液氧/甲烷发动机推力室多循环热-结构分析

为了研究一款液氧/甲烷发动机推力室多循环工作状态下的结构变形,拓展并验证了一种包括流动-传热分析和非线性有限元分析的热-结构分析方法。通过该方法得到了推力室热载荷与压力载荷分布,并分析了推力室在这些载荷下的应力应变响应。研究表明：推力室整体结构变形并非主要取决于热载荷,压力载荷引起的冷却通道底面弯曲在喷管扩张段尤其明显;后冷阶段产生的弹塑性拉伸应变大于热试阶段产生的压缩应变是导致每次循环结束后结构产生残余应变的直接原因;随着工作循环次数的增加,扩张段的冷却通道底角位置残余应变累积速率最快,该部位被确定为结构失效的潜在位置;增加冷却剂入口附近的通道底面厚度、减小后冷阶段与热试阶段的温差以及将冷却通道的尖锐底角设计为圆角可以成为抑制变形和减缓应变累积的备选措施。     

考虑叶片径向和垂直于壁面方向导热的涡轮叶片对流冷却模型研究

为了提高涡轮叶片对流冷却模型预测精度,提出了一种在叶片固壁内同时考虑叶片径向和垂直于壁面方向(法向)导热的二维对流冷却模型。该模型在弦长方向划分多个元素,忽略元素内弦长方向叶片温度变化,在元素内的径向和法向建立二维导热方程作为叶片固壁温度场的控制方程,其边界条件包括叶表燃气绝热温度、燃气侧对流换热系数和叶片叶根、叶顶热流密度等。给出了该模型二维导热方程和边界条件的差分求解方法。以E~3涡轮高压导叶为例,将模型与CFD计算的叶片外壁面温度分布进行了对比。结果表明,该模型在给定冷气量下预测的叶片温度分布变化趋势与CFD相近,最大温度误差不超过6.5%,计算时间与CFD相比缩短了95%,能够快速、准确预测涡轮对流冷却叶片的冷气需求量。     

Damage localization effects of the regeneratively-cooled thrust chamber wall in LOX/methane rocket engines

To investigate the damage localization effects of the thrust chamber wall caused by combustions in LOX/methane rocket engines, a fluid-structural coupling computational methodology with a multi-channel model is developed to obtain 3-demensioanl thermal and structural responses. Heat and mechanical loads are calculated by a validated finite volume fluid-thermal coupling numerical method considering non-premixed combustion processes of propellants. The methodology is subsequently performed on an LOX/methane thrust chamber under cyclic operation. Results show that the heat loads of the thrust chamber wall are apparently non-uniform in the circumferential direction. There are noticeable disparities between different cooling channels in terms of temperature and strain distributions at the end of the hot run phase, which in turn leads to different temperature ranges, strain ranges, and residual strains during one cycle. With the work cycle proceeding, the circumferential localization effect of the residual strain would be significantly enhanced. A post-processing damage analysis reveals that the low-cycle fatigue damage accumulated in each cycle is almost unchanged, while the quasi static damage accumulated in a considered cycle declines until stabilized after several cycles. The maximum discrepancy of the predicted lives between different cooling channels is about 30%.     

圆转方内喷管换热特性

为了解圆转方内喷管再生冷却的换热特性,采用数值模拟的方法,分别对内喷管燃气、壁面和冷却液建立不同的控制方程,进行流动和传热的耦合计算,得到了内喷管和冷却液的流场和温度场。计算结果表明:转方之后的扩张段,如果型面不连续,间断点之后出现压缩波,波后壁面的温度和热流密度出现峰值,成为另一个危险截面;而且不连续壁面的温度高于光滑壁面的温度,使扩张段圆周方向壁面温度分布不均匀,造成热应力的不均匀;冷却肋和高导热系数的锆铜加强了冷却通道的换热,使冷却肋附近的气壁温度低于冷却通道底部气壁的温度。     

液体火箭发动机推力室内壁寿命预估

为了分析推力室内壁失效机理及准确预估推力室内壁寿命,对推力室进行流-热-固耦合计算.流-热耦合为热-固耦合提供准确的热和机械载荷,热-固耦合模型对推力室内壁在循环加载下的变形进行非线性平面应变有限元分析.通过计算,得到了推力室内壁在单循环各阶段的应力-应变分布和循环加载下的变形过程,并进行了寿命预估.结果表明:采用的流-固耦合策略能准确地实现流-热耦合模块向热-固耦合模块的载荷传递,能为结构分析提供准确的边界条件.在预冷、后冷和松弛阶段,内壁承受拉应力;在工作阶段,内壁承受压应力.随着循环次数的增加,内壁残余应力和应变不断增大,内壁向燃烧室内鼓起和不断变薄,冷却通道中心最先失效.所采用的分析模型能够模拟内壁在循环热和机械载荷下的变形过程,用于预估推力室内壁的循环寿命.      

Numerical analysis of regenerative cooling in liquid propellant rocket engines

High combustion temperatures and long operation durations require the use of cooling techniques in liquid propellant rocket engines (LPRE). For high-pressure and high-thrust rocket engines, regenerative cooling is the most preferred cooling method. Traditionally, approximately square cross sectional cooling channels have been used. However, recent studies have shown that by increasing the coolant channel height-to-width aspect ratio and changing the cross sectional area in non-critical regions for heat flux, the rocket combustion chamber gas-side wall temperature can be reduced significantly without an increase in the coolant pressure drop. In this study, the regenerative cooling of a liquid propellant rocket engine has been numerically simulated. The engine has been modeled to operate on a LOX/kerosene mixture at a chamber pressure of 60 bar with 300 kN thrust and kerosene is considered as the coolant. A numerical investigation was performed to determine the effect of different aspect ratio and number of cooling channels on gas-side wall and coolant temperatures and pressure drop in cooling channels.     

Thermal-structural response and low-cycle fatigue damage of channel wall nozzle

To investigate the thermo-mechanical response of channel wall nozzle under cyclic working loads,the fnite volume fluid-thermal coupling calculation method and the fnite element thermal-structural coupling analysis technique are applied.In combination with the material lowcycle fatigue behavior,the modifed continuous damage model on the basics of local strain approach is adopted to analyze the fatigue damage distribution and accumulation with increasing nozzle work cycles.Simulation results have shown that the variation of the non-uniform temperature distribution of channel wall nozzle during cyclic work plays a signifcant role in the thermal-structural response by altering the material properties;the thermal-mechanical loads interaction results in serious deformation mainly in the front region of slotted liner.In particular,the maximal cyclic strains appear in the intersecting regions of liner gas side wall and symmetric planes of channel and rib,where the fatigue failure takes place initially;with the increase in nozzle work cycles,the residual plastic strain accumulates linearly,and the strain amplitude and increment in each work cycle are separately equal,but the fatigue damage grows up nonlinearly.As a result,a simplifed nonlinear damage accumulation approach has been suggested to estimate the fatigue service life of channel wall nozzle.The predicted node life is obviously conservative to the Miner＇s life.In addition,several workable methods have also been proposed to improve the channel wall nozzle durability.     

冷却剂不同流动方式对膨胀循环推力室再生冷却换热的影响

为了解液体火箭发动机膨胀循环推力室再生冷却换热特性,对某一参考发动机推力室和另外两种面积比的膨胀循环推力室建立三维计算模型,采用数值模拟的方法,考察冷却剂的温升、冷却通道压降以及推力室内壁面温度和热流密度的分布情况.重点比较了不同燃烧室圆柱段长度、冷却剂不同流动方式以及不同面积比对以上结果的影响.计算过程中采用二阶迎风格式离散控制方程.计算结果表明:采用逆流冷却时,通过加长推力室圆柱段长度使推力室受热面积增加70%后,冷却剂温升提高了一倍左右;对膨胀循环推力室进行再生冷却时,采用顺流冷却要比逆流冷却的冷却通道压降低,但同时冷却剂温升也较低,并且对喉部壁面的冷却效果较差.     

Thermal-structural analysis of regenerativelycooled thrust chamber wall in reusable LOX/Methane rocket engines

To predict the thermal and structural responses of the thrust chamber wall under cyclic work,a 3-D fluid-structural coupling computational methodology is developed.The thermal and mechanical loads are determined by a validated 3-D finite volume fluid-thermal coupling computational method.With the specified loads,the nonlinear thermal-structural finite element analysis is applied to obtaining the 3-D thermal and structural responses.The Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening model calibrated by experimental data is adopted to predict the cyclic plastic behavior of the inner wall.The methodology is further applied to the thrust chamber of LOX/Methane rocket engines.The results show that both the maximum temperature at hot run phase and the maximum circumferential residual strain of the inner wall appear at the convergent part of the chamber.Struc tural analysis for multiple work cycles reveals that the failure of the inner wall may be controlled by the low-cycle fatigue when the Chaboche model parameter γ3 =0,and the damage caused by the thermal-mechanical ratcheting of the inner wall cannot be ignored when γ3 ＞ 0.The results of sen sitivity analysis indicate that mechanical loads have a strong influence on the strains in the inner wall.     

Preliminary experiment on spontaneous ignition performances of cavity-based strut flameholder

The thermal-structural response and low cycle fatigue life of a three-dimensional (3D) channel wall nozzle with regenerative cooling were numerically investigated by coupling the finite volume fluid-thermal method, nonlinear finite element thermal-structural analysis and local strain methods. The nozzle had a high area ratio (nozzle exit area divided by throat area) under cyclic working loads. Parametric studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of channel structural parameters such as channel width, channel height, liner thickness and rib width. Results showed that the integrated effects of three-dimensional channel structure and load distribution caused serious strain, which mainly occurred at the intersectant regions of liner wall on the gas side and the symmetric planes of channel and rib. The cooling effect and channel structural strength were significantly improved as the channel width and height decreased, leading to substantial extension of the nozzle service life. On the other hand, the successive decrease in liner thickness and rib width apparently increased the strain amplitude and residual strain of channel wall nozzle during cyclic work, significantly shortening the service life. The present work is of value for design of the channel wall nozzle to prolong its cyclic service life.      

液体火箭发动机推力室可重复使用技术

为了验证液体火箭发动机推力室可重复使用技术,采用流-固耦合方法对推力室内壁材料、外壁厚度、冷却通道高宽比等影响推力室内壁寿命的因素进行了数值模拟.通过计算,得到了推力室内壁在不同内壁材料、不同外套厚度、不同冷却通道高宽比下单循环各阶段的应力、应变分布,对计算结果进行后处理,得到了内壁损伤.结果表明,采用高强度及延展性内壁材料、低刚性外套、大冷却通道高宽比可以减小推力室内壁损伤,延长推力室内壁使用寿命.      

RTM工艺成型复合材料树脂固化过程残余应变监测研究

提出了RTM工艺树脂固化过程残余应变布拉格光栅传感器检测新方法。通过光纤光栅波长偏移与温度和固化时间之间的关系测试,得到了树脂固化过程中残余应变的变化历程,成功实现了RTM工艺树脂固化过程中残余应变的在线监测。实验结果表明,在降温过程中,残余应变的变化与温度的变化呈线性关系,这为复合材料层合板的残余应力分析提供了实验依据。     

基于渐进损伤的纤维全缠绕铝内胆气瓶自紧工艺

采用渐进损伤的分析方法对纤维全缠绕铝内胆气瓶的力学行为进行分析。基于三维Hashin失效准则,自定义刚度折减方案,编译VUMAT子程序,实现了复合材料层合板损伤的产生和演化过程的模拟。依据经典网格理论并结合实际情况,建立气瓶有限元模型。分析了复合材料层渐进损伤发展和累积的过程,验证了自紧工艺对提高气瓶承载力的必要性,提出了合理的自紧力范围。研究结果表明,损伤发生的顺序或可能性:基体拉伸拉伸分层纤维拉伸/基体压缩,且损伤大都从螺旋缠绕层开始。除基体拉伸损伤由封头向筒体发展,由复合材料外层向内层发展,其余损伤大都从筒体中部向两端发展,由内层向外层发展。当自紧力为最大工作压力的1.5~1.65倍时,气瓶的应力分配得到改善,承载能力得到提高。从减少复合材料的损伤和最大程度降低内衬应力的角度,最优自紧力应为最大工作压力的1.5倍。     

复合材料主动冷却薄壁燃烧室设计分析

通过建立流固耦合传热模型,对不同尺寸冷却通道的主动冷却薄壁燃烧室结构瞬态传热特性进行数值模拟,给出了主动冷却燃烧室的瞬态温度场分布及其演化.再采用有限元法计算燃烧室的热应力和应变,从而揭示了冷却通道几何参数及内部煤油体积流量对燃烧室薄壁结构最高温度和热应力的影响规律.计算结果表明:在充分发挥煤油冷却效果前提下,冷却通道距离燃烧室内壁距离越近,所需煤油体积流量越大,而燃烧室结构热应力在10s左右达到最大值,设计时应着重考虑这段时间内的材料性能.      

带主动冷却的超声速燃烧室传热分析

介绍了流体、固体传热耦合的一维分析方法,对带主动冷却系统的马赫数2.5超声速燃烧室进行了传热分析。该分析以实验测量的燃烧室壁面静压以及超临界煤油换热特性数据为基础,考虑了燃气的高温离解效应,燃烧特性以及碳氢燃料的高温热物理特性,对不同燃烧状态、冷却条件下的主动冷却过程进行了分析。结果表明有燃烧时壁面热流可高达1MW/m2以上,是无燃烧时的2～3倍。当煤油流量较小时(当量比为0.45),冷却后的壁面温度仍偏高,而且冷却壁内温度分布不均匀。随着煤油流量的增加,冷却效果明显提高,冷却壁内温度分布趋于均匀;并且煤油的出口温度也显著减小。     

TBCC燃烧室/喷管一体化壁面温度计算

基于Navier Stokes(N-S)方程组对包括隔热屏、隔热屏内外流、大气外流在内的涡轮基组合动力(TBCC)发动机燃烧室/喷管进行了一体化的气/热耦合数值模拟,考虑了燃气组分输运、辐射换热等影响,研究了其在某典型飞行状态下TBCC冲压发动机燃烧室/喷管筒体及隔热屏内外壁壁面温度、辐射换热热流及对流换热热流分布.结果表明:燃烧室/喷管筒体与对称面上下交线的壁面温度在轴向距离为0.5~2.6m内变化较小,在轴向距离为2.6~3.1m内急剧增加,在轴向距离为3.1~3.5m内急剧下降.之后,上交线筒体壁面温度沿流向减小,下交线筒体壁面温度先升高后降低.筒体壁面温度最高点在喷管下调节板收缩段,为1577K.隔热屏内壁面辐射热流在370~500kW/m2变化,上下交线处的辐射热流较外壁面的辐射热流约高300kW/m2,辐射热流沿流向先减小后增加.隔热屏外壁面辐射热流在50~200kW/m2范围内分布.      

自紧工艺对CFRP气瓶应力水平的影响

文摘利用ABAQUS有限元软件,对铝内胆结构的CFRP气瓶进行了分析,根据其结构建立了模型,采用二维Hashin失效准则对纤维缠绕层进行了渐进失效分析,包含了4种失效模式,纤维及基体的拉伸和压缩失效。研究了不同失效模式的萌生和分布规律。对自紧原理对气瓶的影响进行了研究。分析得出只有当气瓶承载压力大于自紧工艺压力时,内衬PEEQ值才会在自紧工艺后继续发生累积,气瓶自紧力开始失效。     

考虑导热对流和辐射作用的轴对称收扩喷管壁温计算

基于N-S方程求解了包括引射流、加力燃烧室在内的轴对称收扩喷管内外流一体化的流场,建立了考虑导热、对流换热和辐射换热作用的轴对称收扩喷管各层壁温分布的计算模型,包括隔热屏、喷管简体、外调节片三层结构.对某航空发动机进行了多工况计算,燃气的物性随压力、温度和油气比的变化采用了一系列精度较高的计算公式和计算方法.计算结果表明:基于密度求解器求解包含引射流在内的轴对称收扩喷管内外流一体化的跨声速流场是成功的.隔热屏和收扩喷管筒体沿流向温度逐渐升高,喷管筒体壁温在喉部达到最大,在扩张段逐渐降低;收扩喷管外调节片壁温与收扩喷管简体的壁温变化规律相同,但是壁温最大值则位于喉部前某一位置.计算结果与经过试验验证程序的结果符合良好.      

液体火箭发动机铣槽推力室三维壁温分布计算

采用三维有限元模型对液体火箭发动机铣槽推力室进行了壁温分布计算。边界条件按一维经验公式处理。计算中比较了不同冷却剂流量。不同铣槽肋厚及肋数对温度分布的影响，并与一维简化肋模型的计算结果进行了比较，表明三维计算的温度分布规律更加合理。在小冷却剂流量、大肋厚情况下，周向温度分布不均也很严重。设计中对壁温进行三维分析是非常必要的。而对于高密肋，一维简化肋模型具有良好的近似性。     

TA12钛合金加力筒体局部异常变色失效分析

针对某航空发动机在试车过程中多次出现加力筒体尾端局部区域异常变色现象,为了分析其故障原因,利用外观检查、材质分析和温色模拟试验等失效分析方法,确定了故障加力筒体变色部位经历了最高850℃左右的超温。为进一步评价故障加力筒体的可靠性,对其基体材料力学性能及组织演变规律开展研究。在TA12钛合金板材空冷状态下,从加热温度与组织及力学性能的关系分析结果表明:其力学性能随加热温度的升高呈先降低再提高的趋势,在800℃左右达到最低值,且力学性能变化趋势与组织形态演变呈明显的对应关系。根据加力筒体故障部位力学性能及可靠性明显降低的试验结果,判断该加力筒体不再适合继续参与服役试车,建议更换该故障件,并对替换件进行监控。