Simulation of 3D parachute fluid–structure interaction based on nonlinear finite element method and preconditioning finite volume method

A fluid–structure interaction method combining a nonlinear finite element algorithm with a preconditioning finite volume method is proposed in this paper to simulate parachute transient dynamics. This method uses a three-dimensional membrane–cable fabric model to represent a parachute system at a highly folded configuration. The large shape change during parachute inflation is computed by the nonlinear Newton–Raphson iteration and the linear system equation is solved by the generalized minimal residual(GMRES) method. A membrane wrinkling algorithm is also utilized to evaluate the special uniaxial tension state of membrane elements on the parachute canopy. In order to avoid large time expenses during structural nonlinear iteration, the implicit Hilber–Hughes–Taylor(HHT) time integration method is employed. For the fluid dynamic simulations, the Roe and HLLC(Harten–Lax–van Leer contact) scheme has been modified and extended to compute flow problems at all speeds. The lower–upper symmetric Gauss–Seidel(LUSGS) approximate factorization is applied to accelerate the numerical convergence speed. Finally,the test model of a highly folded C-9 parachute is simulated at a prescribed speed and the results show similar characteristics compared with experimental results and previous literature.     

折叠式群伞充气接触的膜索非线性有限元算法

降落伞由折叠到打开的充气过程和多束降落伞捆绑在一起充气的过程都伴随着一个高度非线性的柔性结构接触问题,因此模拟降落伞群伞流固耦合问题必须首先解决降落伞群伞非线性结构接触的数值模拟问题。对于降落伞这类柔性瞬变非线性织物结构,数值模拟织物系统的接触现象以及预测接触结果对降落伞工作状况的影响对于降落伞群伞设计具有很重要的指导意义。基于三维降落伞膜索非线性有限元编程模拟技术设计了一种针对单伞和群伞非线性动力系统的接触搜索算法,推导设计了针对接触随机性的接触切线刚度矩阵计算方法。针对降落伞群伞非线性有限元计算的庞大数值计算量,设计编写了一种基于消息传递接口(MPI)通信协议的膜索结构并行接触模拟FORTRAN程序,测试了该数值模拟程序的并行计算效率。针对高度折叠的C-9降落伞群伞充气问题,使用PC-Cluster计算机群进行了数值仿真模拟,验证了该接触非线性有限元程序的计算效果,预测了C-9降落伞群伞的接触过程,并分析接触现象对降落伞群伞充气工作的影响。     

Parachute dynamics and perturbation analysis of precision airdrop system

To analyze the parachute dynamics and stability characteristics of precision airdrop system,the fluid–structure interaction(FSI) dynamics coupling with the flight trajectory of a parachute–payload system is comprehensively predicted by numerical methods.The inflation behavior of a disk-gap-band parachute is specifically investigated using the arbitrary Lagrangian–Euler(ALE) penalty coupling method.With the available aerodynamic data obtained from the FSI simulation,a nine-degree-of-freedom(9DOF) dynamic model of a parachute–payload system is built and solved to simulate the descent trajectory of the multi-body dynamic system.Finally,a linear five-degree-of-freedom(5DOF) dynamic model is developed,the perturbation characteristics and the motion laws of the parachute and payload under a wind gust are analyzed by the linearization method and verified by a comparison with flight test data.The results of airdrop test demonstrate that our method can be further applied to the guidance and control of precision airdrop systems.     

降落伞的流场特性研究

降落伞的流场特性直接关系到降落伞的气动力性能,一直以来是降落伞研究中的核心问题。本文采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对降落伞的流场进行数值模拟。通过采用不同的网格生成方法对降落伞的绕流流场进行研究,表明生成网格质量对流场计算精度有很大的影响。在一系列数值实验的基础上,证明采用多块贴体坐标的网格处理方法能够获得良好的网格质量,同时还具有易于寻找伞衣内外面压力,计算稳定性、可靠性高等优点。在此基础上,采用了七孔探针对降落伞绕流流场进行了测量,实验结果和计算结果吻合较好。     

降落伞充气过程中伞衣外形及流场变化研究

根据降落伞的结构和其在充气过程中的受力特性,以某平面圆形伞为原型,建立了伞衣充气过程中的计算流体力学与结构动力学耦合模型。并采用七孔探针对充满状态的绕流流场进行了定量测量,将该状态的试验结果和计算结果进行对比分析,二者的拓扑结构非常相似,压差系数也相差不大,因此所采用的数学模型是可靠的。在此基础上,对整个充气阶段的流场进行了数值模拟和分析,以详细了解降落伞整个开伞过程中伞衣外形变化及伞衣内外流场的变化情况。研究结果表明:①在初始充气阶段,伞衣展开部分外形基本保持较光滑的直筒形状,而非喇叭形。在主充气阶段:空气首先在伞衣顶部聚集,使伞衣顶部膨胀,然后膨胀部分向伞衣底边扩展,直到伞衣完全张满。②当伞顶孔被气流冲开后,伞衣的结构透气性对流场会产生显著影响。但从内外压力系数的变化来看,透气性对伞衣内滞止压力的影响较小,对伞衣外流场结构的影响较大,从而对伞衣外表面的压力影响较大。③对于此类有伞顶孔的平面圆形伞,当伞衣充气张开后,伞衣尾部出现气流分离,在一个漩涡区内形成两个相反旋转方向的漩涡。且随着伞衣直径扩张,分离区扩大,主流对漩涡区的剪切面积增大,因此漩涡区两个漩涡中外侧的一个漩涡增大,内侧漩涡被挤压至离伞顶更近的区...     

锥形降落伞开伞过程流动结构相互作用的数值模拟

根据多结点开伞模型建立了锥形降落伞系统的变形动力学方程组来对充气过程中的伞衣柔性体变形过程进行模拟.结合多结点模型动力学方程结算代码和计算流体力学软件,对降落伞的充气过程进行流固耦合动态仿真,从而得到充气过程中伞衣外形和流场的变化,以及充气时间、下降速度变化和下降距离等相关数据,与国外研究成果相吻合.      

降落伞主充气阶段的动态仿真及流场分析

建立了有顶孔的平面圆形降落伞的轴向和径向动量方程,使用数值方法计算出选定的降落伞在主充气过程中各种参数的变化,对降落伞的主充气过程进行了动态仿真.在使用动量方程计算出的的充气模型的基础上,利用降落伞在各个时间结点时的外形和下降速度等相关数据,采用计算流体力学的方法和准定常假设,对降落伞充气过程中的流场进行了模拟和分析,对降落伞充气过程的机理及流场衍变情况进行了探讨.      

Effect of Martian atmosphere on aerodynamic performance of supersonic parachute two-body systems

Supersonic flows around parachute two-body systems are numerically investigated by solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. In the present study, both rigid and flexible parachute models are considered, which comprise a capsule and a canopy. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of the Martian atmosphere on the unsteady flows produced by these parachute two-body models and the structural behavior of the flexible canopy. It was found that in the Martian atmosph...     

环片数量对环帆伞气动性能的影响

为探究环片数量对环帆伞气动性能的影响,文章基于 CFD方法对某环帆伞流场开展了定常三维数值模拟,采用有限体积法求解不可压缩 Navier-Stokes控制方程来模拟外部流场,获得了该伞的气动参数与绕流流场分布。通过数值结果与空投试验结果对比,验证了数值方法的准确性。在不改变伞衣名义面积和环帆高度比的前提下,分别针对定结构透气量和变结构透气量开展了环片数量对气动性能的影响研究,结果表明:定结构透气性下,环片数量对伞衣阻力性能和气动静稳定性的影响很小;变结构透气性下,环片数量通过影响透气量、尾涡分布等因素进一步影响环帆伞稳定性。上述结果对环帆伞的设计有一定参考意义。     

降落伞充气过程的数值模拟

 基于降落伞的重要应用与设计的实际需要，降落伞的数值模拟开始得到越来越多的重视，而充气过程是其中最为复杂的一个阶段。本文建立了平面圆形伞主充气过程中的CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics）与结构动力学的MSD（Mass Spring Damper）之间的耦合模型。流场求解采用稳定性较高的标准k-ε模型，在多块贴体坐标下，获得某时间节点处的流场，并将该流场中的压力数据引入MSD模型，以获得下一时间节点的伞衣形状，最终获得主充气过程中伞衣形状和流场之间的动态关系。数值计算结果和实验结果及经验值比较，均有较好的一致性。充气过程的数值求解有助于提高对降落伞充气过程机理的理解。      

基于离散等价方程的非结构网格有限差分法

激波装配法把解析关系式嵌入流场避免了间断引起的理论问题，使全场一致高精度的实现成为可能，有望解决超声速流动转捩研究中的感受性模拟难题。但装配复杂激波结构以后，被分割的流场空间常出现不规则的几何形状，这给常规的基于结构网格的有限差分法应用带来困难。基于离散等价方程理论，提出了一种新的基于非结构网格的有限差分法，在空间二维离散点附近仅用3条网格线就可以构造出一阶迎风格式。数值算例表明收敛过程对网格质量不敏感，解决了激波装配法模拟激波相交出现小夹角后使用结构网格进行计算存在的难题。根据这种方法的特点展望了未来的应用前景。     

大攻角下前机身-进气道组合体的流场计算

 本文发展了一种飞机前机身-进气道组合体非粘性流场的多区域数值模拟方法。通过求解三维欧拉方程来模拟不同飞机速度(亚、跨、超音速),攻角(<15°)和发动机流量条件下的进气道性能,并给出了一种新的进气道出口边界条件处理办法。     

复杂前机身—进气道组合体的流场计算

本文提出了一种能够对复杂前机身-进气道组合体进行流场计算与气动分析的方法。通过求解Euler方程来模拟前机身-进气道组合体在亚、跨、超声速,不同攻角和发动机流量条件下的各类流场。     

基于自适应网格的超声速液体射流破碎过程研究

为研究超声速气流中液体横向射流的破碎过程,采用脉冲背景光方法和VOF方法开展了实验和数值研究。为提高液体横向射流中气液界面和气流场特征捕捉的精确性,采用自适应网格技术对于气液界面、激波出现位置进行网格细化,计算得到了较为精细的气液界面、激波特征及涡系结构。研究结果表明:在低成本仿真模拟条件下,利用自适应网格计算得到的射流轨迹和轮廓与实验吻合较好,射流轨迹的最大误差为10%;射流初始段在超声速气流条件下,仍然存在一段高度约为1.9倍喷孔直径且圆柱形态保持较好的连续光滑液柱。随着喷注压降的升高,液柱的长度逐渐增大;主流气体流经液柱发生三维绕流,在射流附近和近壁面区域形成不断演化的反转涡对,反转涡对的形成加速了液体射流一次破碎过程。     

Study of parachute inflation process using fluid–structure interaction method

A direct numerical modeling method for parachute is proposed firstly, and a model for the star-shaped folded parachute with detailed structures is established. The simplified arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian fluid–structure interaction(SALE/FSI) method is used to simulate the inflation process of a folded parachute, and the flow field calculation is mainly based on operator splitting technique. By using this method, the dynamic variations of related parameters such as flow field and structure are obtained, and the load jump appearing at the end of initial inflation stage is captured. Numerical results including opening load, drag characteristics, swinging angle, etc. are well consistent with wind tunnel tests. In addition, this coupled method can get more space–time detailed information such as geometry shape, structure, motion, and flow field. Compared with previous inflation time method, this method is a completely theoretical analysis approach without relying on empirical coefficients, which can provide a reference for material selection, performance optimization during parachute design.     

基于超网格的重叠网格守恒插值方法

保证重叠网格边界数据插值的守恒性是计算流体力学面临的一大难题。基于超网格方法与格心格式有限体积法,发展了一种新型混合重叠网格守恒插值方法。详细研究了用网格切割技术在重叠网格边界构造局部超网格,用网格求交算法合理地扩大贡献单元模板,建立了一种适用于任意网格类型的隐式并行重叠网格守恒插值方法,以超网格为媒介可实现重叠网格二阶精度的守恒插值。数值结果表明,本文方法对二阶分布的流场变量具有严格的守恒性,相比三线性插值方法和逆向距离权插值方法,本文方法减小了数值误差,提高了重叠网格边界的插值精度,加快了计算收敛速度,改善了重叠区域网格尺度相差较大时流场的光滑性和连续性。     

基于IPDG方法的超声速混合层流动数值模拟

为了满足超声速混合层高精度模拟需求,实现了基于内罚方法的间断伽辽金(IPDG)方法数值模拟。通过将黏性通量作为辅助变量使得Navier-Stokes方程降阶,并利用间断伽辽金方法进行空间离散,最后采用Newton-Krylov隐式方法对空间半离散方程进行时间推进。相对于有限体积法数值精度提高到了3阶。将该方法应用于对流马赫数为0.2的二维平面超声速混合层的数值模拟中,通过与实验数据的对比验证了方法的可靠性。数值结果显示了混合层中层流到湍流的发展过程。在此基础上,将基于数值解误差分布的自适应网格技术与IPDG方法结合起来,对比发现自适应网格数量减少了9倍,计算时间减少了8倍,大幅提高了方法的计算效率。      

不同透气情况降落伞的流场试验研究

降落伞由于其柔软透气性,其流场测量非常困难,而流场特性直接关系到降落伞的气动性能.本文采用风洞设备,利用七孔探针对不同透气情况下的降落伞的绕流流场进行了试验测量.采用Labview和Matlab engine混合编程技术进行七孔探针的压力数据采集和实时数据处理,获得了不同透气情况下伞衣周围的速度及压力分布情况,并对其进行了详细的流场分析.通过对不同透气伞流场的比较,可知透气情况对伞衣前后静压大小、尾流流线汇集位置、稳定性及噪音均有一定的影响.本文的研究解决了绕伞衣流场定量测量的难题,同时为降落伞的气动性能分析提供了一个很好的技术方案.     

Numerical studies of static aeroelastic effects on grid fin aerodynamic performances

The grid fin is an unconventional control surface used on missiles and rockets. Although aerodynamics of grid fin has been studied by many researchers, few considers the aeroelastic effects.In this paper, the static aeroelastic simulations are performed by the coupled viscous computational fluid dynamics with structural flexibility method in transonic and supersonic regimes. The developed coupling strategy including fluid–structure interpolation and volume mesh motion schemes is based on radial basis functions. Results are presented for a vertical and a horizontal grid fin mounted on a body. Horizontal fin results show that the deformed fin is swept backward and the axial force is increased. The deformations also induce the movement of center of pressure, causing the reduction and reversal in hinge moment for the transonic flow and the supersonic flow,respectively. For the vertical fin, the local effective incidences are increased due to the deformations so that the deformed normal force is greater than the original one. At high angles of attack, both the deformed and original normal forces experience a sudden reduction due to the interference of leeward separated vortices on the fin. Additionally, the increment in axial force is shown to correlate strongly with the increment in the square of normal force.     

十字伞伞群的多节点静力学模型动力特性计算

为计算某型救灾专用空投系统十字伞伞群的气动特性,建立了多节点静力学模型来计算伞衣充满时的气动外形;对不同臂长比和伞绳比的十字伞进行数值模拟,并与文献中风洞实验结果对比验证;根据建立的模型得到十字伞伞群的气动外形并进行气动力特性研究.结果表明:计算结果和文献结果一致性较好,建立的多节点静力学模型合理可行;十字伞轴向力随臂长比和伞绳比的增大而增大;随攻角增大轴向力先减小后增大,而法向力则增大.建立的模型可用于伞群的气动外形计算,并为降落伞系统的设计提供参考.