一种基于非线性跟踪-微分器的角加速度估计方法

针对仅能获取角度信息的角加速度估计问题,基于卡尔曼滤波和非线性跟踪-微分器设计了一种角加速度估计算法。该算法利用卡尔曼滤波得到角速度的估计值,并以此为基础采用非线性跟踪-微分器对角加速度进行估计,通过对卡尔曼滤波与跟踪-微分器角加速度估计进行合理融合获得最终的角加速度输出。仿真结果表明,所设计的估计方法能满足视线角加速度的估计精度要求,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

一种带随机时延和丢包的分布式多传感器融合估计方法

研究了分布式采样线性系统的最优信息融合问题。其中,传感器信息通过无线网络发送到中心单元,每个传感器的测量值受随机时延甚至丢包的影响,最优传感器融合设计为一个带有缓冲测量值的时变卡尔曼滤波器。进行了算例仿真与分析,表明了融合估计器的有效性。     

基于变增益扩张状态观测器的永磁同步电机转速环自抗扰控制器设计

线性扩张状态观测器(LESO)在观测初始阶段,系统状态量实际值与估计值误差较大。由于LESO高增益的影响,导致LESO在初始时刻的扰动估计输出出现很大的峰值,而且观测器增益越大,峰值现象越严重。针对上述问题,设计了一种变增益扩张状态观测器(TESO),其增益是一个时变函数,在初始时刻为较小的函数值,随着时间逐渐增大,直至趋于一个较大常数。利用李雅普诺夫变换和微分代数谱理论给出了参数整定公式。将线性自抗扰控制器(LADRC)中的扩张状态观测器替换为TESO,并将其应用于永磁同步电机转速控制中,计算机仿真和系统试验验证了该控制器设计的有效性。     

存在数据丢包的航空发动机分布式控制器设计

考虑航空发动机分布式控制系统中丢包问题,开展系统建模和稳定性分析,提出了带输入积分的状态反馈控制器,根据Lyapunov稳定性定理和LMI获得了一定丢包上界下的控制器求解定理。基于该控制器提出某涡扇发动机分布式控制系统丢包增益重构补偿策略,并开展仿真研究。结果表明：基于增益重构的丢包补偿措施,保证了存在数据丢包的发动机分布式控制系统的性能和稳定性。     

基于距离代价函数和信息熵的发动机性能参数估计研究

研究发动机部件性能参数变化规律,对于减少维修次数和推动视情维修具有重要意义。针对测量参数个数少于待估性能参数的情况,给出了一种通过构建代价函数和优化算法的参数估计方法。原代价函数只考虑当前点参数,缺少与前面点参数的联系,因此结合自组织神经网络,构造了包含以前与当前点参数的距离代价函数。并提出了一种快速的参数估计方法。由于准确的部件性能参数很难获取,并且参数趋势估计不同于单纯的点估计问题,以对应的测量参数为基础,利用信息熵方法评定部件性能参数估计效果。进一步得到距离代价函数对应的参数信息熵为0.6805,优于原代价函数的估计结果。最后通过实例验证了参数估计方法的有效性。      

基于核方法的航空发动机推力估计器设计

鉴于实现航空发动机的直接推力控制需要高精度及高可靠性的推力估计器,基于核方法,提出了结合全局核k-means聚类与鲁棒最小二乘支持向量回归机的推力估计器设计方案,通过核诱导的隐性映射将原始输入数据映射到特征空间,使数据样本特征信息被提取并放大,具有更好的可分性.在每个聚类内设计推力子估计器,用鲁棒代价函数代替最小二乘代价函数,增强了推力估计器的整体鲁棒性.通过对涡扇发动机的仿真试验表明,本推力估计器设计方法能够满足直接推力控制需要,与其它方法相比,在估计精度及鲁棒性上存在一定优势.     

网络攻击下无人机信息物理系统的自适应状态估计

针对网络攻击下无人机信息物理系统(CPS)的安全状态估计问题,提出了一种基于自适应方差极小化的递推状态估计器(AVMRE)。通过将针对控制输入和传感器数据的恶意攻击分别建模为状态和量测方程中的未知干扰项,建立了未知干扰解耦状态递推估计器,实现滤波误差中的量测未知干扰解耦,利用滤波残差设计自适应调整因子对估计误差上界进行极小化,应用最小方差估计准则求解出算法中的量测增益反馈矩阵。同时引入事件触发机制,使得系统在保持一定估计精度的情况下节省通信资源。此外,给出了滤波误差指数有界性的充分条件。无人机飞行模型仿真验证了本文算法相比传统算法的有效性和优越性。     

基于半马尔可夫模型的民用航空发动机热端组件系统检查间隔优化

根据采集的民用航空发动机热端组件系统检修信息和专家对系统退化状态的判别,在系统状态退化过程为离散半马尔可夫链过程的假设前提下,分别建立了基于专家估计数据、基于检查数据以及基于融合数据的各宏观退化状态驻留时间估计模型,并应用最大似然函数法和MCMC（Markov chain Monte Carlo）法对模型参数进行估计,得到基于不同数据源的各宏观退化状态下驻留时间估计值和状态转移系数,并以一定使用周期内的检修费用最优为目标建立状态转移概率模型,仿真得到3个典型宏观退化状态下的最优检查间隔分别为1750、350、70循环。该仿真结果与目前的民航运行生产工程实际情况非常接近,可以为民航运输企业的检修决策提供客户化的决策支持并提高经济效益。      

利用重要性采样的时差-频差联合估计算法

针对无源定位中参考信号真实值未知的时差(TDOA)-频差(FDOA)联合估计问题,构建了一种新的时差-频差最大似然(ML)估计模型,并采用重要性采样(IS)方法求解似然函数极大值,得到时差-频差联合估计。算法通过生成时差-频差样本,并统计样本加权均值得到估计值,克服了传统互模糊函数(CAF)算法只能得到时域和频域采样间隔整数倍估计值的问题,且不存在期望最大化(EM)等迭代算法的初值依赖和收敛问题。推导了时差-频差联合估计的克拉美罗下界(CRLB),并通过仿真实验表明,算法的计算复杂度适中,估计精度优于CAF算法和EM算法,在不同信噪比条件下估计误差接近CRLB。     

一种MIMO雷达幅相误差估计方法

 针对单基地相关多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达中存在的阵列幅相误差问题进行了研究。给出了单基地相关MIMO雷达的阵列模型,并提出了一种MIMO雷达幅相误差估计方法。利用发射正交信号对阵列接收信号进行匹配滤波,可分离得到类似传统阵列的"虚拟阵列",利用分时信源数据将该阵列中真实导向矢量中信源波达方向(DOA)引起的相位与幅相误差分离开,通过构造代价函数得到波达方向估计值,进而分别得到发射阵与接收阵的幅相误差的估计值,同时给出了误差引入量分析。最后通过仿真验证了该方法的有效性。本文介绍的方法简单可行,适用于任意构型MIMO雷达的幅相误差估计。     

一种带随机偏差的分布式信息融合滤波算法

在通信、计算机、信号处理、自动控制中,对于带有未知的干扰和偏差的随机系统的状态估计已经广泛出现。在现实环境中,不同的传感器可能受到不同的干扰影响。研究随机系统的状态估计问题在实际应用中具有重要的意义。对带有随机偏差的线性随机系统,将系统转换为多模型结构的特殊情况。利用最小方差的最优加权融合估计算法,获得了分布式信息融合滤波算法。通过仿真可以看出,分布式信息融合算法要比局部估计算法具有更高的精度,算法具有分布式结构,这使其具有更好的鲁棒性和可靠性。     

Fusion of distributed extended forgetting factor RLS state estimators

For single-target multisensor systems, two fusion methods are presented for distributed recursive state estimation of dynamic systems without knowledge of noise covariances. The estimator at every local sensor embeds the dynamics and the forgetting factor into the recursive least squares (RLS) method to remedy the lack of knowledge of noise statistics, developed before as the extended forgetting factor recursive least squares (EFRLS) estimator. It is proved that the two fusion methods are equivalent to the centralized EFRLS that uses all measurements from local sensors directly and their good performance is shown by simulation examples.     

Distributed state estimation for heterogeneous mobile sensor networks with stochastic observation loss

The problem of distributed fusion and random observation loss for mobile sensor networks is investigated herein. In view of the fact that the measured values, sampling frequency and noise of various sensors are different, the observation model of a heterogeneous network is constructed. A binary random variable is introduced to describe the drop of observation component and the topology switching problem caused by complete observation loss is also considered. A cubature information filtering algo...     

State Estimation for Discrete Systems with Switching Parameters

The problem of state estimation for discrete systems with parameters which may be switching within a finite set of values is considered. In the general case it is shown that the optimal estimator requires a bank of elemental estimators with its number growing exponentially with time. For the Markov parameter case, it is found that the optimal estimator requires only N2 elemental estimators where N is the number of possible parameter values.     

Detection and range/Doppler estimation for colocated sensors

The problem of multisensor detection and high resolution signal state estimation using joint maximum a posteriori detection and high order nonlinear filtering techniques is addressed. The model-based fusion approach offers the potential for increased target resolution in range/Doppler/azimuth space. The approach employs joint detection/estimation filters (JDEF) for target detection and localization. The JDEF approach segments the aggregate nonlinear model over the entire target resolution space into a number of localized nonlinear models by partitioning the resolution space into a number of resolution subcells. This partitioning leads to extremely accurate state estimation. The proposed JDEF approach has a built-in capability for automatic data alignment from multiple sensors, and can be used for centralized, decentralized, and distributed data fusion.     

多传感器融合状态估计方法综述

随着传感器网络技术的发展，多传感器融合状态估计凭借其鲁棒性、灵活性、可扩展性以及便于故障检测等优点，长期受到国内外学者的广泛关注，并取得了大量研究成果。数据融合的方法为融合状态估计奠定了理论基础，也是早期研究的主要方向，从20世纪70年代到20世纪末，相继发展出了集中式和分散式滤波架构及相应算法。无线通信技术的成熟以及一致性算法的出现使得分布式状态估计的研究进入了快车道，自2005年以来，大量基于一致性的分布式滤波算法被提出，其中不乏实用的经典方法和优秀的开创性方法。旨在梳理多传感器融合状态估计的发展，探究从数据融合到分布式滤波的内在联系，并对一些经典方法进行了总结。     

Discrete-time min-max tracking

The problem of optimal state estimation of linear discrete-time systems with measured outputs that are corrupted by additive white noise is addressed. Such estimation is often encountered in problems of target tracking where the target dynamics is driven by finite energy signals, whereas the measurement noise is approximated by white noise. The relevant cost function for such tracking problems is the expected value of the standard H/sub /spl infin// performance index, with respect to the measurement noise statistics. The estimator, serving as a tracking filter, tries to minimize the mean-square estimation error, and the exogenous disturbance, which may represent the target maneuvers, tries to maximize this error while being penalized for its energy. The solution, which is obtained by completing the cost function to squares, is shown to satisfy also the matrix version of the maximum principle. The solution is derived in terms of two coupled Riccati difference equations from which the filter gains are derived. In the case where an infinite penalty is imposed on the energy of the exogenous disturbance, the celebrated discrete-time Kalman filter is recovered. A local iterations scheme which is based on linear matrix inequalities is proposed to solve these equations. An illustrative example is given where the velocity of a maneuvering target has to be estimated utilizing noisy measurements of the target position.     

MAP estimation of target manoeuvre sequence with theexpectation-maximization algorithm

Two algorithms are derived for the problem of tracking a manoeuvring target based on a sequence of noisy measurements of the state. Manoeuvres are modeled as unknown input (acceleration) terms entering linearly into the state equation and chosen from a discrete set. The expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is first applied, resulting in a multi-pass estimator of the MAP sequence of inputs. The expectation step for each pass involves computation of state estimates in a bank of Kalman smoothers tuned to the possible manoeuvre sequences. The maximization computation is efficiently implemented using the Viterbi algorithm. A second, recursive estimator is then derived using a modified EM-type cost function. To obtain a dynamic programming recursion, the target state is assumed to satisfy a Markov property with respect to the manoeuvre sequence. This results in a recursive but suboptimal estimator implementable on a Viterbi trellis. The transition costs of the latter algorithm, which depend on filtered estimates of the state, are compared with the costs arising in a Viterbi-based manoeuvre estimator due to Averbuch, et al. (1991). It is shown that the two criteria differ only in the weighting matrix of the quadratic part of the cost function. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the performance of both the batch and recursive estimators compared with Averbuch's method and the interacting multiple model filter     

State estimation using an approximate reduced statistics algorithm

The problem of state estimation using nonlinear additive Gaussian noise measurements is addressed. A geometric model for the posterior state density is assumed based on a multidimensional Haar basis representation. An approximate reduced statistics (ARS) algorithm, suggested by the parameter estimator of Kulhavy is then developed, using successive minimization of relative entropy between model densities and an approximate posterior density. The state estimator thus derived is applied to a bearings-only target tracking problem in a multiple sensor scenario     

Recursive 3-D motion estimation from a monocular image sequence

Consideration is given to the design and application of a recursive algorithm to a sequence of images of a moving object to estimate both its structure and kinematics. The object is assumed to be rigid, and its motion is assumed to be smooth in the sense that it can be modeled by retaining an arbitrary number of terms in the appropriate Taylor series expansions. Translational motion involves a standard rectilinear model, while rotational motion is described with quaternions. Neglected terms of the Taylor series are modeled as process noise. A state-space model is constructed, incorporating both kinematic and structural states, and recursive techniques are used to estimate the state vector as a function of time. A set of object match points is assumed to be available. The problem is formulated as a parameter estimation and tracking problem which can use an arbitrarily large number of images in a sequence. The recursive estimation is done using an iterated extended Kalman filter (IEKF), initialized with the output of a batch algorithm run on the first few frames. Approximate Cramer-Rao lower bounds on the error covariance of the batch estimate are used as the initial state estimate error covariance of the IEKF. The performance of the recursive estimator is illustrated using both real and synthetic image sequences