Non-fragile switching tracking control for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle based on polytopic LPV model

This article proposes a linear parameter varying (LPV) switching tracking control scheme for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (FAHV). First, a polytopic LPV model is constructed to represent the complex nonlinear longitudinal model of the FAHV by using Jacobian linearization and tensor-product (T-P) model transformation approach. Second, for less conservative controller design purpose, the flight envelope is divided into four sub-regions and a non-fragile LPV controller is designed for each parameter sub-region. These non-fragile LPV controllers are then switched in order to guarantee the closed-loop FAHV system to be asymptotically stable and satisfy a specified performance criterion. The desired non-fragile LPV switching controller is found by solving a convex constraint problem which can be efficiently solved using available linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques, and robust stability analysis of the closed-loop FAHV system is verified based on multiple Lypapunov functions (MLFs). Finally, numerical simulations have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Electromechanical flight actuators for advanced flight vehicles

The aircraft flight quantities and success of the mission depend to a great extent upon the actuator performance, and flight actuators must be designed to achieve the specified criteria. Electromechanical flight actuators driven by electric motors have begun to displace hydraulic technology in advanced flight vehicles. In aerospace application, permanent-magnet stepper motors are perfectly suited due to their efficiency and reliability, low volume-, weight-, and size-to-torque ratios, high power and torque densities, low cost and maintenance, simplicity and ruggedness, etc. Conventional open-loop stepper motor servos do not ensure the required accuracy and dynamic performance. An innovative method in motion control of advanced electromechanical flight actuators is developed, and nonlinear controllers are designed. The specified tracking accuracy, desired stability margins, microstepping capabilities, and disturbance attenuation are ensured by the robust nonlinear controllers synthesized. Analytical, numerical, and experimental results are documented to study the performance of flight actuators directly driven by stepper motors and to demonstrate the efficiency of control algorithms     

高超声速飞行器大包线切换LPV控制方法

高超声速飞行器飞行包线和参数变化范围大,气动参数存在较强不确定性,要求控制器能够适应大的飞行包线并具有较好的鲁棒性。针对上述问题,提出一种基于间隙度量的大包线滞后切换线性变参数(LPV)控制方法。依照时变参数将设计包线划分为若干子区域,将多胞理论和间隙度量引入控制器求解,提出了基于最优间隙度量的LPV控制方法,并利用此方法独立设计各子区域的LPV控制器,以改善控制器控制性能和鲁棒性能;利用基于重叠区域的滞后切换策略实现大包线内各子区域控制器的切换,以抑制切换面附近控制器的切换抖动,并证明了切换闭环系统的稳定性;最后以某型高超声速飞行器为对象设计了大包线滞后切换LPV控制器。仿真结果表明该方法可实现控制指令的精确跟踪,提高设计包线内LPV控制器的控制性能和鲁棒性能,并能保证切换系统的稳定性。     

基于多模型方法的全包络鲁棒飞行控制器设计

利用新一代歼击机不同平衡点的多个非线性子模型对其机动飞行的全包络模型进行逼近。对于每一个子模型,设计相应的动态逆控制器,应用模糊神经网络产生控制器切换决策,实现不同飞行状态下不同模型控制器之间的相互切换。同时为了提高多模型飞行控制效果,对各模型控制器的输入及输出采样并作为神经网络的学习样本,形成一个全包络内的多模型统一神经网络控制器。最后通过歼击机的大迎角机动仿真来验证所设计的基于多模型的统一神经网络控制器的有效性,仿真结果表明所设计的统一神经网络控制器是有效的。     

基于LADRC的无人直升机轨迹跟踪

无人直升机轨迹控制系统是对多输入/多输出强耦合非线性系统进行解耦控制的系统。为解决无人直升机轨迹控制效果依赖于直升机物理参数的测量和辨识精度以及外部扰动大小问题,提出了一种基于线性自抗扰控制(LADRC)的多回路无人直升机轨迹控制系统。首先建立无人直升机X-Cell的飞行动力学模型,并引入风切变、大气紊流和突风模型以更加准确模拟真实飞行环境;然后对X-Cell进行配平计算以验证动力学模型和配平算法的准确性,并选取一组配平值作为轨迹控制仿真的初始状态和操纵量;随后根据被控量的动力学方程阶次选取对应的一阶和二阶LADRC基本控制器,并结合时间尺度原理,自内向外依次构建无人直升机的姿态、速度和位置控制回路,将三回路串联从而建立了无人直升机轨迹控制系统;而后进行了稳定性分析,特征根计算结果表明轨迹控制系统镇定了X-Cell开环系统不稳定的动态特性;最后将该控制系统应用于各种扰动下直升机轨迹跟踪仿真,结果表明本文无人直升机轨迹控制系统能很好地实现带爬升率的"8"字形轨迹跟踪,且相比于基于比例积分和微分(PID)控制的轨迹控制系统,该控制系统具有更优的鲁棒性和抗扰性。     

基于鲁棒故障观测器的非线性离散系统容错控制设计

针对存在执行器故障以及未知干扰的非线性离散系统,提出了一种鲁棒故障估计与容错控制方法。首先在未知系统干扰作用下,设计鲁棒故障观测器实现系统状态和执行器故障的同步估计;然后根据鲁棒故障观测器得到的系统状态估计和故障估计信息设计容错控制器,进行状态反馈容错控制,同时基于D稳定与H_∞控制理论对鲁棒故障观测器和容错控制器进行设计,实现了多约束条件下的故障估计与容错控制;最后用飞行控制系统模型验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于干扰观测器的新一代歼击机鲁棒飞行逆控制器设计

基于干扰观测器设计了新一代歼击机的鲁棒飞行逆控制器。根据时标分离的原则，将机动飞机分为快慢不同的回路。采用动态逆方法设计了快回路和慢回路控制器，并在慢回路用干扰观测器估计飞机所受的扰动，同时，用于在线补偿动态逆误差。仿真结果表明，该设计合理。     

基于切换多胞LPV的涡扇发动机全包线中间状态控制

针对航空发动机全包线内参数变化范围较大,单一控制器很难保证全包线内的控制效果的问题,提出了基于切换多胞线性变参数（LPV）的发动机全包线中间状态控制方法.根据发动机的进口条件将飞行包线分为相互重叠的子区域,将多胞理论及状态重置切换方法引入控制器求解,给出了能够保证切换多胞LPV系统鲁棒稳定的线性矩阵不等式（LMI）条件;利用求解出的Lyapunov矩阵设计各子区域的LPV控制器,并结合几何位置调度策略实现子区域LPV控制;利用局部重叠的滞后切换策略和状态重置切换律实现全包线内各控制器的切换,并证明了该闭环切换系统的稳定性.最终以某型涡扇发动机为研究对象进行仿真验证,结果表明:采用该控制方法稳态误差能够控制在0.1%以内,超调量不大于0.5%.      

Attitude tracking control for variable structure near space vehicles based on switched nonlinear systems

An adaptive robust attitude tracking control law based on switched nonlinear systems is presented for a variable structure near space vehicle (VSNSV) in the presence of uncertainties and disturbances. The adaptive fuzzy systems are employed for approximating unknown functions in the flight dynamic model and their parameters are updated online. To improve the flight robust performance, robust controllers with adaptive gains are designed to compensate for the approximation errors and thus they have less design conservation. Moreover, a systematic procedure is developed for the synthesis of adaptive fuzzy dynamic surface control (DSC) approach. According to the common Lyapunov function theory, it is proved that all signals of the closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded by the continuous controller. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control scheme.     

Fractional order modeling and control of dissimilar redundant actuating system used in large passenger aircraft

In this paper, a methodology has been developed to address the issue of force fighting and to achieve precise position tracking of control surface driven by two dissimilar actuators. The nonlinear dynamics of both actuators are first approximated as fractional order models. Based on the identified models, three fractional order controllers are proposed for the whole system. Two Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controllers are dedicated to improving transient response and are designed in a position feedback configuration. In order to synchronize the actuator dynamics, a third fractional order PI controller is designed, which feeds the force compensation signal in position feedback loop of both actuators. Nelder-Mead (N-M) optimization technique is employed in order to optimally tune controller parameters based on the proposed performance criteria. To test the proposed controllers according to real flight condition, an external disturbance of higher amplitude that acts as airload is applied directly on the control surface. In addition, a disturbance signal function of system states is applied to check the robustness of proposed controller. Simulation results on nonlinear system model validated the performance of the proposed scheme as compared to optimal PID and high gain PID controllers.     

基于自适应模糊滑模退步控制的直接力/气动力复合控制导弹自动驾驶仪设计

针对直接力/气动力复合控制导弹所具有的强耦合非线性特性,提出了一种基于自适应模糊滑模退步控制的自动驾驶仪设计方法.该方法利用自适应模糊系统所具有的万能逼近特性,对大迎角飞行过程中导弹动力学方程中存在的非线性函数进行逼近,并利用变结构控制所具有对干扰的强鲁棒性,构造误差系统滑模面,克服了逼近误差和外界干扰对控制系统的影响,实现了对大机动指令的精确跟踪.仿真结果表明,所设计的自动驾驶仪对过载指令有良好的跟踪效果,对模型不确定性和外界干扰具有鲁棒性.     

飞行器神经元控制系统的研究与设计

提出了一种基于神经元网络的飞行控制系统设计方法 ,该方法设计的神经元飞行控制器具有良好的鲁棒性 ,使飞行器在整个飞行包络内都能保持某种最优的操纵品质。给出的计算机仿真结果显示出神经元网络作为飞行控制器在处理飞行器参数大范围变化的非线性特性方面具有潜在的优良品质     

一种动态面神经网络鲁棒飞行控制律设计

提出一种基于RBF(Radial Based Function)神经网络和动态面控制的飞行控制律设计方法。针对飞机气动参数变化引起的非线性和不确定性,通过RBF神经网络在线逼近。动态面飞行控制律消除了反推设计方法中由于对虚拟控制反复求导而导致的复杂性问题。同时,在控制律设计中引入一个鲁棒因子项来补偿外界干扰和神经网络的逼近误差,提高了系统的鲁棒性,使整个系统获得更好的跟踪控制性能。基于Lyapunov稳定性定理证明了闭环系统的所有信号半全局一致终结有界,并且通过适当选择设计参数,跟踪误差可收敛到原点的一个小邻域内。最后,通过飞机俯仰运动飞行的数值仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

折叠翼飞行器发射段鲁棒非线性控制系统设计

为解决折叠翼飞行器在发射段各项特性变化较大、对飞行控制律鲁棒性要求较高的问题,设计了一种以块控反步法为基础的自适应鲁棒非线性控制器.在发射段动态模型基础上,该控制器采用径向基函数( RBF)神经网络自适应逼近飞行器特性变化时的系统未知不确定性和干扰,通过在虚拟控制律中引入动态面控制技术避免多重微分运算,克服了传统反步法...     

利用神经网络设计航空发动机全包线最优控制器

本文提出一种用神经网络拟合飞行条件、发动机工况与发动机最优控制器参数之间关系, 从而设计适合于全飞行包线范围内发动机最优稳态控制器的方案。该方案可以针对发动机分段线性化模型, 利用成熟的线性控制设计方法设计非线性控制器, 且控制器结构简单、实时性好。仿真结果表明, 所设计的发动机控制系统在整个飞行包线内的设计点及非设计点均具有良好的性能。      

基于自适应模糊系统的空天飞行器非线性预测控制

 针对一类多输入多输出非线性不确定系统,提出了基于自适应模糊系统的非线性预测控制方法。控制器由基于模糊系统的非线性预测控制器和鲁棒自适应控制器两个部分组成。根据系统的跟踪误差在线调整模糊系统的权值,使得模糊系统一致逼近被控对象中的非线性函数,通过泰勒展开设计出基于模糊系统的非线性预测控制律,避免了预测控制在线优化带来的繁重的计算负担。鲁棒自适应控制器则用于减少不确定和模糊逼近误差对系统的影响。所设计的控制器保证了闭环系统的最终一致有界稳定。基于Lyapunov稳定原理,给出了理论证明和分析。最后利用提出的控制方案设计了空天飞行器高超声速飞行姿态的控制系统,仿真结果表明了控制方案的有效性。     

直升机垂直飞行鲁棒控制系统设计与仿真

应用基于Lyapunov直接法的非线性不确定系统鲁棒控制方法，为某型直升机垂直飞行模态设计了鲁棒控制律，该控制律能保证闭环系统具有全局稳定性。为验证所设计鲁棒控制律的有效性，对直机机垂直飞行的三 机动：设定点悬停、起飞着陆机和忽上忽下机动，分别进行了闭环系统仿真。仿真结果表明，所设计的控制律对系统参数的摄动具有很强的鲁棒性。     

A New Hybrid Control Scheme for an Integrated Helicopter and Engine System

A new hybrid control scheme is presented with a robust multiple model fusion control(RMMFC) law for a UH-60 helicopter and an active disturbance rejection control(ADRC) controller for its engines.This scheme is a control design method with every subsystem designed separately but fully considering the couplings between them.With three subspaces with respect to forward flight velocity,a RMMFC is proposed to devise a four-loop reference signal tracing control for the helicopter,which escapes the closed-loop system from unstable state due to the extreme complexity of this integrated nonlinear system.The engines are controlled by the proposed ADRC decoupling controller,which fully takes advantage of a good compensation ability for unmodeled dynamics and extra disturbances,so as to compensate torque disturbance in power turbine speed loop.By simulating a forward acceleration flight task,the RMMFC for the helicopter is validated.It is apparent that the integrated helicopter and engine system(IHES) has much better dynamic performance under the new control scheme.Especially in the switching process,the large transient is significantly weakened,and smooth transition among candidate controllers is achieved.Over the entire simulation task,the droop of power turbine speed with the proposed ADRC controller is significantly slighter than with the conventional PID controller,and the response time of the former is much faster than the latter.By simulating a rapid climb and descent flight task,the results also show the feasibility for the application of the proposed multiple model fusion control.Although there is aggressive power demand in this maneuver,the droop of power turbine speed with an ADRC controller is smaller than using a PID controller.The control performance for helicopter and engine is enhanced by adopting this hybrid control scheme,and simulation results in other envelope state give proofs of robustness for this new scheme.     

基于模糊模型的鲁棒自适应重构飞行控制

提出了一种基于模糊模型的歼击机鲁棒自适应重构控制方案。整个控制方案基于T S模糊模型,将歼击机各飞行状态的局部线性调节器与鲁棒自适应神经网络重构控制器相结合,避免了传统的增益预置方法中控制律在不同工作点之间切换造成的参数突变对系统性能的影响,可以保证系统在全局上拥有局部工作点具有的期望性能,证明了重构系统的全局闭环渐近稳定性。所提出的带有补偿项的完全自适应RBF神经网络,通过在线自适应调整RBF神经网络的权重、函数中心和宽度,提高了神经网络的学习能力,同时通过自适应补偿项来在线估计神经网络的近似误差边界,可以有效地在线修正建模误差、外扰及操纵面故障等因素的影响,保证系统的操纵品质。仿真结果表明了所提出方法的有效性。     

Two freedom linear parameter varying μ synthesis control for flight environment testbed

To solve the problem of robust servo performance of Flight Environment Testbed(FET)of Altitude Ground Test Facilities(AGTF) over the whole operational envelope, a two-degree-offreedom μ synthesis method based on Linear Parameter Varying(LPV) schematic is proposed, and meanwhile a new structure frame of μ synthesis control on two degrees of freedom with double integral and weighting functions is presented, which constitutes a core support part of the paper. Aimed at the problem of reference command's rapid change, one freedom feed forward is adopted, while another freedom output feedback is used to meet good servo tracking as well as disturbance and noise rejection; furthermore, to overcome the overshoot problem and acquire dynamic tuning,the integral is introduced in inner loop, and another integral controller is used in outer loop in order to guarantee steady errors; additionally, two performance weighting functions are designed to achieve robust specialty and control energy limit considering the uncertainties in system. As the schedule parameters change over large flight envelope, the stability of closed-loop LPV system is proved using Lyapunov inequalities. The simulation results show that the relative tracking errors of temperature and pressure are less than 0.5% with LPV μ synthesis controller. Meanwhile, compared with non-LPV μ synthesis controller in large uncertainty range, the proposed approach in this research can ensure robust servo performance of FET over the whole operational envelope.