Thermal-structural response and low-cycle fatigue damage of channel wall nozzle

To investigate the thermo-mechanical response of channel wall nozzle under cyclic working loads,the fnite volume fluid-thermal coupling calculation method and the fnite element thermal-structural coupling analysis technique are applied.In combination with the material lowcycle fatigue behavior,the modifed continuous damage model on the basics of local strain approach is adopted to analyze the fatigue damage distribution and accumulation with increasing nozzle work cycles.Simulation results have shown that the variation of the non-uniform temperature distribution of channel wall nozzle during cyclic work plays a signifcant role in the thermal-structural response by altering the material properties;the thermal-mechanical loads interaction results in serious deformation mainly in the front region of slotted liner.In particular,the maximal cyclic strains appear in the intersecting regions of liner gas side wall and symmetric planes of channel and rib,where the fatigue failure takes place initially;with the increase in nozzle work cycles,the residual plastic strain accumulates linearly,and the strain amplitude and increment in each work cycle are separately equal,but the fatigue damage grows up nonlinearly.As a result,a simplifed nonlinear damage accumulation approach has been suggested to estimate the fatigue service life of channel wall nozzle.The predicted node life is obviously conservative to the Miner＇s life.In addition,several workable methods have also been proposed to improve the channel wall nozzle durability.     

液体火箭发动机推力室内壁寿命预估

为了分析推力室内壁失效机理及准确预估推力室内壁寿命,对推力室进行流-热-固耦合计算.流-热耦合为热-固耦合提供准确的热和机械载荷,热-固耦合模型对推力室内壁在循环加载下的变形进行非线性平面应变有限元分析.通过计算,得到了推力室内壁在单循环各阶段的应力-应变分布和循环加载下的变形过程,并进行了寿命预估.结果表明:采用的流-固耦合策略能准确地实现流-热耦合模块向热-固耦合模块的载荷传递,能为结构分析提供准确的边界条件.在预冷、后冷和松弛阶段,内壁承受拉应力;在工作阶段,内壁承受压应力.随着循环次数的增加,内壁残余应力和应变不断增大,内壁向燃烧室内鼓起和不断变薄,冷却通道中心最先失效.所采用的分析模型能够模拟内壁在循环热和机械载荷下的变形过程,用于预估推力室内壁的循环寿命.      

Thermal-structural analysis of regenerativelycooled thrust chamber wall in reusable LOX/Methane rocket engines

To predict the thermal and structural responses of the thrust chamber wall under cyclic work,a 3-D fluid-structural coupling computational methodology is developed.The thermal and mechanical loads are determined by a validated 3-D finite volume fluid-thermal coupling computational method.With the specified loads,the nonlinear thermal-structural finite element analysis is applied to obtaining the 3-D thermal and structural responses.The Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening model calibrated by experimental data is adopted to predict the cyclic plastic behavior of the inner wall.The methodology is further applied to the thrust chamber of LOX/Methane rocket engines.The results show that both the maximum temperature at hot run phase and the maximum circumferential residual strain of the inner wall appear at the convergent part of the chamber.Struc tural analysis for multiple work cycles reveals that the failure of the inner wall may be controlled by the low-cycle fatigue when the Chaboche model parameter γ3 =0,and the damage caused by the thermal-mechanical ratcheting of the inner wall cannot be ignored when γ3 ＞ 0.The results of sen sitivity analysis indicate that mechanical loads have a strong influence on the strains in the inner wall.     

液氧/甲烷发动机推力室多循环热-结构分析

为了研究一款液氧/甲烷发动机推力室多循环工作状态下的结构变形,拓展并验证了一种包括流动-传热分析和非线性有限元分析的热-结构分析方法。通过该方法得到了推力室热载荷与压力载荷分布,并分析了推力室在这些载荷下的应力应变响应。研究表明：推力室整体结构变形并非主要取决于热载荷,压力载荷引起的冷却通道底面弯曲在喷管扩张段尤其明显;后冷阶段产生的弹塑性拉伸应变大于热试阶段产生的压缩应变是导致每次循环结束后结构产生残余应变的直接原因;随着工作循环次数的增加,扩张段的冷却通道底角位置残余应变累积速率最快,该部位被确定为结构失效的潜在位置;增加冷却剂入口附近的通道底面厚度、减小后冷阶段与热试阶段的温差以及将冷却通道的尖锐底角设计为圆角可以成为抑制变形和减缓应变累积的备选措施。     

圆转方内喷管换热特性

为了解圆转方内喷管再生冷却的换热特性,采用数值模拟的方法,分别对内喷管燃气、壁面和冷却液建立不同的控制方程,进行流动和传热的耦合计算,得到了内喷管和冷却液的流场和温度场。计算结果表明:转方之后的扩张段,如果型面不连续,间断点之后出现压缩波,波后壁面的温度和热流密度出现峰值,成为另一个危险截面;而且不连续壁面的温度高于光滑壁面的温度,使扩张段圆周方向壁面温度分布不均匀,造成热应力的不均匀;冷却肋和高导热系数的锆铜加强了冷却通道的换热,使冷却肋附近的气壁温度低于冷却通道底部气壁的温度。     

几何结构对后台阶缝隙气膜冷却效率的影响

1引言在现代高性能航空发动机中,涡轮叶片的尾部往往是高温部位,也最容易受热腐蚀而损坏,主要原因是叶片后部燃气侧流动往往已发展为湍流,使该部位换热强度很大,同时也降低了上游喷出冷气的冷却效率,叶片内部冷气经途中吸热,到达尾部时温度也相对较高,冷却作用也相对较小。因此     

风兜面积对气冷喷油杆性能影响的数值研究

以某型涡扇发动机加力燃烧室气冷喷油杆为研究对象,在梯形截面的风兜下底和高度不变的情况下,通过改变上底长度得到一系列不同风兜面积的几何模型,综合考虑外流场对气冷喷油杆内部流动和换热特性的影响,对其在巡航状态下进行了流/热/固耦合三维数值模拟研究,获得了不同风兜面积对气冷喷油杆引气率、冷却空气喷口流量分布、壁面平均冷却效果、壁面最高温度的影响规律.结果表明:引气率随风兜面积增大线性增大;喷油嘴凸台周围冷却空气喷口的流量沿气冷喷油杆内冷却空气流向呈二次曲线规律变化,且随风兜面积增大分布趋于均匀;随风兜面积增大,喷油杆、隔热套壁面平均冷却效果线性增大,壁面最高温度降低;有效抑制内涵高温燃气倒灌进入隔热套是避免喷油杆局部高温的关键.      

液体火箭发动机推力室可重复使用技术

为了验证液体火箭发动机推力室可重复使用技术,采用流-固耦合方法对推力室内壁材料、外壁厚度、冷却通道高宽比等影响推力室内壁寿命的因素进行了数值模拟.通过计算,得到了推力室内壁在不同内壁材料、不同外套厚度、不同冷却通道高宽比下单循环各阶段的应力、应变分布,对计算结果进行后处理,得到了内壁损伤.结果表明,采用高强度及延展性内壁材料、低刚性外套、大冷却通道高宽比可以减小推力室内壁损伤,延长推力室内壁使用寿命.      

液体火箭发动机再生冷却槽寿命预估

基于有限元热结构耦合计算结果分析了液体火箭发动机再生冷却槽的失效形式,并分别采用Porowski模型及其蠕变修正模型对冷却槽进行寿命预估.结果表明冷却槽寿命主要取决于塑性拉伸不稳定失效;蠕变对寿命有一定影响,是寿命预估不可或缺的一部分;减小外壳与内壁的温差幅值、增大每个冷却槽的肋宽比或增加冷却槽数目可以延长寿命.该寿命预估方法可用于指导可重复使用液体火箭发动机再生冷却槽设计.      

网格式肋化通道换热与总压损失特性研究

通过两个实验模型,对矩形网格式肋化通道的换热与总压损失特性进行了实验研究。模型通道的两个宽边是由铝板机械加工而成的肋化壁,两个短边是由胶木板制成的绝热壁。肋化壁上肋与通道轴线所形成的锐角定义为肋向角α,第一个模型的两个宽边上的肋向角分别为45°和-45°(简称45/45模型);第二个模型两宽边的肋向角分别为45°和-60°(简称45/60模型)。两个模型的肋宽与肋间距之比t/p=0.25,肋间距与肋高之比t/e=0.30,肋高与通道高度之比e/H=0.50,即两个肋化壁的肋尖相互接触,从而形成网格式通道。实验表明当雷诺数在0.5×105～1.2×105范围内变化时,网格式内冷通道换热效果比光滑通道提高了5～9倍,但伴随的总压损失增加了3个数量级。      

Modelling and analysis of metal flowing behaviors in constraining ring rolling of tapered ring with thin wall and three high ribs

Tapered ring with thin wall and three high ribs(TRTWTHR), showing complicated geometry(wall thickness is less than 4 mm and rib height exceeds 20 mm), is extensively utilized to fabricate the critical structural parts of aerospace equipment such as spacecraft cabin, rocket body and fuel tank because of light weight and high carrying capacity. How to fabricate TRTWTHR with high performance is a critical problem that aerospace area needs to solve. In this work, constraining ring rolling(CRR) techn...     

基于神经网络的变截面再生冷却结构优化设计

针对目前再生冷却结构优化研究存在参数对比范围窄、依赖于经验关系式等问题,根据航空发动机燃烧室特点提出了一种变截面宽度再生冷却通道,并采用神经网络模型结合数值模拟结果,以通道出口燃油温度相对标准差、燃气侧最高壁温及壁温相对标准差为目标,预测了全参数范围内不同槽宽和、槽宽比及肋高下目标函数的变化规律,预测结果表明：当槽宽和较小时,增大肋高可以强化换热,但当槽宽和较大时,需减小肋高才能强化换热,这也揭示了为何有些文献中关于肋高对换热性能影响的结论会相反;此外,存在一个最佳槽宽比范围可使得三个目标函数均最低;增大槽宽和可以明显降低燃气侧壁温及其不均匀度,减小肋高可以缩小不同管道出口燃油温度的差异。从预测空间内可选取多组综合流动换热性能较优的结构,优化后三组目标函数的加权值降低了9.09%。     

冲击/发散冷却壁温分布和冷却效率研究

针对高温升燃烧室长寿命火焰筒的要求,实验研究了孔排列方式、发散壁壁厚与孔径之比以及单位面积开孔率对壁温分布和冷却效率的影响.实验中冷却气为常温常压,主流速度20m/s,发散壁孔内气流与主流速度比为0.63,主流与冷却气温度比为1.6.实验结果表明:长菱形排布与正菱形排布相比冷却效率更高,但孔的排布方式对于壁温分布的影响较小;增大发散壁壁厚与孔径比可以增强冷却效果,并使壁温分布变得均匀;而减小单位面积开孔率对于壁温分布的影响较小,同时冷却效率也会降低.      

Damage localization effects of the regeneratively-cooled thrust chamber wall in LOX/methane rocket engines

To investigate the damage localization effects of the thrust chamber wall caused by combustions in LOX/methane rocket engines, a fluid-structural coupling computational methodology with a multi-channel model is developed to obtain 3-demensioanl thermal and structural responses. Heat and mechanical loads are calculated by a validated finite volume fluid-thermal coupling numerical method considering non-premixed combustion processes of propellants. The methodology is subsequently performed on an LOX/methane thrust chamber under cyclic operation. Results show that the heat loads of the thrust chamber wall are apparently non-uniform in the circumferential direction. There are noticeable disparities between different cooling channels in terms of temperature and strain distributions at the end of the hot run phase, which in turn leads to different temperature ranges, strain ranges, and residual strains during one cycle. With the work cycle proceeding, the circumferential localization effect of the residual strain would be significantly enhanced. A post-processing damage analysis reveals that the low-cycle fatigue damage accumulated in each cycle is almost unchanged, while the quasi static damage accumulated in a considered cycle declines until stabilized after several cycles. The maximum discrepancy of the predicted lives between different cooling channels is about 30%.     

某折流燃烧室火焰筒壁温试验

在发动机整机上,利用多变色不可逆示温漆测温法对采用全气膜发散冷却结构的某折流燃烧室火焰筒的壁温进行了试验,获得了火焰筒壁面温度分布规律,并将试验结果与流场计算结果进行了对比分析.研究表明:①该折流燃烧室火焰筒壁温分布较均匀,冷却方式合理;②火焰筒壁温梯度较小,最高壁温远低于所选材料的允许工作极限值,预计该火焰筒使用寿命较长.      

Thermo-structural analysis of regenerative cooling thrust chamber cylinder segment based on experimental data

To evaluate the structural failure risk of the regenerative cooling thrust chamber cylinder segment, a Finite Element Method (FEM) based on experimental data was developed. The methodology was validated and utilized to reveal the thermal response and the nonlinear deformation behavior of the cylinder segment phase by phase. The conclusions of the research are as follows: The 2D heat flux distribution caused by the injector determines the uneven temperature distribution on the gas-side wall and leads to the temperature disparity between various cooling channels; The reason for the accumulation of residual strain is that the tensile strain generated in the post-cooling phase is greater than the compressive strain produced in the hot run phase; Through the single-cycle simulation, two potential failure locations with conspicuous deformations were found, but it is difficult to determine which point is more dangerous. However, the multi-cycle thermo-structural analysis gives the evolution of the stress-strain curve and gradually discloses that the low-temperature corner of a particular channel is the most likely location to fail, rather than the maximum residual strain point of the gas-side wall. The damage analysis for dangerous point indicates that the quasi-static damage accounts for the majority of the total damage and is the main factor limiting the service life.     

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室新型热结构的优化设计

为了探寻超燃冲压发动机工程设计的方法,解决超燃冲压发动机燃烧室严峻的热防护问题,设计了一种基于碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料的复合结构形式的主动冷却结构方案;建立了超燃冲压发动机燃烧室热结构设计模型和燃烧室惰性质量估算模型;基于遗传算法,以热结构各层厚度、槽宽、肋宽和肋高为待优化参数,进行了单目标和多目标优化设计。以燃烧室惰性质量最小为目标进行优化设计后,惰性质量减少了21.7%,得到最小惰性质量下的热结构尺寸;以惰性质量最小、冷却液流量系数最低为目标进行优化设计后,得到了Pareto最优前沿及对应的热结构尺寸。     

垂直横流通道内槽型截面孔气膜冷却特性数值研究

为了揭示燃气透平动叶内部横流通道对不同截面形状气膜孔的影响机理,采用数值方法对比研究了典型扇形孔和槽型截面孔在垂直横流通道内的气膜冷却特性。四种槽型截面孔包括2种梭型扩张孔(上游壁外凸、下游壁外凸)和2种半圆侧壁矩形扩张孔(计量段截面宽度1.7D,2.0D),气膜孔直径D均为3mm。三种垂直横流通道均为8D×4D矩形通道,分为无肋光滑通道、45°和135°带肋通道,肋间距与孔间距均为8D。数值结果表明:在中高吹风比下,四种槽型截面孔的气膜冷却效果均显著优于扇形孔,光滑通道中差距最大,45°肋通道中差距最小,其中大截面宽度矩形扩张孔的气膜冷却效果在三种横流通道中均最高。由于强的横向扩张,下游壁外凸的梭形扩张孔的气膜冷却效果受横流影响弱,在三种横流通道中的变化幅度最小。四种槽形截面孔的展向平均气膜冷却效果在45°和135°带肋通道中变化均不大,即肋角度对槽形截面孔气膜冷却效果影响较小。四种槽型截面孔中高吹风比下的出流系数在无肋通道中均高于扇形孔,在带肋通道中五种孔型的出流系数差别很小。     

液氧甲烷发动机台阶型冷却通道的耦合传热特性

为了研究液氧甲烷发动机再生冷却通道中跨临界甲烷的流动和传热特性,以及冷却通道较大幅度的突扩突缩对冷却效果的影响,采用整场直接耦合的方法对推力室三维耦合传热进行了数值模拟,考虑了燃气的非平衡流动.通过计算得到了推力室三维温度场和流场.计算结果表明：由于喉部截面附近存在较强的二次流,燃气侧壁面温度的最大值出现在喉部上游.由于突扩突缩处存在较强的旋涡运动,冷却剂的湍流强度增强,冷却剂侧表面传热系数显著提高,燃气侧壁面温度出现局部极小值,同时也产生了较大的局部损失.由于铜内衬热阻比镍外套热阻小得多,从燃烧室进入的大部分热量在冷却通道底面和侧面被冷却剂吸收.冷却通道底面的温度和热流密度沿程变化比顶面更剧烈.     

火焰筒切向进气发散小孔冷却数值模拟

针对发动机燃烧室由于高温升和低污染而使可用冷却空气大量减少的技术难题,设计了一套切向进气发散小孔的单管燃烧室模型.使用热流固耦合方法,通过对Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程的求解,对其流场特性和火焰筒壁温进行了数值模拟研究.计算在三维坐标系下,采用拉格朗日法计算燃油颗粒的轨迹,非预混模型计算燃烧,离散坐标模型计...