Civil unmanned aircraft system operation in national airspace: A survey from Air Navigation Service Provider perspective

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) have advanced technologically and surged exponentially over recent years. Currently, due to safety concerns, most civil operations of UAS are conducted in low-level uncontrolled area or in segregated controlled airspace. As the industry progresses, both operational and technological capabilities have matured to the point where UASs are expected to gain greater freedom of access to both controlled and uncontrolled airspace. Extensive technical and regulatory surveys have been conducted to enable the expanded operations. However, most surveys are derived from the perspective of UAS own operating mechanism and barely consider interactions of their non-segregated activities with the Air Traffic Management (ATM) system. Hence, to fill the gap, this paper presents a survey conducted from the perspective of Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP), which serves to accommodate these new entrants to the overall national airspace while continuing flight safety and efficiency. The primary objectives of this paper are to: (A) describe what typical ANSP-supplied UAS Traffic Management (UTM) architecture is required to facilitate all types of civil UAS operations; (B) identify three major ANSP considerations on how UAS can be accommodated safely in civil airspace; (C) outline future directions and challenges related with UAS operations for the ANSP.     

A survey of safety separation management and collision avoidance approaches of civil UAS operating in integration national airspace system

Recent years have witnessed a booming of the industry of civil Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). As an emerging industry, the UAS industry has been attracting great attention from governments of all countries and the aviation industry. UAS are highly digitalized, informationized, and intelligent; therefore, their integration into the national airspace system has become an important trend in the development of civil aviation. However, the complexity of UAS operation poses great challenges to the traditional aviation regulatory system and technical means. How to prevent collisions between UASs and between UAS and manned aircraft to achieve safe and efficient operation in the integrated operating airspace has become a common challenge for industry and academia around the world. In recent years, the international community has carried out a great amount of work and experiments in the air traffic management of UAS and some of the key technologies. This paper attempts to make a review of the UAS separation management and key technologies in collision avoidance in the integrated airspace, mainly focusing on the current situation of UAS Traffic Management (UTM), safety separation standards, detection system, collision risk prediction, collision avoidance, safety risk assessment, etc., as well as an analysis of the bottlenecks that the current researches encountered and their development trends, so as to provide some insights and references for further research in this regard. Finally, this paper makes a further summary of some of the research highlights and challenges.     

无人机系统适航标准剪裁案例分析

无人机系统的使用日益广泛,因此将无人机系统并入到现有的空域管理系统中显得尤为迫切。在技术层面,无人机系统有一系列独特的适航特点。因此,应重点发展针对无人机系统的适航标准与验证。研究了有人驾驶飞行器的适航标准(CS-23),及其通过剪裁后成为专门适用于无人机系统的适航标准(STANAG4671),这将促进无人机系统的技术更加标准化,并有利于国内无人机系统民用适航标准的发展。     

无人机系统互操作性标准研究

从标准跨度和范围、管理方法、分类和限制、使用方、技术途径和状态等方面重点分析了国外现行主要无人机系统互操作性标准现状,包括北约组织标准化协议和联合无人系统体系结构系列标准;并通过与国内无人机系统互操作性相关标准对比分析,提出我国无人机系统互操作性标准研究编制工作的建议.     

Evaluating sensor technology for UAS collision avoidance

The problem of "sense-and-avoid" for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is genuinely multi-dimensional: there is a wide range of UAS sizes, speeds, and maneuverability, as well as missions for which these UAS will be used. There are also a variety of sensors that might be used for sense-and-avoid, which have widely varying capabilities to measure distance or angle to an obstacle, as well as closing rate, and time to collision. Most sensors are not able to provide all required information about the geometry of an encounter; therefore, using a combination of sensors offers one possible solution. We are investigating the concept that there may be a variety of possible sensor solutions for each distinct UAS capability or mission. By studying the breadth of UAS types and missions, and selectively testing certain sensors in the field, we are evaluating the limits to the capabilities of sensors and sensor combinations. This report is on the progress of this multi-dimensional evaluation. We have scoped the dimensions for evaluating UAS capabilities and the capabilities of sensors. We are experimentally evaluating sensor parameters on a variety of aircraft to validate the specified capabilities. This reports on our methodology for field evaluation of sensor technology and the lessons learned on evaluation platforms and capabilities.     

基于整数规划的终端区空域扇区划分研究

扇区划分是终端区空域规划的研究内容之一,划分后能覆盖不均匀的交通分布,缓解需求与容量的不平衡,从而提高空域系统的运行效率。将终端区扇区划分作为一个整数规划问题,在约束条件中考虑了间隔规则、飞行路径需求和机场跑道结构的几何约束等,根据最优解来生成终端区扇区。以某终端区算例,验证了整数规划模型的可行性。     

军航活动下扇区动态容量评估研究

民航业迅速发展,空域资源的稀缺性日益凸显。科学合理地评估空域容量是解决空中交通流量瓶颈的关键,同时也为制定流量管理策略提供科学的依据。由于我国体制的特殊性,军航活动一直是我国空域资源限制的重要因素。研究并详细分析军航活动对扇区容量损失作用的机理,定量地评估军航活动对扇区容量的影响,建立军航活动影响下的扇区动态容量评估模型,结论表明模型有一定的参考意义。     

空域飞行侧向碰撞危险的REICH模型方法研究

对现行空域进行安全性评估时，需要对空域中碰撞危险次数进行量化（每飞行小时磁撞次数），并与一个可接受的安全目标等级进行比较，以判断空域的安全性。根据REICH碰撞模型的研究方法对飞机在一定间隔标准下碰撞的可能性进行了建模，从而为任何给定间隔标准下的安全性评估提供了一种有效方法。     

航空器海上飞行空域规划方法

为充分利用海上空域资源,提供海上飞行有效空域活动范围,针对海上空域可用资源问题进行了研究,主要目的是寻找一种有效的海上空域可用资源规划方法。一方面,分析了我国周边海域的海上空域资源,并基于岸基军、民航已规划使用空域的环境数据,结合周边空管雷达监视能力服务范围信息,设计了一种基于图形栅格化法的海上空域资源智能规划方法。另一方面,基于协同区域随机搜索算法,分析计算出适合航空器飞行的海上空域数据,可为航空器海上飞行空域规划提供可靠依据。     

空域监视技术的新进展及应用

空域监视系统足对飞行器在空域内的飞行活动进行监视的所有设备的总称.空域监视技术是保障飞行安全、提高运行效率的重要手段.本文首先以机载航电设备的发展为主线,详细分析了空域监视技术的发展历程,指出协同式空域监视的发展离不开机载航电设备的支撑;然后针对协同式空域监视技术面临的新挑战,分析和综述了近年来面向协同式空域监视技术的...     

无人机系统适航与安全性分析方法

针对无人机系统安全性需求,首先根据载人航空器适航审定规范及安全性评估依据,表明由于无人机系统的特殊性造成直接应用现有安全性评估流程和评估方法具有局限性.在此基础上提出无人机系统适航安全性评估的几点改进:①考虑无人机系统包括无人机和综合保障设备,扩大安全性评估边界进行无人机系统级的功能危险分析;②考虑无人机系统“人机分离”特点,需要对无人机系统失效状态的严重程度进行重新分级和定义;③考虑无人机系统本身受起飞质量的影响很大,强调必须根据无人机系统分类对地面撞击和空中碰撞两个关键事件进行安全性分析.结果表明:上述改进从无人机系统本身特点出发,通过给定的目标安全水平进一步确保安全性.      

军事活动影响下的终端区容量评估方法研究

准确地预测军事活动影响下的空域容量对于缓解军民航用空矛盾冲突具有重要意义。通过对飞机机动动作的分析,给出飞行受限区的划设方法;利用改进的遗传算法从定量的角度对军事活动影响下的空域容量 进行评估;以某机场终端区为例,对终端区容量进行仿真实验。结果表明：改进的遗传算法能够有效避免传统算法计算量指数级增长的局限性,在保证准确性的同时可以提高运算的效率。     

TBO模式下终端区进场交通流优化模型与仿真分析

持续增长的交通需求量和日趋饱和的可用空域资源促使未来空中交通管理向基于航迹运行（TBO）的精细化管理模式转变。在TBO概念的基础上，依据目前繁忙机场终端区常见进场航线结构，提出了对应TBO模式下的截点直飞方式与融合点方式进场交通流优化模型，并以法国戴高乐机场终端区为例，构建了仿真运行环境。基于实际飞行计划与雷达记录轨迹模拟生成了航空器四维航迹，而后运用上述2种模型对进场交通流进行了优化，根据仿真结果对特定交通流参数展开了对比分析。研究结果表明，模型可通过航迹选择、时隙分配、顺序交换及动态间隔等方式有效化解终端区内潜在的航空器冲突并保持交通流安全高效运行，同时在一定程度上揭示了TBO模式下交通流的部分运行特性，为以四维航迹为核心的未来空中交通管理策略提供了理论支持。     

ADS-B监视技术在空中交通服务中的应用研究

直升飞机已成为渤海湾石油开采船（平）台运输人员和补充供给的主要交通工具。近几年,在渤海湾低空空域出现了多次潜在飞行冲突。ICAO推荐的新监视系统将在航空监视领域产生根本性变革,ADS—B是解决非雷达空域监视问题的好办法。依据渤海湾地区地理特征和目前石油开采船（平）台的分布,提出在渤海湾地区应用UAT方式的ADS—B系统建议,提出了四站式和两站式ADS—B系统地面站建设方案。     

空战场穿越走廊基本网络规划的混合禁忌搜索算法

为有效管制战区空域,确保航空军事运输活动安全、高效、有序进行,针对不考虑限制空域的穿越走廊基本网络规划问题,构建了SUMApHMP数学模型,并结合Floyd最短路径算法提出了一种求解该模型的混合禁忌搜索算法,进而根据SUMApHMP求解结果设计了不考虑限制空域的穿越走廊基本网络。利用空战场中10个机场之间的流量矩阵和距离矩阵对混合禁忌算法进行了测试,并将Lingo 9.0软件对模型的优化结果与本文算法求得的结果进行了比较,验证了算法的可行性和有效性。     

人工智能赋能空域系统,提升空域分层治理能力

为应对未来平台无人化、用户多元化、服务个性化的航空发展趋势,空域运行将呈现分层治理的发展趋势。而随着算力、算法与数据的持续提升与积累,数据驱动的人工智能方法将持续为层次化的空域系统赋能。本文从超低空、城市、区域、枢纽、亚轨道等5个层次化场景梳理我国空域系统的发展趋势;提炼得出空域运行面临的核心难点与关键科学问题;提出基于数据驱动的人工智能方法求解空域运行科学问题的研究框架、研究内容和应关注的关键技术;结合层次化典型应用场景,简要分析智能空域运行的具体应用案例;最后对人在空域运行中的作用提出了新的思考。     

终端区进场交通流广义跟驰行为与复杂相变分析

空中交通流特性分析是空中交通流理论研究的重要内容,是空中交通管理的重要依据。基于终端区交通流混杂动力特征,采用模糊逻辑方法提出了航空器动态期望间隔控制策略,运用"刺激-反射"跟驰理论和局域先到先服务(FCFS)的原则建立了终端区交通流广义跟驰模型,并基于NetLogo构建了终端区交通流多智能体仿真平台,结合广州白云机场(ZGGG)02R跑道进场实例,演析了终端区进场交通系统涌现行为,揭示了交通流的速度、密度和流量3个基本参数之间的相互关系,发掘了空中交通蕴含的自由态、畅行态、亚稳态、伪拥塞态和同步态等5个演变相态,剖析了不同交通组织、间隔标准和流控策略下交通流的相变规律。研究成果可为丰富完善空中交通流理论奠定部分基础,为科学管控空中交通提供重要基础支撑。     

基于主成分分析和灰色关联度的空域利用率

空域利用率是反映空域资源使用情况的重要指标。提出了基于主成分分析法和灰色关联度的空域利用率评价方法,确定理想空域并将其作为参照对象,通过考虑评价指标之间的相关性,运用主成分分析法得到各评价对象的空域利用综合得分,计算各年空域利用综合得分与理想空域利用综合得分的关联度,得到各年空域利用率。算例分析验证了方法的可行性。     

Aviation electronics/avionics

International regulations prohibit aircraft from entering high-density airspace and heavily trafficked over-ocean airways without suitable avionics. The widespread use of GPS navigation and increasing complexity of passenger entertainment systems have become the latest electronics trends on large commercial aircraft. The cost of avionics plus software is approaching 50% of the total. New aircraft have multiple computers and millions of lines of software. The following sections present the most important avionics subsystems and highlight some differences between military and commercial aircraft