整体叶盘叶型电解加工流场设计及实验简

 电解加工（ECM）是航空发动机整体叶盘制造的主要技术之一,其电解液流场稳定性是影响电解加工精度和表面质量的核心因素。本文在分析原有的二维流场基础上,针对流体在不同流道截面下的流场状态,提出了一种三维复合电解液流场模式,即三股电解液分别从毛坯进气边、叶盆叶根、叶背叶根流入,由排气边交汇流出。采用有限元法对三维复合流场及两类二维流场开展仿真分析,分析结果表明三维复合流场改善了流道突变区域流场状态,有效抑制了二维流场的流场缺陷,有助于提高流场稳定性。对加工区液体流态进行了判断,其结果显示三维复合流场可以满足电解加工要求。开展了3种流场模式的加工速度比较实验,三维复合流场达到的进给速度最高,较二维流场可显著提升加工效率。采用三维复合流场开展了多叶片扇段加工,获得了较好的重复精度与表面质量。     

Simulation and experimental investigation on a dynamic lateral flow mode in trepanning electrochemical machining

An appropriate flow mode of electrolyte has a positive effect on process efficiency, surface roughness, and machining accuracy in the electrochemical machining(ECM) process. In this study, a new dynamic lateral flow mode, in which the electrolyte flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge, was proposed in trepanning ECM of a diffuser. Then a numerical model of the channel was set up and simulated by using computational fluid dynamics software. The result showed that the distribution of the flow field was comparatively uniform in the inter-electrode gap. Furthermore, a fixture was designed to realize this new flow mode and then corresponding experiments were carried out. The experimental results illustrated that the feeding rate of the cathode reached 2 mm/min, the best taper angle was about 0.4°, and the best surface roughness was up to Ra= 0.115 lm. It reflects that this flow mode is suitable and effective, and can also be applied to machining other complex structures in trepanning ECM.     

整体叶盘叶型电解加工流场设计及实验

电解加工（ECM）是航空发动机整体叶盘制造的主要技术之一,其电解液流场稳定性是影响电解加工精度和表面质量的核心因素。本文在分析原有的二维流场基础上,针对流体在不同流道截面下的流场状态,提出了一种三维复合电解液流场模式,即三股电解液分别从毛坯进气边、叶盆叶根、叶背叶根流入,由排气边交汇流出。采用有限元法对三维复合流场及两类二维流场开展仿真分析,分析结果表明三维复合流场改善了流道突变区域流场状态,有效抑制了二维流场的流场缺陷,有助于提高流场稳定性。对加工区液体流态进行了判断,其结果显示三维复合流场可以满足电解加工要求。开展了3种流场模式的加工速度比较实验,三维复合流场达到的进给速度最高,较二维流场可显著提升加工效率。采用三维复合流场开展了多叶片扇段加工,获得了较好的重复精度与表面质量。     

Cathode design investigation based on iterative correction of predicted profile errors in electrochemical machining of compressor blades

Electrochemical machining (ECM) is an effective and economical manufacturing method for machining hard-to-cut metal materials that are often used in the aerospace field. Cathode design is very complicated in ECM and is a core problem influencing machining accuracy, especially for complex profiles such as compressor blades in aero engines. A new cathode design method based on iterative correction of predicted profile errors in blade ECM is proposed in this paper. A math-ematical model is first built according to the ECM shaping law, and a simulation is then carried out using ANSYS software. A dynamic forming process is obtained and machining gap distributions at different stages are analyzed. Additionally, the simulation deviation between the prediction profile and model is improved by the new method through correcting the initial cathode profile. Further-more, validation experiments are conducted using cathodes designed before and after the simulation correction. Machining accuracy for the optimal cathode is improved markedly compared with that for the initial cathode. The experimental results illustrate the suitability of the new method and that it can also be applied to other complex engine components such as diffusers.     

Flow field design and experimental investigation of electrochemical machining on blisk

Flow field is a crucial factor to influence the stability and surface quality in the electrochemical machining (ECM) of blisks. A four-way flow mode was proposed to eliminate mixing regions of electrolyte at the leading and tailing edges. Two flow field models were described separately in this report: a W-shaped flow mode and a four-way flow mode. The flow field was analyzed through a finite element method. The results showed that, in comparison with the W-shaped flow mode, the distribution of electrolyte flow was more uniformed and the mixed region in the flow channel was improved. The pressure of the leading and tailing edges inlets was optimized, and optimal pressure of 0.6 MPa was determined. In addition, verification experiments were performed, and the results showed that the stability, efficiency, and quality of the profiles of the blisk blade manufactured by ECM were enhanced in the new flow mode.     

Electrochemical machining of complex components of aero-engines: Developments,trends, and technological advances

Because of several advantages, such as no tool wear, independence on the mechanical properties of the material, and high machining efficiency, electrochemical machining (ECM) has become a viable method for machining components in numerous industrial applications, particularly in the manufacture of typical aero-engine components with complex structures fabricated from materials that are difficult to cut. This paper highlights the current developments, new trends, and technological advances of key factors of ECM, such as electrochemical dissolution characteristics of novel difficult to cut materials which are often used in aero-engine, numerical simulation of electrochemical process, design for the complex profile and structure of cathode tool, flow field simulation and design for uniform electrolyte flow, and innovation of electrochemical machining or hybrid methods which reflect the state of the art in academic and industrial research on electrochemical machining in aero-engine manufacturing.     

扩压器对基本级性能的影响

使用数值方法和试验手段研究了带无叶扩压器和不同进口安装角的叶片扩压器对基本级的性能影响.针对带无叶扩压器的基本级，重点研究了近喘振点、设计点、近阻塞点3种工况的内部流动特性，结果表明近喘振点的叶轮叶片进口、叶轮叶片出口、回流叶片背面均存在低速涡流区，而设计点和近阻塞点的流动状态良好，对于近阻塞点，流动速度较大引起的摩擦阻力损失增大，导致了基本级多变效率下降很快；对带单圆弧叶片扩压器的基本级，细致地研究了匹配不同进口安装角的单圆弧叶片扩压器对喘振裕度、阻塞裕度和效率的影响，结果表明:在出口安装角不变的情况下，扩压器进口安装角比设计值降低3°，基本级的多变效率和多变能头系数达到最佳值.      

基于电解扫掠成形原理的整体叶盘叶根加工方法

采用片状或管状阴极电解加工(ECM)后的整体叶盘由于加工运动、阴极形状等原因在叶根处会形成一定的加工残留,影响整体叶盘的加工精度。针对叶片电解加工后形成的叶根残留,开展去除叶根残留电解加工方法的研究,解决叶根电解加工的阴极结构、加工路径设计等难题。首先,分析了叶根的残留分布情况以及叶间通道的结构,采用了电解扫掠成形加工方案。其次,设计了阴极结构与加工路径,在阴极结构上采用了扇形流道并分析了电解液流速分布,通过增加引流槽、改变倾角等措施改善了流场;对阴极的运动路径进行了规划,利用专用仿真软件对阴极运动干涉与加工程序进行了检验;通过附加叶盘转动补偿了由于不同截面内叶间通道宽度与阴极刃口尺寸不一致给加工带来的不足。最后,制作了电解加工装置并通过试验对叶根电解加工方法进行了验证。试验结果表明,该加工方法有效去除了叶根残留,加工表面质量好,加工精度达到了要求。     

电解加工发动机叶片阴极进给方向的优化

 超薄扭曲叶片由于叶型超薄、型面复杂、精度要求高, 目前主要以电解加工作为首选加工工艺。以某新型发动机叶片为研究对象, 对电解加工阴极的进给方向、毛坯装夹位置做了优化选择并对叶片型面采样点的法线方向与阴极斜向进给方向的夹角分布做了详细的阐述, 为阴极型面的设计打下了坚实的基础。     

航空发动机整体叶盘磨料水射流开坯加工技术研究进展

整体叶盘结构是航空发动机技术发展的一个重要方向，且多采用难加工材料，如何实现整体叶盘高质高效加工是机械制造领域亟待解决的难题之一。通过高压磨料水射流（AWJ）加工技术实现整体叶盘毛坯的开坯粗加工，是一种有效缩短整体叶盘加工周期、降低昂贵铣削刀具成本、提高开坯效率的工艺手段。本文就磨料水射流加工材料去除机理、复杂曲面轨迹优化、多物理量和机械量参数组合优化和整体叶盘开坯设备概述了国内外的研究现状，在此基础上，针对当前具有复杂曲面结构的整体叶盘开坯面临的关键问题，提出了若干解决思路和技术途径，指出了高压磨料水射流在复杂曲面零件高效加工中的发展趋势。     

薄型中空电极振动电解切割TB6钛合金

TB6钛合金由于具有优越的性能,广泛地用于航空航天领域。然而从大余量的TB6钛合金锻铸件毛坯加工成复杂结构的零件,其加工效率低,刀具和机床成本高,造成了极大的浪费。为解决这一问题,提出了一种利用薄型中空电极进行快速大余量去除的电解加工(ECM)方法,即将零件与多余材料切割分离,有望较大程度提高加工效率,降低加工成本。为改善电解加工流场特性,提高加工精度,对电极施加振动,并对薄型中空电极的振动切割进行了建模分析和试验研究。试验结果表明,合适的振动幅值和频率(A=0.05mm,f=50Hz)可以使得各处电解液电导率趋于一致,从而提高加工的精度、稳定性和效率。复杂结构件的成功切割证明了薄型中空电极振动电解切割加工技术具有一定的适用性。     

Flow field design and process stability in electrochemical machining of diamond holes

The metal grille, commonly composed of an amount of diamond holes, has been grow-ingly used as a key structure on stealth aircraft. Electrochemical machining (ECM) promises to be increasingly applied in aircraft manufacturing on the condition that process stability is guaranteed. In this work, a flow field model was designed to improve the process stability. This model is endowed with a variety of flow channel features, together with vibrating feeding modes. The flow field distribution on the bottom surface of the diamond hole was discussed and evaluated as well. The numerical results show that a short arc flow channel could significantly enhance the uniformity of electrolyte velocity distribution and a vibrating feeding of the cathode enables to reduce both fluctuations of the electrolyte velocity and pressure on the bottom surface of the diamond hole. Consequently, the flow field mutations were eliminated. It is verified from the experimental results that a short arc flow channel, when combined with vibrating feeding, is capable of improving machining localization and process stability markedly. What is more, the side gap on the bottom surface of the diamond hole could also be reduced by the abovementioned approach.     

启动过程压缩空气储能向心涡轮三维流动特性研究

为研究压缩空气储能系统的向心涡轮启动过程内部流动损失特性，本文采用全三维计算流体动力学（CFD）模型对其启动过程过程进行了数值模拟，与实验结果对比表明，虽然该模型在启动初始阶段与转速稳定阶段存在一定误差，但仍能够整体上反映启动过程的效率变化特征。在此基础上，进一步分析了启动过程中动叶通道内损失区及流场变化特征，结果发现，动叶进口攻角是影响内部流场主要因素：在启动初始阶段，叶轮进口攻角较大，动叶载荷集中在叶片前缘，形成明显的通道分离涡与前缘涡；在快速启动段，攻角减小，动叶载荷沿弦长分布更为均匀，通道分离涡及前缘涡逐渐减小并向叶片吸力面迁移。在整个启动阶段，动叶通道内高损失区也随着通道分离涡逐渐迁移且变小，并向相邻叶片吸力面集中。     

非轴对称安装角对压气机转子叶片性能的影响

为了给高压压气机叶片全工况的工程设计和加工制造提供借鉴,进行了多案例的单通道和8通道定常及非定常数值模拟,探究了设计点和非设计点工况下安装角非轴对称布局对压气机性能的影响。研究结果表明:非轴对称安装角方案在设计点工况下性能参数相较于均匀安装角降低,且在近堵点时流量的分散度更大。非轴对称安装角使得叶片表面压力系数波动较大,导致转子效率下降明显。在均匀安装角偏差小但标准差大的非轴对称安装角典型方案中,由于其通道中存在较原型偏离大的安装角叶片,从而使得大流量点工况下48%~82%叶高流动分离,降低了出口气流角和效率。在近失速点,该典型方案在轮毂处角区分离较原型明显增强,在10%叶高处扩散因子较原型高负荷设计高出了0.72%,导致了失速裕度减小。      

Improving profile accuracy and surface quality of blisk by electrochemical machining with a micro inter-electrode gap

Electrochemical machining (ECM) has emerged as an important option for manufacturing the blisk. The inter-electrode gap (IEG) distribution is an essential parameter for the blisk precise shaping process in ECM, as it affects the process stability, profile accuracy and surface quality. Larger IEG leads to a poor localization effect and has an adverse influence on the machining accuracy and surface quality of blisk. To achieve micro-IEG (<50 μm) blisk finishing machining, this work puts forward a novel variable-parameters blisk ECM strategy based on the synchronous coupling mode of micro-vibration amplitude and small pulse duration. The modelling and simulation of the blisk micro-IEG machining have been carried out. Exploratory experiments of variable-parameters blisk ECM were carried out. The results illustrated that the IEG width reduced with the progress of variable parameter process. The IEG width of the blade’s concave part and convex part could be successfully controlled to within 30 μm and 21 μm, respectively. The profile deviation for the blade’s concave surface and convex surface are 49 μm and 35 μm, while the surface roughness reaches R_a = 0.149 μm and R_a = 0.196 μm, respectively. The profile accuracy of the blisk leading/trailing edges was limited to within 91 μm. Compared with the currently-established process, the profile accuracy of the blade’s concave and convex profiles was improved by 50.5 % and 53.3 %, respectively. The surface quality was improved by 53.2 % and 50.9 %, respectively. Additionally, the machined surface was covered with small corrosion pits and weak attacks of the grain boundary due to selective dissolution. Some electrolytic products were dispersed on the machined surface, and their components were mainly composed of the carbide and oxide products of Ti and Nb elements. The results indicate that the variable-parameters strategy is effective for achieving a tiny IEG in blisk ECM, which can be used in engineering practice.     

轴流压气机机匣变形对多排转子流场特性的影响

在实际轴流压气机加工、装配、使用过程中,机匣的圆度控制、叶片的高度控制、转子和机匣之间的同轴度控制等都普遍存在误差,意味着叶尖间隙的不均匀性必然地存在于每台压气机中。随着对轴流压气机流动研究的不断深入,叶尖周向非均匀间隙成为了需要考虑的问题。针对由机匣变形造成的非均匀叶尖间隙,研究了其对多排转子流场特性的影响。首先介绍了表征机匣变形程度的新参数,进而引进了非轴对称压气机模型的建模方法。针对3种不同的间隙周向布局,采用定常和非定常方法进行了数值模拟,对比了均匀与非均匀间隙下多排转子的气动性能,分析了机匣变形对气动损失分布和传播的影响,并研究了非均匀间隙下非定常压力和气动力的脉动特征。结果表明：非均匀间隙会降低转子性能,转子叶排叶尖区域的流场在非均匀间隙下呈现明显的周向非对称性,在上游叶排“尾迹”的干扰下,后排转子叶尖流场的周向非对称性要大于前排转子。非均匀间隙布局与各叶片气动力分布呈现明显的对应关系,小间隙区域叶片的气动力高,大间隙区域叶片气动力相对较低,从而增加了非均匀间隙下转子叶片的气动力幅值。     

高负荷离心压气机管式扩压器特点及机理分析

以某高负荷离心压气机为研究对象,进行管式扩压器设计,借助于数值模拟的方法,对影响扩压器性能的重要参数--喉部面积进行参数化研究,并详细分析了管式扩压器特殊的进口结构对压气机内部流场的影响,初步探讨了管式扩压器喉部设计准则,摸清其提高效率扩大稳定工作范围的机理.     

Simulation and experimental investigation of inner-jet electrochemical grinding of GH4169 alloy

GH4169 alloy is one of the most commonly used materials in aero engine turbine blades, but its machinability is poor because of its excellent strength at high temperatures. Electrochemical machining (ECM) has become a common method for machining this alloy and other difficult-to-machine materials. Electrochemical grinding (ECG) is a hybrid process combining ECM and conventional grinding. In this paper, investigations conducted on inner-jet ECG of GH4169 alloy are described. Two types of inner-jet ECG grinding wheels were used to machine a flat bottom surface. The machining process was simulated using COMSOL software, and machining gaps under different machining parameters were obtained. In addition, maximum feed rates and maximum material removal rates under different machining parameters were studied experimentally. The maximum sizes and the uniformity of the distributions of the gaps machined by the two grinding wheels were compared. The effects of different applied voltages on the machining results were also investigated.     

Surface-improvement mechanism of hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses

Superalloys are commonly used in aircraft manufacturing; however, the requirements for high surface quality and machining accuracy make them difficult to machine. In this study, a hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses is proposed to achieve this target. In this method, electrochemical machining (ECM) and electrical discharge machining (EDM) are unified into a single process using a sequence of variable-amplitude pulses such that the machining process realizes both good surface finish and high machining accuracy. Furthermore, the machining mechanism of the hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses is studied. The mechanism is investigated by observations of machining waveforms and machined surface. It is found that, with a high-frequency transformation between high- and low-voltage waveforms within a voltage cycle, the machining mechanism is frequently transformed from EDM to pure ECM. The critical discharge voltage is 40 V. When pulse voltages greater than 40 V are applied, the machining accuracy is good; however, the surface has defects such as numerous discharge craters. High machining accuracy is maintained when high-voltage pulses are replaced by low-voltage pulses to enhance electrochemical dissolution. The results indicate that the proposed hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses can yield high-quality surfaces with high machining accuracy.     

叶片加工误差对压气机性能的影响

在压气机三维动叶片结构参数中,叶型的前缘角、后缘角、前后缘形状、弦长、厚度、不同叶高位置这6个典型参数同时受加工误差影响,对压气机性能影响较大。为找出叶片加工误差对压气机性能的影响规律,对某跨声速压气机转子叶片的加工误差进行了研究,针对加工误差引起的上述6个典型结构参数变化,归纳出3个加工水平,并采用正交实验法设计出27个样本,通过数值计算对所有样本的性能进行对比分析。结果表明这6个典型结构参数的加工误差综合作用对压气机的总压比、效率、流量影响较大,增加的最大量分别为2.02%、1.47%、1.87%,减小的最大量分别为-0.87%、-1.42%、-0.88%,极差分析表明影响效率的主要参数为前缘角误差、厚度误差,影响总压比的主要参数为前后缘形状、厚度误差、不同叶高位置,影响流量的主要参数为前缘角误差、前后缘形状,回归线性分析证实压气机效率、流量的变化与上述典型参数的加工误差综合作用成线性关系。