纯铁材料动态力学性能测试及本构模型

研究纯铁材料的动态力学性能并建立其本构模型是开展纯铁材料工程应用和数值模拟研究的基础,利用Instron材料试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆试验装置,对纯铁材料进行了常温下不同应变率（10^-3~5×10⁴s^-1）和应变率为10⁴s^-1时不同温度下（200~800℃）的动态力学性能测试,获得了各种载荷下的应力-应变曲线。试验结果表明,纯铁材料的塑性流动应力对应变率和温度非常敏感,具有明显的应变强化效应、应变率强化和增塑效应以及热软化效应。基于Power-Law本构方程,通过试验数据拟合得到了纯铁材料的动态本构模型参数,拟合曲线与试验数据吻合较好,表明该模型能较好描述纯铁材料在动态载荷下的力学行为。     

高应变率条件下38CrMoAl钢的动态力学行为及失效模型

38CrMoAl钢是飞机某频繁经受冲击载荷结构的主要材料，为了获得该钢在冲击载荷下的力学行为和失效参数，本文对38CrMoAl钢开展了准静态试验、应变率从650 s^-1至5 500 s^-1的动态力学试验以及应力三轴度试验，对材料的金相组织和断口形貌进行了微观观察分析，最后基于试验结果确定了材料的修正强度模型和失效模型参数。试验结果表明，38CrMoAl钢具有较强的应变率敏感性，材料屈服强度随着应变率的增加具有正应变率强化效应，应变率在10^-3~5 500 s^-1的范围变化时，屈服应力从450 MPa上升到了1 085 MPa，应变率为5 500 s^-1时材料的屈服应力达到了准静态条件下的2.41倍。对材料组织的微观观察分析发现材料主要由呈现颗粒状的回火索氏体组成，材料在高应变速率加载下其塑性发生了下降，断口由韧窝型塑性断口向局部解理断面发生转变，韧窝尺寸也随着应变率的升高而变小。对Johnson-Cook（J-C）强度模型中的应变率强化项进行了修正，使修正后的本构模型可以更有效地描述38CrMoAl钢的动态力学行为，最后结合数值模拟方法确定了材料的J-C失效准则参数。     

20号钢的冲击拉伸力学性能试验研究

利用旋转盘式间接杆杆型冲击拉伸试验装置对20号钢进行了三个应变率的冲击拉伸试验研究，得到了材料在不同应变率下的应力应变曲线。结果表明，随着应变率的增加，材料的极限强度随之增大，具有明显的应变率强化效应。根据材料住不同应变率下的试验结果，拟合了Johnson—Cook模型中的材料常数，并修正了应变率强化系数C，确定了20号钢的Johnson—Cook本构关系。数据拟合结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

Recent progress in modeling of cryogenic cavitation for liquid rocket propulsion

Thermal effects substantially impact the cavitation dynamics of cryogenic fluids. The present article reviews recent progress made toward developing modeling and computational strategies to simulate cryogenic cavitation relevant to liquid rocket propulsion applications. We re-examine previously developed cavitation models, including thermal effect and turbulence closures. The experimentally observed “frosty” appearance within the cavity is modeled as a mushy phase boundary. The impact of model parameters and material properties on the prediction is probed by global sensitivity techniques. Performance of the reported cavitation models is compared against the existing cavitation models and experimental data, under both non-cryogenic and cryogenic conditions. Time-dependent computations for various cases of cryogenic cavitation are further reviewed. Impact of the cryogenic environment and inflow perturbations on the flow structure and instabilities is explained via the simulated flow fields and the reduced order strategy of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD).     

航空发动机风扇叶片冰雹撞击仿真

为预估航空发动机风扇转子叶片受到冰雹撞击后的损伤情况,基于PAM-CRASH软件进行冰雹撞击风扇转子叶片仿真。采用SPH方法和带失效应变的弹塑性材料模型建立冰雹数值模型,模拟冰雹撞击铝合金平板过程,仿真结果与试验数据吻合较好。针对冰雹撞击旋转状态风扇转子叶片试验,建立3维风扇转子有限元模型,使用带失效模型的J-C本构模型定义叶片材料性能,采用该冰雹模型对试验过程进行仿真,获得的冰雹撞击过程和叶片损伤与试验结果基本相同,叶片凹陷深度误差小于10%。仿真与试验结果对比表明:风扇叶片冰雹撞击仿真方法能够预估叶片被冰雹撞击后的损伤情况,可用于叶片抗冰雹撞击设计与评估。     

飞机机翼结冰过程的数值模拟

提出了一种适用于各种结冰气象条件下飞机机翼结冰过程的数值模拟方法。结合欧拉坐标系下空气-过冷水滴两相流动控制方程的计算,对不同气象条件下飞机机翼的结冰过程进行了数值模拟,得到了4°攻角NACA-0012翼型表面霜状冰、混合冰及瘤状冰3种冰形。所得冰形与文献中的试验数据和计算结果吻合良好,表明本文方法有效。另外还计算了不同的冰形对机翼升、阻力的影响,结果表明瘤状冰对机翼气动特性的影响最大。      

一种基于归一化参数的蠕变模型

针对传统蠕变模型(如Norton律)不能模拟蠕变第3阶段的不足,提出了一种基于归一化参数的蠕变模型,该模型以归一化时间为变量,以归一化应力和归一化温度为参数,可完整描述蠕变曲线的所有3个阶段.在该模型的基础上提出了能更好地描述蠕变曲线第1阶段的改进形式.利用所发展的模型对直接时效GH4169G材料的蠕变试验曲线3个阶段进行了较好地模拟,验证了该模型的描述蠕变变形的能力；同时确立了所发展模型中各参数与归一化温度和归一化应力之间的函数关系,取得了较好的效果；并且能与有限元软件结合,表明所发展的模型可应用于实际结构的蠕变分析.      

钛合金TC4高温动态压缩力学行为研究

利用分离式Hopkinson压杆和微型Hopkinson压杆测试钛合金TC4材料,在温度为20～800℃之间,应变率103/s和104/s下的压缩力学行为,定量研究温度和应变率对材料流动应力的影响规律。结果表明:随着温度升高,材料应变率呈现增大趋势,而随着应变率变化,材料温度敏感性变化不大。     

基于连续损伤模型的复合固体推进剂力学性能研究

为了模拟复合固体推进剂本构关系,利用连续损伤力学理论并耦合线性累积损伤来建立含有损伤变量的本构模型。模型中推进剂累积损伤利用Miner线性累积损伤法则,损伤演化利用蠕变损伤演化规律,无损条件下的推进剂本构关系利用三元件波因廷模型。该模型提供了一种基于损伤本构关系来研究推进剂力学性能变化的有效方法。     

非结构网格在积冰数值模拟中的应用

基于非结构网格对翼型表面的积冰进行了数值模拟研究.通过求解气体欧拉方程得到翼型的绕流流场,使用穿透型壁面边界模拟水滴对翼型表面的撞击,采用迭代法对水滴控制方程进行数值求解,得到翼型表面的水滴收集特性;采用不同的积冰冻结模型模拟霜冰和明冰的冻结过程;利用冰层时间推进法模拟积冰过程,基于积冰法向生长假设生成积冰外形.对NA...     

复合材料整体化加筋壁板高速冲击损伤数值模拟

 以复合材料结构抗弹性能分析与设计为目的,根据纤维的线弹性假设和基体的粘弹性假设,推导了复合材料单向板的粘弹性本构关系,导出了高应变率下复合材料层板的一阶剪切理论,建立了复合材料整体化加筋壁板高速冲击有限元分析模型.该模型引入界面单元模拟复合材料层间分层以及筋条与壁板间的脱粘损伤,结合Hashin失效准则进行筋条和单层板面内损伤识别,引入材料刚度退化,采用非线性有限元方法,研究了复合材料加筋结构高速冲击的破坏过程及损伤特性.数值分析结果与实验结果吻合良好,证明了该方法的合理有效性.探讨了筋条参数对高速冲击损伤的影响规律,获得了一些有价值的结论.     

粉末高温合金粘塑性试验评定与本构模型参数估计

 开展了粉末高温合金 FGH95 550℃、600℃和 650℃等 3种温度下控制应变率单向拉伸试验和 550℃下循环加载试验研究,结果表明 :600℃以下,快、慢应变率时,5%的试验应变范围内应力—应变曲线都一直上升,不存在应力饱和现象,热恢复效应不显著;但 650℃下慢应变率时则存在较明显的应力饱和现象,反映出在此条件下必须考虑蠕变效应。温度越高应变率对 FGH95的拉伸力学性能影响越明显,但总的说来是一种应变率不甚敏感的循环硬化材料。最后,在试验的基础上建立了 FGH95的 Bonder-Partom统一弹-粘塑性本构模型,理论与试验吻合较好,表明该模型能够模拟 FGH95的应力-应变关系曲线、应变率响应特性以及循环硬化特性,从而为 FGH95粉末高温合金构件的高温应力分析打下了基础。     

Hot deformation behavior and strain compensation constitutive model of equiaxed fine grain diffusion-welded micro-duplex TC4 titanium alloy

In this work, two-stage diffusion bonding of micro-duplex TC4 titanium alloy was carried out to study the flow behavior and constitutive models of the bonding joint and the base metal after the same thermal cycling during the hot forming process. Microstructure and mechanical properties test were used to verify the good quality of the equiaxed fine grain diffusion-welded TC4 alloy. Quasi-static tensile experiment was carried out at temperatures ranging from 750–900 °C and strain rates of 0.0001–0.1 s⁻¹. The joint showed the weak dynamic recovery at strain rates of 0.01–0.1 s⁻¹ and temperatures of 750–850 °C. At strain rates of 0.0001–0.001 s⁻¹ and temperatures of 850–900 °C, the flow stress of joint presented steady-state characteristics. Different deformation conditions lead to the remarkable difference of dynamic softening performance between the joint and heat-treated base metal, but the flow stress in elastic and strain hardening stages exhibited similar behavior. The strain compensated Arrhenius-type constitutive models of TC4 joint and heat-treated base metal were developed respectively. The fifth-order polynomial functions between the material property correlation coefficients and strain were obtained. The models have shown good correlation, with correlation coefficient values of 0.984 and 0.99. The percentage average absolute relative error for the models were found to be 10% and 9.46%, respectively.     

AZ31B镁合金双道次热变形过程流变应力特征模拟研究

建立了一类镁合金双道次热变形过程的二维元胞自动机模型。考虑到镁合金具有六重对称的密排六方晶体结构,模型采用了六边形元胞网格。另外,通过计算位错密度演变和设定晶粒形核长大规则,模型将热变形过程中动态再结晶、静态回复、静态再结晶、亚动态再结晶和晶粒长大等单个物理过程耦合到一起。为了验证模型,将其应用到AZ31B镁合金单道次和双道次热压缩过程。探讨了不同变形温度、应变速率、道次间隔和预应变对应力-应变曲线的影响。将计算结果和实验结果进行了对比,吻合较好。     

7050凹槽铝板激光冲击强化残余应力分布与疲劳寿命

激光冲击强化（LSP）是改善结构疲劳性能的重要手段，传统数值模拟方法很难模拟复杂结构的多点冲击强化过程。本文利用一种连续动态冲击方法对7050凹槽铝板进行激光冲击强化数值模拟，得到了冲击后稳定的残余应力场，并与试验测量的残余应力相对比，验证了该方法的精度与较高效率。运用4种基于临界平面法的应变模型，最大正应变模型、最大剪应变模型、BM模型和SWT模型分别对未强化件和强化件进行疲劳寿命预测。完成了激光冲击强化件和未强化件的疲劳试验，得到其疲劳寿命。结果表明：寿命预测值与试验结果吻合较好；对未强化件进行平均应力修正后，前3种模型误差分别为31.2%、22.6%和40.7%，而SWT模型的计算结果过于保守；对强化件进行最大正应力修正后，前3种模型误差分别为1.84%、24.0%和46.4%，而SWT模型的计算结果过于危险。     

EPDM材料热解后准静态压缩力学性能

为研究三元乙丙(EPDM)包覆层材料热解过程及其热解后的力学行为,采用热重分析(TGA)对EPDM的热稳定性进行分析,基于其TGA曲线与热降解温度,通过电阻炉设定不同的温度进行热解实验,然后利用万能实验机完成准静态单轴压缩实验.结果表明:EPDM材料的抗压性能随着热解温度的升高呈先减小再升高而后降低的趋势,可大体分为3个阶段.通过分阶段建立模型来更好地描述材料不同热解程度下的力学行为,采用2阶Polynomial超弹模型与温度相关项相结合等方式预测不同温度热解后EPDM材料的力学响应,对比实验结果发现模型拟合精度良好.      

A compositional method to model dependent failure behavior based on PoF models

In this paper, a new method is developed to model dependent failure behavior among failure mechanisms. Unlike the existing methods, the developed method models the root cause of the dependency explicitly, so that a deterministic model, rather than a probabilistic one, can be established. Three steps comprise the developed method. First, physics-of-failure(PoF) models are utilized to model each failure mechanism. Then, interactions among failure mechanisms are modeled as a combination of three basic relations, competition, superposition and coupling. This is the reason why the method is referred to as ‘‘compositional method". Finally, the PoF models and the interaction model are combined to develop a deterministic model of the dependent failure behavior. As a demonstration, the method is applied on an actual spool and the developed failure behavior model is validated by a wear test. The result demonstrates that the compositional method is an effective way to model dependent failure behavior.     

Constitutive behavior and microstructural evolution in hot deformed 2297 Al-Li alloy

The microstructural evolution mechanism and constitutive behavior of 2297 Al-Li alloy were studied via thermal compression test with the constant strain rates of 0.001–1 s⁻¹ and the deformation temperatures ranging from 623 to 773 K. To verify the predictable ability of diverse constitutive models under different stress states, the hot compression experiments with stress triaxiality varying from −0.33 to 0.46 were conducted. The microstructures of the deformed specimens under diverse deformation conditions are probed to reveal the mechanism of hot deformation behavior. The experimental results indicate that the work-hardening and dynamic softening are competitive during the hot compression process, and the dynamic softening is more obvious under low deformation temperature and high strain rate. The microstructural analysis manifests that the dynamic recovery gets predominant at high deformation temperature to produce fine grains. Meanwhile, the dynamic recrystallization becomes more dominant as the strain rate decreases, which is sensitive to the stress triaxiality. In addition, both the modified Johnson-Cook model and strain-compensated Arrhenius-type function are suitable for describing the flow behavior of 2297 alloy, while the latter reveals a more accurate prediction. However, the predictability of the two kinds of models is worsened with the transformation of stress triaxiality, and the validity of the Arrhenius-type model is restricted by high stress triaxiality.     

变形破碎特性对SLD结冰过程影响

基于结冰过程数值模拟,针对过冷大水滴（SLD）条件下的变形破碎特性及其对成冰过程影响进行了研究。利用动态阻力计算模型,分析了水滴变形对水滴运动轨迹影响,采用基于泰勒类比理论的计算模型,研究了水滴破碎过程、子液滴粒径分布特性等。完成了NACA 0012翼型典型SLD结冰算例的数值分析,与参考文献计算结果和实验数据进行对比。结果表明:对于SLD结冰,变形和破碎主要改变了水滴运动轨迹和表面撞击水分布,使水滴撞击极限变小,在加入变形破碎特性的计算模型后,可以较好预测结冰极限位置和冰形轮廓,说明该方法对SLD变形破碎效应及其影响的模拟是可行和正确的。      

添加微量Sc对Mg-3Li合金高应变率变形行为的影响

利用Hopkinson压杆对Mg-3Li和Mg-3Li-1Sc合金进行了高应变率冲击实验,分析了添加少量Sc对Mg-3Li合金冲击变形行为及其应变率效应的影响.结果表明,在1350s～3000s-1应变率范围内,两种合金的动态应力-应变行为均表现出显著的应变率强化效应.但随应变率继续升高,合金的动态变形行为转为应变率弱...