Study of parachute inflation process using fluid–structure interaction method

A direct numerical modeling method for parachute is proposed firstly, and a model for the star-shaped folded parachute with detailed structures is established. The simplified arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian fluid–structure interaction(SALE/FSI) method is used to simulate the inflation process of a folded parachute, and the flow field calculation is mainly based on operator splitting technique. By using this method, the dynamic variations of related parameters such as flow field and structure are obtained, and the load jump appearing at the end of initial inflation stage is captured. Numerical results including opening load, drag characteristics, swinging angle, etc. are well consistent with wind tunnel tests. In addition, this coupled method can get more space–time detailed information such as geometry shape, structure, motion, and flow field. Compared with previous inflation time method, this method is a completely theoretical analysis approach without relying on empirical coefficients, which can provide a reference for material selection, performance optimization during parachute design.     

Parachute dynamics and perturbation analysis of precision airdrop system

To analyze the parachute dynamics and stability characteristics of precision airdrop system,the fluid–structure interaction(FSI) dynamics coupling with the flight trajectory of a parachute–payload system is comprehensively predicted by numerical methods.The inflation behavior of a disk-gap-band parachute is specifically investigated using the arbitrary Lagrangian–Euler(ALE) penalty coupling method.With the available aerodynamic data obtained from the FSI simulation,a nine-degree-of-freedom(9DOF) dynamic model of a parachute–payload system is built and solved to simulate the descent trajectory of the multi-body dynamic system.Finally,a linear five-degree-of-freedom(5DOF) dynamic model is developed,the perturbation characteristics and the motion laws of the parachute and payload under a wind gust are analyzed by the linearization method and verified by a comparison with flight test data.The results of airdrop test demonstrate that our method can be further applied to the guidance and control of precision airdrop systems.     

Modeling of a space flexible probe–cone docking system based on the Kane method

Recent developments in micro- and nano-satellites have attracted the interest of the research community worldwide. Many colleges and corporations have launched their satellites in space. Meanwhile, the space flexible probe–cone docking system for micro- and nano-satellites has become an attractive topic. In this paper, a dynamic model of a space flexible probe–cone docking system, in which the flexible beam technology is applied, is built based on the Kane method. The curves of impact force versus time are obtained by the Lagrange model, the Kane model, and the experimental method. The Lagrange model was presented in the reference and verified by both finite element simulation and experiment. The results of the three methods show good agreements on the condition that the beam flexibility and the initial relative velocity change. It is worth mentioning that the introduction of vectorial mechanics and analytical mechanics in the Kane method leads to a large reduction of differential operations and makes the modeling process much easier than that of the Lagrange method. Moreover, the influences of the beam flexibility and the initial relative velocity are discussed. It is concluded that the initial relative velocity of space docking operation should be controlled to a certain value in order to protect the docking system. a 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of CSAA BUAA.     

Horn–Schunck optical flow applied to deformation measurement of a birdlike airfoil

Current deformation measurement techniques suffer from limited spatial resolution. In this work, a highly accurate and high-resolution Horn–Schunck optical flow method is developed and then applied to measuring the static deformation of a birdlike flexible airfoil at a series of angles of attack at Reynolds number 100,000 in a low speed, low noise wind tunnel. To allow relatively large displacements, a nonlinear Horn–Schunck model and a coarse-to-fine warping process are adopted. To preserve optical flow discontinuities, a nonquadratic penalization function, a multicue driven bilateral filtering and a principle component analysis of local image patterns are used.First, the accuracy and convergence of this Horn–Schunck technique are verified on a benchmark.Then, the maximum displacement that can be reliably calculated by this technique is studied on synthetic images. Both studies are compared with the performance of a Lucas–Kanade optical flow method. Finally, the Horn–Schunck technique is used to estimate the 3-D deformation of the birdlike airfoil through a stereoscopic camera setup. The results are compared with those computed by Lucas–Kanade optical flow, image correlation and numerical simulation.     

Nonlinear finite time attitude control of flexible spacecraft based on a novel output redefinition method

A finite time attitude controller is designed for a flexible spacecraft based on a novel output redefinition method, in this paper. To make the flexible appendages vibration suppression effective, the appendage tip-point is selected as the output. First, a novel output redefinition method is proposed to overcome the non-minimum phase property of the dynamic model. The proposed method not only makes the system model minimum phase but also improves the attitude control system performance. Conseque...     

Gust response analysis and wind tunnel test for a high-aspect ratio wing

A theoretical nonlinear aeroelastic response analysis for a flexible high-aspect ratio wing excited by harmonic gust load is presented along with a companion wind tunnel test. A multidisci-plinary coupled numerical calculation is developed to simulate the flexible model wing undergoing gust load in the time domain via discrete nonlinear finite element structural dynamic analysis and nonplanar unsteady vortex lattice aerodynamic computation. A dynamic perturbation analysis about a nonlinear static equilibrium is also used to determine the small perturbation flutter bound-ary. A novel noncontact 3-D camera measurement analysis system is firstly used in the wind tunnel test to obtain the spatial large deformation and responses. The responses of the flexible wing under different static equilibrium states and frequency gust loads are discussed. The fair to good quanti-tative agreements between the theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the presented analysis method is an acceptable way to predict the geometrically nonlinear gust response for flex-ible wings.     

An intelligent control method for a large multi-parameter environmental simulation cabin

The structure and characteristics of a large multi-parameter environmental simulation cabin are introduced.Due to the diffculties of control methods and the easily damaged characteristics,control systems for the large multi-parameter environmental simulation cabin are diffcult to be controlled quickly and accurately with a classical PID algorithm.Considering the dynamic state characteristics of the environmental simulation test chamber,a lumped parameter model of the control system is established to accurately control the multiple parameters of the environmental chamber and a fuzzy control algorithm combined with expert-PID decision is introduced into the temperature,pressure,and rotation speed control systems.Both simulations and experimental results have shown that compared with classical PID control,this fuzzy-expert control method can decrease overshoot as well as enhance the capacity of anti-dynamic disturbance with robustness.It can also resolve the contradiction between rapidity and small overshoot,and is suitable for application in a large multi-parameter environmental simulation cabin control system.     

A Linear-correction Least-squares Approach for Geolocation Using FDOA Measurements Only

  A linear-correction least-squares(LCLS) estimation procedure is proposed for geolocation using frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) measurements only. We first analyze the measurements of FDOA, and further derive the Cram閞-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of geolocation using FDOA measurements. For the localization model is a nonlinear least squares(LS) estimator with a nonlinear constrained, a linearizing method is used to convert the model to a linear least squares estimator with a nonlinear constrained. The Gauss-Newton iteration method is developed to conquer the source localization problem. From the analysis of solving Lagrange multiplier, the algorithm is a generalization of linear-correction least squares estimation procedure under the condition of geolocation using FDOA measurements only. The algorithm is compared with common least squares estimation. Comparisons of their estimation accuracy and the CRLB are made, and the proposed method attains the CRLB. Simulation results are included to corroborate the theoretical development.     

Numerical simulation and transonic wind-tunnel test for elastic thin-shell structure considering fluid–structure interaction

Aerodynamic force can lead to the strong structural vibration of flying aircraft at a high speed. This harmful vibration can bring damage or failure to the electronic equipment fixed in aircraft. It is necessary to predict the structural dynamic response in the design course. This paper presents a new numerical algorithm and scheme to solve the structural dynamics responses when considering fluid–structure interaction(FSI). Numerical simulation for a free-flying structural model in transonic speed is completed. Results show that the small elastic deformation of the structure can greatly affect the FSI. The FSI vibration tests are carried out in a transonic speed windtunnel for checking numerical theory and algorithms, and the wind-tunnel test results well accord with that of the numerical simulation. This indicates that the presented numerical method can be applied to predicting the structural dynamics responses when containing the FSI.     

Static aeroelastic analysis of very flexible wings based on non-planar vortex lattice method

A rapid and efficient method for static aeroelastic analysis of a flexible slender wing when considering the structural geometric nonlinearity has been developed in this paper. A non-planar vortex lattice method herein is used to compute the non-planar aerodynamics of flexible wings with large deformation. The finite element method is introduced for structural nonlinear statics analysis. The surface spline method is used for structure/aerodynamics coupling. The static aeroelastic characteristics of the wind tunnel model of a flexible wing are studied by the nonlinear method presented, and the nonlinear method is also evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained from two other methods and the wind tunnel test. The results indicate that the traditional linear method of static aeroelastic analysis is not applicable for cases with large deformation because it produces results that are not realistic. However, the nonlinear methodology, which involves combining the structure finite element method with the non-planar vortex lattice method, could be used to solve the aeroelastic deformation with considerable accuracy, which is in fair agreement with the test results. Moreover, the nonlinear finite element method could consider complex structures. The non-planar vortex lattice method has advantages in both the computational accuracy and efficiency. Consequently, the nonlinear method presented is suitable for the rapid and efficient analysis requirements of engineering practice. It could be used in the preliminary stage and also in the detailed stage of aircraft design.     

折叠式群伞充气接触的膜索非线性有限元算法

降落伞由折叠到打开的充气过程和多束降落伞捆绑在一起充气的过程都伴随着一个高度非线性的柔性结构接触问题,因此模拟降落伞群伞流固耦合问题必须首先解决降落伞群伞非线性结构接触的数值模拟问题。对于降落伞这类柔性瞬变非线性织物结构,数值模拟织物系统的接触现象以及预测接触结果对降落伞工作状况的影响对于降落伞群伞设计具有很重要的指导意义。基于三维降落伞膜索非线性有限元编程模拟技术设计了一种针对单伞和群伞非线性动力系统的接触搜索算法,推导设计了针对接触随机性的接触切线刚度矩阵计算方法。针对降落伞群伞非线性有限元计算的庞大数值计算量,设计编写了一种基于消息传递接口(MPI)通信协议的膜索结构并行接触模拟FORTRAN程序,测试了该数值模拟程序的并行计算效率。针对高度折叠的C-9降落伞群伞充气问题,使用PC-Cluster计算机群进行了数值仿真模拟,验证了该接触非线性有限元程序的计算效果,预测了C-9降落伞群伞的接触过程,并分析接触现象对降落伞群伞充气工作的影响。     

Fluid structure interaction simulation of supersonic parachute inflation by an interface tracking method

An Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) approach with interface tracking is developed in this paper to simulate the supersonic parachute inflation. A two-way interaction between a nonlinear finite element method and a finite volume method is accomplished. In order to apply this interface tracking method to problems with instantaneous large deformation and self-contact, a new virtual structure contact method is proposed to leave room for the body-fitted mesh between the contact structural surfaces. In addition, the breakpoint due to the fluid mesh with negative volume is losslessly restarted by the conservative interpolation method. Based on this method, fluid and structural dynamic behaviors of a highly folded disk-gap-band parachute are obtained. Numerical results such as maximum Root Mean Square (RMS) drag, general canopy shape and the smallest canopy projected areas in the terminal descent state are in accordance with the wind tunnel test results. This analysis reveals the inflation law of the disk-gap-band parachute and provides a new numerical method for supersonic parachute design.     

带非线性支撑的转子有限元模型求解方法

用数值方法研究了非线性支撑的柔性转子系统的动学行为,提出了一种将有限元与非线性支撑结合的模型和求解方法。利用有限元法(FEM)构建转轴和转盘部分的模型,通过矩阵进行组合;利用离散元方法对包含滚动轴承和挤压油膜阻尼器(SFD)的支撑部分进行建模,此部分包含4个单元,分别为轴承内圈、外圈、SFD内圈和支撑鼠笼。有限元部分和离散元部分通过轴端节点相连,仿真过程中轴端位移传递给非线性支撑部分,支撑部分通过位移计算得到的非线性力反过来作用于有限元转子轴端部分。为了耦合求解有限元转子和非线性支撑组成的数学模型,提出了一种综合的迭代求解方法,克服传统的有限元求解方法对轴端隐性非线性支撑的求解局限性。由于转轴部分采用了Timoshenko梁单元建模,对比与简单转子模型,可以考虑陀螺力矩和轴的柔性特征,更能体现非线性支撑对振动真实影响。在建立的20个轴单元的有限元转子模型中,非线性响应更多体现在靠近非线性支撑的节点1和节点21处,响应频谱中靠近轴端的节点能体现出滚动轴承的2倍和3倍变柔振动频率。     

基于Mori-Tanaka有限元法的粘弹复合推进剂非线性界面脱粘

为了研究复合推进剂基体的大应变粘弹性和界面的非线性脱粘,将Mori-Tanaka法和有限元数值求解相结合,提出了一种Mori-Tanaka有限元法。同时,为验证该方法的有效性,针对推进剂夹杂随机填充的特点,提出了一种含非线性界面脱粘的数值仿真法。最后以某推进剂配方为算例,对两种方法的计算结果了进行比较。结果表明,两种方法结果接近,从而验证了Mori-Tanaka有限元法的有效性,且该方法计算量小,极大的提高了计算效率。两种方法的提出,可以有效的用来分析界面对推进剂力学性能的影响。     

基于非结构网格有限差分法的扎染算法

应用有限差分法时遵循贴体坐标系下离散等价方程的离散准则,格式中仅用到当地网格点的坐标变换系数,据此可以构建新的非结构网格有限差分法,数值算例表明在空间二维情况下用连接离散点的3条网格线构造出来的一阶迎风格式可以稳定收敛。把这种非结构网格有限差分法推广到三维,在4条网格线基础上进行离散计算,然后提出一种局部区域多重网格、重复计算的新算法。首先在包含物体的整个区域采用直角坐标系下的均匀网格进行计算,然后消除物体内部点对物体外部流场区域的影响,最后在物面和直角网格之间很小的局部区域填补非结构网格进行计算,计算过程类似于中国传统的扎染工艺。处理流场内存在曲面物体边界问题时,相较于常规结构网格差分算法,扎染算法尽管在计算中包含需要特殊处理的无用网格点,也存在重复计算的局部区域,但是以这些计算能力的浪费为代价,换取了编程简便、内存量小、网格生成快捷、易于扩展网格规模等优势。定性分析表明,这种扎染算法非常适合研制大规模并行计算,建立的计算流体力学应用软件可以充分发挥数十万至百万处理器核心的超级计算机的效能。     

基于ADE-ELM的涡轴发动机建模方法

提出了基于自适应微分进化-极端学习机(ADE-ELM)求解平衡方程的高精度涡轴发动机实时部件级模型建立方法.基于牛顿-拉夫逊(N-R)迭代模型,以迭代计算前模型平衡方程残差为输入,迭代收敛后平衡方程猜值修正量为输出,训练极端学习机,并采用自适应微分进化(ADE)算法优化极端学习机(ELM)参数,提高猜值修正量映射精度.ADE算法中采用sigmoid型自适应缩放因子,提高了微分进化算法的寻优能力.在涡轴发动机不同飞行状态下的测试结果表明,以N-R迭代算法模型为基准,基于ADE-ELM的发动机模型,最大建模误差约为一次通过算法的1/3,运算耗时约为一次通过算法的1/3,验证了算法的有效性.      

降落伞主充气阶段的动态仿真及流场分析

建立了有顶孔的平面圆形降落伞的轴向和径向动量方程,使用数值方法计算出选定的降落伞在主充气过程中各种参数的变化,对降落伞的主充气过程进行了动态仿真.在使用动量方程计算出的的充气模型的基础上,利用降落伞在各个时间结点时的外形和下降速度等相关数据,采用计算流体力学的方法和准定常假设,对降落伞充气过程中的流场进行了模拟和分析,对降落伞充气过程的机理及流场衍变情况进行了探讨.      

高维反向旋转双转子系统的建模方法及动力特性

为了弥补有限元方法预测含局部非线性的双转子系统动力特性的不足,借助有限元软件和固定界面模态综合法,建立了高维双转子系统非线性动力学模型,随后利用Newmark算法思想提出了一种隐式时域求解该问题的方法,该方法的求解效率主要取决于非线性力处的自由度个数.在考虑挤压油膜阻尼器非线性力和中介轴承非线性力的基础上,研究了双不平衡激励作用下的反向旋转双转子系统的非线性动力响应特性.研究表明:系统响应中除内、外转子自转频率外,出现了2个自转频率的组合频率;随中介轴承径向游隙的增加,系统转速分岔图中出现了分岔和混沌现象,且临界转速略有下降;系统轴心轨迹呈花瓣状,与试验结果基本吻合.