Efficient particle filtering for road-constrained target tracking

The variable-structure multiple-model particle filtering approach for state estimation of road-constrained targets is addressed. The multiple models are designed to account for target maneuvers including "move-stop-move" and motion ambiguity at an intersection; the time-varying active model sets are adaptively selected based on target state and local terrain condition. The hybrid state space is partitioned into the mode subspace and the target subspace. The mode state is estimated based on random sampling; the target state as well as the relevant likelihood function associated with a mode sample sequence is approximated as Gaussian distribution, of which the conditional mean and covariance are deterministically computed using a nonlinear Kalman filter which accounts for road constraints in its update. The importance function for the sampling of the mode state approximates the optimal importance function under the same Gaussian assumption of the target state.     

Multi-sensor optimal data fusion for INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation system

INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation system represents the trend of next generation navigation systems with the high performance of independence, high precision and reliability. This paper presents a new multi-sensor data fusion methodology for INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation systems. This methodology combines local decentralized fusion with global optimal fusion to enhance the accuracy and reliability of integrated navigation systems. A decentralized estimation fusion method is established for individual integrations of GPS and SAR into INS to obtain the local optimal state estimations in a parallel manner. A global optimal estimation fusion theory is studied to fuse the local optimal estimations for generating the global optimal state estimation of INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation systems. The global data fusion features a method of variance upper finiteness and a method of variance upper bound to ensure that the global optimal state estimation can be achieved under a general condition. Experimental results demonstrate that INS/GPS/SAR integrated navigation systems achieved by using the proposed methodology have a better performance than INS/GPS integrated systems.     

Target State Estimation in a Multitarget Environment Using Multiple Sensors

An approach for target detection/state estimation that views theproblem as one of a finite state search over the target parameterspace is presented. This approach allows for a natural way toassociate different types of measurements, such as frequency andcoherence from multiple sensors, and also for dealing with multipletargets, dropouts, and clutter. We describe our model and present acomputationally efficient search algorithm for target detection andtarget state estimation in a multitarget environment based on thismodel. The results of a two-sensor, multitarget computer simulationare discussed.     

多传感器融合状态估计方法综述

随着传感器网络技术的发展，多传感器融合状态估计凭借其鲁棒性、灵活性、可扩展性以及便于故障检测等优点，长期受到国内外学者的广泛关注，并取得了大量研究成果。数据融合的方法为融合状态估计奠定了理论基础，也是早期研究的主要方向，从20世纪70年代到20世纪末，相继发展出了集中式和分散式滤波架构及相应算法。无线通信技术的成熟以及一致性算法的出现使得分布式状态估计的研究进入了快车道，自2005年以来，大量基于一致性的分布式滤波算法被提出，其中不乏实用的经典方法和优秀的开创性方法。旨在梳理多传感器融合状态估计的发展，探究从数据融合到分布式滤波的内在联系，并对一些经典方法进行了总结。     

一种红外多传感器对中段弹道空间邻近目标的联合超分辨弹道估计方法

 分析红外焦平面(IR FRA)对中段弹道空间邻近目标(CSO)的成像特点,指出星载红外传感器为实现对空间邻近目标的跟踪必须对其进行超分辨。提出了一种中段弹道空间邻近目标联合超分辨与弹道估计新方法。该方法结合红外焦平面成像模型和中段弹道动力学模型,使得能够同时利用红外多传感器的多帧信息,基于最小二乘准则建立联合超分辨弹道估计目标函数,并分析选择各目标的起始状态参数作为模型参数。针对目标函数的高维非线性特点,推导最小化意义下等价的降维目标函数,采用量子粒子群优化算法最优化该降维目标函数直接求解模型参数,进而计算出各目标的弹道和辐射强度,实现中段弹道空间邻近目标的联合超分辨与弹道估计。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性,且相比于传统的先单传感器单帧超分辨、然后多传感器多帧测角数据关联与滤波方法,新方法在避免数据关联复杂问题的同时,其弹道估计精度更高、分辨能力更强。     

基于变分贝叶斯的星载雷达非线性滤波

星载雷达由于其探测范围广、距离远、全天候等优点，在预警防御系统中占有十分重要的地位。然而，由于观测平台的高速运动以及摄动干扰、传感器观测非线性等问题，使得星载雷达目标高精度跟踪带来严峻挑战。针对星载雷达非线性状态估计问题，采用一种基于变分贝叶斯的非线性滤波方法，该方法通过将非线性状态估计问题转化为优化问题，通过迭代优化获得了闭环解析解。此外，针对坐标变换中俯仰角量测缺失问题，提出了一种基于先验目标高度的俯仰角估计方法。通过数值仿真，验证了所提方法较传统非线性滤波方法，如扩展卡尔曼滤波、不敏卡尔曼滤波、转换量测卡尔曼滤波，具有更好的估计精度。     

Sequence comparison techniques for multisensor data fusion andtarget recognition

A new class of techniques for multisensor fusion and target recognition is proposed using sequence comparison by dynamic programming and multiple model estimation. The objective is to fuse information on the kinematic state and “nonkinematic” signature of unclassified targets, assessing the joint likelihood of all observed events for recognition. Relationships are shown to previous efforts in pattern recognition and state estimation. This research applies “classical” speech processing-related and other sequence comparison methods to moving target recognition, extends the efforts of previous researchers through improved fusion with kinematic information, relates the proposed techniques to Bayesian theory, and applies parameter identification methods to target recognition for improved understanding of the subject in general. The proposed techniques are evaluated and compared with existing approaches using the method of generalized ambiguity functions, which lends to a form of Cramer-Rao lower bound for target recognition     

基于加权融合的多信源弹道数据实时野值检测方法

研究多信源弹道数据实时处理中斑点野值的检测问题.通过计算各信源数据的实时精度,给出了具有自适应加权系数的加权融合方法,实现了对目标状态参数较高精度的估计,从而实时、准确、高效地检测各信源数据野值.仿真结果表明,本方法可以快速、有效地检测多信源数据的斑点野值,解决因数据切换带来的台阶跳跃问题.     

Maneuvering Target Tracking Using Adaptive State Estimation

Two approaches to a nonlinear state estimation problem are presented. The particular problem addressed is that of tracking a maneuvering target in three-dimensional space using spherical observations (radar data). Both approaches rely on semi-Markov modeling of target maneuvers and result in effective algorithms that prevent the loss of track that often occurs when a target makes a sudden, radical change in its trajectory. Both techniques are compared using real and simulated radar measurements with emphasis on performance and computational burden.     

基于MLR的机动平台传感器误差配准算法

 基于固定平台传感器误差极大似然配准(MLR)算法,针对机动平台存在姿态角系统误差的问题,提出了对机动平台传感器系统误差和目标状态进行批处理离线估计的机动极大似然配准(MLRM)算法.该算法利用所有传感器对目标的量测值,通过把传感器量测向目标状态进行投影、对传感器系统误差和目标状态进行期望最大化迭代以及对目标的状态进行融合估计,最终实现量测、姿态角系统误差和目标状态的有效估计.仿真结果表明,该算法迭代收敛速度快,对系统误差估计精度高,对系统误差可观测性较低的配准环境的适应性强并且对传感器姿态角的相关性不敏感,具有很强的工程实用性.     

Fault Detection in Dynamic Systems via Decision Fusion

Due to the growing demands for system reliability and availability of large amounts of data, efficient fault detection techniques for dynamic systems are desired. In this paper, we consider fault detection in dynamic systems monitored by multiple sensors. Normal and faulty behaviors can be modeled as two hypotheses. Due to communication constraints, it is assumed that sensors can only send binary data to the fusion center. Under the assumption of independent and identically distributed (1ID) observations, we propose a distributed fault detection algorithm, including local detector design and decision fusion rule design, based on state estimation via particle filtering. Illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.     

On joint track initiation and parameter estimation under measurement origin uncertainty

The problem of joint detection and estimation for track initiation under measurement origin uncertainty is studied. The two well-known approaches, namely the maximum likelihood estimator with probabilistic data association (ML-PDA) and the multiple hypotheses tracking (MHT) via multiframe assignment, are characterized as special cases of the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) and their performance limits indicated. A new detection scheme based on the optimal gating is proposed and the associated parameter estimation scheme modified within the ML-PDA framework. A simplified example shows the effectiveness of the new algorithm in detection performance under heavy clutter. Extension of the results to state estimation with measurement origin uncertainty is also discussed with emphasis on joint detection and recursive state estimation.     

非线性分离算法及其在飞行试验中的应用

 本文根据最小方差估计和分离算法原理,提出一种新的非线性状态估计和偏差辨识的分离算法。并用此算法确定飞行状态和测试仪器的误差,同时U-D分解保证计算效率和数值稳定性。为了得到数据相容性检验的准确结果,本文采用直接离散化的飞机运动模型,以减小模型误差。通过仿真并在我国两种歼击机上实际应用,结果表明本文所给的算法对不同的初值和噪声统计特性都能得到飞行数据相容性检验的一致结果,并能用于低采样率下的数据相容性检验。     

基于红外视觉/激光雷达融合的目标识别与定位方法

近年来,基于可见光图像的目标识别在无人车感知领域得到了广泛应用.然而,可见光图像目标识别无法应用于弱光和黑暗环境.针对于此,提出了一种基于红外视觉/激光雷达融合的目标识别与定位算法.首先,通过基于颜色迁移的数据增强训练方法,提高了红外目标识别算法的泛化性能.继而,提出了一种基于激光雷达修正的单目深度估计方法,通过视觉图像与激光雷达点云的数据融合,实现了基于稠密深度图对目标位置的估计,提高了对小目标的定位能力.试验结果表明,与传统Yolov3目标识别算法相比,该算法平均识别准确率可提升5.8％;此外,相对定位算法将包含小目标在内的物体相对定位精度提高了13.4％.     

一种基于高分辨率距离像自动目标识别新方法

提出了一种基于高分辨率距离像的联合对准与识别新方法。该方法结合功率变换的使用，在利用8米雷达目标实测数据进行的识别实验中，获得了较高的正确识别率。     

三维空间中目标机动加速度的估值问题

建立了描述目标在三维空间中进行切向与法向机动的非线性状态模型。目标切向与法向机动加速度的幅值表示为修正的瑞利-马尔可夫随机过程;法向加速度的方向角则假定在2π区间内具有均匀的概率密度。在仅有含噪声位置观察数据的情况下,发展了一种推广的卡尔曼滤波和自适应算法,并由此获得一种机动目标切向与法向加速度估值的直接方法。提供了某些计算结果以证实方法的有效性。     

Adaptive nonlinear guidance law considering control loop dynamics

A new adaptive nonlinear guidance law is proposed here. The fourth order state equation for integrated guidance and control loop is formulated taking into consideration the target uncertainties and control loop dynamics. The state equation is further changed into the normal form by nonlinear coordinate transformation. Using the normal form of state equation, an adaptive nonlinear guidance law is proposed to compensate for the uncertainties in both target acceleration and control loop dynamics. The proposed law adopts the sliding mode control approach with adaptation for unknown bound of uncertainties. The present approach can effectively solve the existing guidance problem against target maneuver and the limited performance of control loop. We have provided the stability analyses and performed simulations comparing favorably our approach to the state of the art.     

混合线性/非线性模型的准高斯Rao-Blackwellized粒子滤波法

 针对混合线性/非线性模型,提出一种新的递推估计滤波算法,称为准高斯Rao-Blackwellized粒子滤波器（Q-GRBPF）。算法采用Rao-Blackwellized思想,将线性状态与非线性状态进行分离,对非线性状态运用准高斯粒子滤波（Q-GPF）算法进行估计,并将其后验分布近似为单个高斯分布,再利用非线性状态的估计值对线性状态进行卡尔曼滤波（KF）估计。将Q-GRBPF应用于目标跟踪的仿真结果表明,与Rao-Blackwellized粒子滤波器（RBPF）相比,Q-GRBPF在保证估计精度的前提下有效降低了计算复杂度,计算时间约为RBPF的58%;与Q-GPF相比,x坐标与y坐标的估计精度分别提升了45％和30％,而计算时间也节省了约30％。