlet temperature, this combustor can be ignited easily with normal and negative inlet pressures. The lean blowout fuel/air ratio （LBO FAR） at the idle condition is 0.0049. The fuel split proportions between the pilot and main stages are determined through balancing emissions, combustion efficiency, and combustion oscillation. Within the landing and take-off （LTO） cycle, this combustor enables 42%NOx reduction of the standard set by the 6th Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection （CAEP/6） with high combustion efficiency. The maximum board-band pressure oscillations of inlet air and fuel are below 1%of total pressure during steady-state operations at the LTO cycle specific conditions.     

Ignition enhancement of ethylene/air by NOx addition

Recently, non-equilibrium plasma assisted combustion (PAC) has been found to be promising in reducing the ignition delay time in hypersonic propulsion system. NO x produced by non-equilibrium plasma can react with intermediates during the fuel oxidation process and thereby has influence on the combustion process. In this study, the effects of NO x addition on the ignition process of both the homogeneous ethylene/air mixtures and the non-premixed diffusion layer are examined numerically. The detailed chemistry for ethylene oxidization together with the NO x sub-mechanism is included in the simulation. Reaction path analysis and sensitivity analysis are conducted to give a mechanistic interpretation for the ignition enhancement by NO x addition. It is found that for both the homogenous and non-premixed ignition processes at normal and elevated pressures, NO 2 addition has little influence on the ignition delay time while NO addition can significantly promote the ignition process. The ignition enhancement is found to be caused by the promotion in hydroxyl radical production which quickly oxidizes ethylene. The promotion in hydroxyl radical production by NO addition is achieved in two ways:one is the direct production of OH through the reaction HO2+NO = NO2+OH, and the other is the indirect production of OH through the reactions NO+O2=NO2+O and C2H4+O = C2H3+OH. Moreover, it is found that similar to the homogeneous ignition process, the acceleration of the diffusion layer ignition is also controlled by the reaction HO2+NO = NO2+OH.     

Experimental study on NOx emission correlation of fuel staged combustion in a LPP combustor at high pressure based on NO-chemiluminescence

Experimental investigations on NO_x emissions of a single-cup, Lean Premixed Prevaporized (LPP), module combustor were carried out at elevated inlet temperature and pressure up to 810 K and 2.0 MPa, close to the real operating conditions of aero-engine combustors. This LPP combustor adopts centrally staged fuel injections which could produce separated stratified swirling spray flame. In the NO_x emissions measurements, the ranges of dome equivalence ratio and fuel stage ratio were from 0.55 to 0.58 and 8% to 24%, respectively. The optical diagnosis on separated stratified swirling spray flame were carried out with fuel stage ratio changing from 15% to 30%. Therefore, NO* and OH* chemiluminescence images were obtained. The results show that NO_x emissions increase with the increase of the fuel stage ratio. And from the chemiluminescence images, the main flame and pilot flame are found weakly coupled. The pilot flame plays a significant role in NO_x emission production because of its higher adiabatic flame temperature. Based on the results of chemiluminescence optical tests, a new NO_x emission prediction model is proposed based on the Lefebvre’s single flame model. The estimate of local equivalence ratio of the pilot stage’s non-premixed flame is modified considering the characteristics of spray combustion, and a “PLUS” emission prediction model suitable for separated stratified swirling spray flame is obtained. Compared to the experimental data, the “PLUS” model exhibits a good prediction in a range of ±13% of deviation.     

低排放燃烧室NO_x排放试验及预测方法研究

为了研究中心分级贫油低排放燃烧室的排放特性和排放预测方法,针对一个低排放头部方案,在单头部燃烧室试验件上,在不同的温度、压力、油气比、供油模式和分级比条件下,测量其排放性能。以Lefebvre排放经验预测公式为基础,采用经验分析方法拟合排放试验数据,归纳出适用于本头部方案的排放预测公式。表征预测好坏的判定系数R2在小工况下和大工况下分别为0.95和0.93,表明预测结果与试验结果符合度较好。小工况和大工况排放特性不同,对仅预燃级喷油的小工况工作模式,NO_x排放主要受化学恰当燃烧温度和预燃级局部当量比的影响;对预燃级和主燃级同时喷油的大工况工作模式,NO_x排放主要受燃烧区温度和主燃级燃油比例的影响。     

富氢/富氧燃气同轴剪切气-气喷嘴性能仿真分析

采用正交试验设计方法对富氢/富氧燃气同轴剪切气-气喷嘴设计参数氧压降比、燃氧速度比、氧喷嘴出口壁厚进行组合,数值模拟单喷嘴燃烧室燃烧流场,研究喷嘴设计参数及参数之间的交互作用对燃烧性能和燃烧室热载性能的影响,评价指标为燃烧长度、燃烧室壁面平均燃气温度和喷注面板平均燃气温度.仿真结果表明,燃氧速度比对燃烧与热载有显著影响,氧压降比与氢氧燃氧速度比的交互作用影响明显,分析结果对气-气喷嘴试验设计有重要指导意义.      

NOx emissions of turbofan powered unmanned aerial vehicle for complete flight cycle

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been getting more and more popular in both civil and military arena. Similar to manned aircraft, their propulsion systems or engines emit harmful gases such as nitrogen oxides. Since UAVs have different mission profiles and operational parameters than manned aircraft, it is worthy to investigate their NO_x emissions. Therefore, in this study, NO_x emissions of a turbofan powered UAV for complete flight cycle was calculated and optimized within a range of altitude and speed parameters. NO_x emissions were calculated based on ICAO ground test data and corrected to any speed and altitude during flight legs using both Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 and DLR Fuel Flow Method. Total NO_x emissions were calculated for complete flight cycles for different altitude and speed parameters. Numerical results were presented graphically and additionally optimization studies were conducted. Optimization studies include determination and comparison of speed and altitude for minimum NO_x emissions by the two fuel flow methods and maximum loiter time achievable by UAV.