Damage localization effects of the regeneratively-cooled thrust chamber wall in LOX/methane rocket engines

To investigate the damage localization effects of the thrust chamber wall caused by combustions in LOX/methane rocket engines, a fluid-structural coupling computational methodology with a multi-channel model is developed to obtain 3-demensioanl thermal and structural responses. Heat and mechanical loads are calculated by a validated finite volume fluid-thermal coupling numerical method considering non-premixed combustion processes of propellants. The methodology is subsequently performed on an LOX/methane thrust chamber under cyclic operation. Results show that the heat loads of the thrust chamber wall are apparently non-uniform in the circumferential direction. There are noticeable disparities between different cooling channels in terms of temperature and strain distributions at the end of the hot run phase, which in turn leads to different temperature ranges, strain ranges, and residual strains during one cycle. With the work cycle proceeding, the circumferential localization effect of the residual strain would be significantly enhanced. A post-processing damage analysis reveals that the low-cycle fatigue damage accumulated in each cycle is almost unchanged, while the quasi static damage accumulated in a considered cycle declines until stabilized after several cycles. The maximum discrepancy of the predicted lives between different cooling channels is about 30%.     

液体火箭发动机推力室内壁寿命预估

为了分析推力室内壁失效机理及准确预估推力室内壁寿命,对推力室进行流-热-固耦合计算.流-热耦合为热-固耦合提供准确的热和机械载荷,热-固耦合模型对推力室内壁在循环加载下的变形进行非线性平面应变有限元分析.通过计算,得到了推力室内壁在单循环各阶段的应力-应变分布和循环加载下的变形过程,并进行了寿命预估.结果表明:采用的流-固耦合策略能准确地实现流-热耦合模块向热-固耦合模块的载荷传递,能为结构分析提供准确的边界条件.在预冷、后冷和松弛阶段,内壁承受拉应力;在工作阶段,内壁承受压应力.随着循环次数的增加,内壁残余应力和应变不断增大,内壁向燃烧室内鼓起和不断变薄,冷却通道中心最先失效.所采用的分析模型能够模拟内壁在循环热和机械载荷下的变形过程,用于预估推力室内壁的循环寿命.      

液氧/甲烷发动机推力室多循环热-结构分析

为了研究一款液氧/甲烷发动机推力室多循环工作状态下的结构变形,拓展并验证了一种包括流动-传热分析和非线性有限元分析的热-结构分析方法。通过该方法得到了推力室热载荷与压力载荷分布,并分析了推力室在这些载荷下的应力应变响应。研究表明：推力室整体结构变形并非主要取决于热载荷,压力载荷引起的冷却通道底面弯曲在喷管扩张段尤其明显;后冷阶段产生的弹塑性拉伸应变大于热试阶段产生的压缩应变是导致每次循环结束后结构产生残余应变的直接原因;随着工作循环次数的增加,扩张段的冷却通道底角位置残余应变累积速率最快,该部位被确定为结构失效的潜在位置;增加冷却剂入口附近的通道底面厚度、减小后冷阶段与热试阶段的温差以及将冷却通道的尖锐底角设计为圆角可以成为抑制变形和减缓应变累积的备选措施。     

液体火箭发动机推力室可重复使用技术

为了验证液体火箭发动机推力室可重复使用技术,采用流-固耦合方法对推力室内壁材料、外壁厚度、冷却通道高宽比等影响推力室内壁寿命的因素进行了数值模拟.通过计算,得到了推力室内壁在不同内壁材料、不同外套厚度、不同冷却通道高宽比下单循环各阶段的应力、应变分布,对计算结果进行后处理,得到了内壁损伤.结果表明,采用高强度及延展性内壁材料、低刚性外套、大冷却通道高宽比可以减小推力室内壁损伤,延长推力室内壁使用寿命.      

推力室冷却通道结构可靠性仿真及参数敏感性分析

为了准确高效评估液体火箭发动机推力室身部再生冷却通道的结构可靠性,建立了基于有限元热结构耦合计算的结构可靠性仿真流程。考虑发动机干扰因素、身部结构尺寸及内外壁材料性能的随机性,利用Monte Carlo(MC)仿真和Epps-Pulley(EP)检验确定危险点的等效应力分布,根据基于参数估计区间的应力-强度干涉模型及点估计下限和Lindstrom-Maddens(L-M)法,确定冷却通道结构可靠度置信下限,并进行参数敏感性分析。结果表明:该结构可靠性仿真能够确定内壁失效的危险点,得到工程上更具实用价值的可靠度置信下限;外壁的强度裕度远大于内壁,冷却通道的结构可靠性取决于内壁;提高推力室燃烧效率或选用导热率稍低,而强度更高的内壁材料,是提高冷却通道结构可靠性的有效途径。      

Thermal-structural response and low-cycle fatigue damage of channel wall nozzle

To investigate the thermo-mechanical response of channel wall nozzle under cyclic working loads,the fnite volume fluid-thermal coupling calculation method and the fnite element thermal-structural coupling analysis technique are applied.In combination with the material lowcycle fatigue behavior,the modifed continuous damage model on the basics of local strain approach is adopted to analyze the fatigue damage distribution and accumulation with increasing nozzle work cycles.Simulation results have shown that the variation of the non-uniform temperature distribution of channel wall nozzle during cyclic work plays a signifcant role in the thermal-structural response by altering the material properties;the thermal-mechanical loads interaction results in serious deformation mainly in the front region of slotted liner.In particular,the maximal cyclic strains appear in the intersecting regions of liner gas side wall and symmetric planes of channel and rib,where the fatigue failure takes place initially;with the increase in nozzle work cycles,the residual plastic strain accumulates linearly,and the strain amplitude and increment in each work cycle are separately equal,but the fatigue damage grows up nonlinearly.As a result,a simplifed nonlinear damage accumulation approach has been suggested to estimate the fatigue service life of channel wall nozzle.The predicted node life is obviously conservative to the Miner＇s life.In addition,several workable methods have also been proposed to improve the channel wall nozzle durability.     

Gust response analysis and wind tunnel test for a high-aspect ratio wing

A theoretical nonlinear aeroelastic response analysis for a flexible high-aspect ratio wing excited by harmonic gust load is presented along with a companion wind tunnel test. A multidisci-plinary coupled numerical calculation is developed to simulate the flexible model wing undergoing gust load in the time domain via discrete nonlinear finite element structural dynamic analysis and nonplanar unsteady vortex lattice aerodynamic computation. A dynamic perturbation analysis about a nonlinear static equilibrium is also used to determine the small perturbation flutter bound-ary. A novel noncontact 3-D camera measurement analysis system is firstly used in the wind tunnel test to obtain the spatial large deformation and responses. The responses of the flexible wing under different static equilibrium states and frequency gust loads are discussed. The fair to good quanti-tative agreements between the theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the presented analysis method is an acceptable way to predict the geometrically nonlinear gust response for flex-ible wings.     

Preliminary experiment on spontaneous ignition performances of cavity-based strut flameholder

The thermal-structural response and low cycle fatigue life of a three-dimensional (3D) channel wall nozzle with regenerative cooling were numerically investigated by coupling the finite volume fluid-thermal method, nonlinear finite element thermal-structural analysis and local strain methods. The nozzle had a high area ratio (nozzle exit area divided by throat area) under cyclic working loads. Parametric studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of channel structural parameters such as channel width, channel height, liner thickness and rib width. Results showed that the integrated effects of three-dimensional channel structure and load distribution caused serious strain, which mainly occurred at the intersectant regions of liner wall on the gas side and the symmetric planes of channel and rib. The cooling effect and channel structural strength were significantly improved as the channel width and height decreased, leading to substantial extension of the nozzle service life. On the other hand, the successive decrease in liner thickness and rib width apparently increased the strain amplitude and residual strain of channel wall nozzle during cyclic work, significantly shortening the service life. The present work is of value for design of the channel wall nozzle to prolong its cyclic service life.      

液体火箭发动机推力室复合冷却流动与传热研究

为了预测液体火箭发动机推力室的复合冷却性能,建立了推力室再生冷却通道和超临界氢的三维仿真模型以及推力室内燃气和超临界氢膜的轴对称二维仿真模型。通过边界耦合发展了液体火箭发动机推力室复合冷却流动与传热的数值仿真方法。对航天飞机主发动机推力室内部燃气、超临界冷却膜、室壁和再生冷却剂进行了流动与传热耦合计算仿真研究。研究表明,仿真方法可较好地预测推力室燃气及再生冷却剂的流动和传热,计算得到航天飞机主发动机的燃气侧壁面最高热流密度为129MW/m2,最高壁温为885K,冷却剂温升为192K,压降为8.8MPa,结果与已有数据吻合较好。模型和仿真方法可用于液体火箭发动机推力室冷却系统传热计算和冷却结构的优化设计。     

一种CFD/CSD耦合计算方法

针对柔性大展弦比机翼气动弹性分析和主动弹性机翼(AAW)设计发展了一种计算流体动力学(CFD)和计算结构动力学(CSD)的耦合计算方法。其主要思想是采用在同一物理时间弱耦合求解CFD/CSD技术。气动力采用非定常N-S方程的双时间有限体积求解技术,结构响应则采用有限元数值求解技术。CFD和CSD耦合计算的边界信息(气动力和网格)由所设计的界面程序传输。网格信息传输采用守恒体积转换(CVT)方法将CSD计算结构响应位移插值到CFD网格点上。变形已有的CFD网格技术用以确定CFD的变形网格。以位移或载荷的迭代误差为判断耦合计算的收敛标准。最后得到了机翼在Ma=0.8395,α=5.06°时CFD/CSD耦合计算的收敛值。针对计算结果分析了机翼受静气动弹性过程中结构响应和气动特性随时间变化的效应。初步研究结果表明:这种弱耦合方法求解非线性气动弹性问题是可行的。     

Thermal state calculation of chamber in small thrust liquid rocket engine for steady state pulsed mode

This paper presents a method of thermal state calculation of combustion chamber in small thrust liquid rocket engine. The goal is to predict the thermal state of chamber wall by using basic parameters of engine: thrust level, propellants, chamber pressure, injection pattern, film cooling parameters, material of wall and their coating, etc. The difficulties in modeling the startup and shutdown processes of thrusters lie in the fact that there are the conjugated physical processes occurring at various parameters for non-design conditions. A mathematical model to predict the thermal state of the combustion chamber for different engine operation modes is developed. To simulate the startup and shutdown processes, a quasi-steady approach is applied by replacing the transient process with time-variant operating parameters of steady-state processes. The mathematical model is based on several principles and data commonly used for heat transfer modeling: geometry of flow part, gas dynamics of flow, thermodynamics of propellants and combustion spices, convective and radiation heat flows, conjugated heat transfer between hot gas and wall, and transient approach for calculation of thermal state of construction. Calculations of the thermal state of the combustion chamber in single-turn-on mode show good convergence with the experimental results. The results of pulsed modes indicate a large temperature gradient on the internal wall surface of the chamber between pulses and the thermal state of the wall strongly depends on the pulse duration and the interval.     

涡流冷却推力室流场特征与性能仿真

针对2000N气氢/气氧涡流冷却推力室,采用三维全尺寸计算模型开展了仿真研究,得到了流场速度分布特点,验证了涡流冷却推力室内具有双向涡旋结构,内外涡流分界面约占涡流冷却推力室圆柱段半径的86%,燃烧区域约占涡流冷却推力室圆柱段半径的70%.分析表明:外层涡流主要受来流速度与涡流冷却推力室几何参数影响,内层涡流在黏性、燃烧等作用下室压、密度稳定.侧壁温度平均为388K,比冲效率达92%以上,仿真结果与试验对比一致.      

不同热边界对超音速机翼气动热数值分析的影响

飞行器在超音速飞行时受到的气动加热效应给结构强度及热防护设计带来极大影响，且真实状态下的气动热环境需要考虑外流场与结构的耦合及内壁面边界条件的影响。采用S-A湍流模型求解Navier-Stokes方程，通过流场与固体壁面交界处的信息传递，实现外流场与结构场的耦合数值分析。针对三种不同翼型的超音速绕流气动加热进行耦合数值研究，对比翼型内壁面在不同热边界条件下的气动热效应，结果表明：不同翼型具有与气动力相似的的气动热效应；内壁面考虑对流换热的边界条件最接近真实；考虑机翼燃油箱满油时，三维机翼前缘驻点处热流密度最高可达4200w/m2。     

推力室喉部层板发汗冷却段的结构设计分析

根据层板单元的热分析结果和层板发汗冷却推力室固有的结构特点,提出这种先进发动机冷却方案的设计原理和结构参数的计算公式,结合一台50kN发动机推力室喉部改再生冷却为发汗冷却的改形设计,分析其层板发汗冷却段喉部的设计方法和主要结构尺寸的计算结果。还比较了全再生冷却和发汗冷却两种冷却方式下发动机推力室的温度、热流密度和重量。对先进层板发汗冷却推力室的结构设计提供了参考。     

基于非协调单元的液体火箭发动机推力室热结构分析

用巴兹公式和发动机的热力计算数据,得到了推力室内的燃气壁面对流传热系数和燃气温度的分布,并用有限单元法计算了推力室的温度场.在温度场计算基础上,采用Wilson非协调单元,对推力室的应力场进行了计算,其中位移函数采用二阶形式,将计算精度提高到二阶.结果表明:相比常规单元,Wilson非协调单元在计算结构比较复杂,温度梯度比较大的结构时,精度比较高,结果合理.      

层板推力室发汗冷却壁温特性的初步研究

对液体火箭发动机发汗冷却层板推力室的壁温特性进行了初步研究,通过建立一维固液耦合温差模型,利用有限体积法,计算得到沿推力室径向层板固体和冷却剂的温度分布,并对影响壁温特性的各种因素进行了计算分析,包括冷却剂流量、层板导热系数和冷却通道尺寸等.结果表明:冷却剂流量是控制层板结构温度的重要参数;层板应该采用一种导热系数适中的材料,过大或过小导热系数的材料都不利于推力室的整体性能;较大的冷却通道宽高比有利于层板向冷却剂导热;冷却通道内的换热效率与冷却剂流量和层板导热系数有关.      

基于流固耦合方法的柴油机排气管热机疲劳寿命研究

由于高功率大缸径柴油机的排气管处于高温、高压、强冲击的工作环境，承受复杂恶劣的热机载荷，使得疲劳失效问题日渐突出。为解决工程中的排气管疲劳失效故障，基于流固耦合仿真分析的方法，研究了多通排气管在热载荷、机械载荷和热机耦合载荷三种不同条件下的疲劳损伤机理以及低周疲劳寿命。结果表明，单纯交变热载荷不足以造成排气管低周疲劳失效，交变的热机耦合载荷导致排气管寿命急剧下降，其中内壁压力和端面推力重要度分别为4.34和0.88；在排气温度不变，排气压力增大60%的高增压设计条件下，排气管的塑性应变进一步增加，疲劳寿命减小至3710次，仅为原来的29%。     

Thermo-structural analysis of regenerative cooling thrust chamber cylinder segment based on experimental data

To evaluate the structural failure risk of the regenerative cooling thrust chamber cylinder segment, a Finite Element Method (FEM) based on experimental data was developed. The methodology was validated and utilized to reveal the thermal response and the nonlinear deformation behavior of the cylinder segment phase by phase. The conclusions of the research are as follows: The 2D heat flux distribution caused by the injector determines the uneven temperature distribution on the gas-side wall and leads to the temperature disparity between various cooling channels; The reason for the accumulation of residual strain is that the tensile strain generated in the post-cooling phase is greater than the compressive strain produced in the hot run phase; Through the single-cycle simulation, two potential failure locations with conspicuous deformations were found, but it is difficult to determine which point is more dangerous. However, the multi-cycle thermo-structural analysis gives the evolution of the stress-strain curve and gradually discloses that the low-temperature corner of a particular channel is the most likely location to fail, rather than the maximum residual strain point of the gas-side wall. The damage analysis for dangerous point indicates that the quasi-static damage accounts for the majority of the total damage and is the main factor limiting the service life.     

液氧甲烷发动机台阶型冷却通道的耦合传热特性

为了研究液氧甲烷发动机再生冷却通道中跨临界甲烷的流动和传热特性,以及冷却通道较大幅度的突扩突缩对冷却效果的影响,采用整场直接耦合的方法对推力室三维耦合传热进行了数值模拟,考虑了燃气的非平衡流动.通过计算得到了推力室三维温度场和流场.计算结果表明：由于喉部截面附近存在较强的二次流,燃气侧壁面温度的最大值出现在喉部上游.由于突扩突缩处存在较强的旋涡运动,冷却剂的湍流强度增强,冷却剂侧表面传热系数显著提高,燃气侧壁面温度出现局部极小值,同时也产生了较大的局部损失.由于铜内衬热阻比镍外套热阻小得多,从燃烧室进入的大部分热量在冷却通道底面和侧面被冷却剂吸收.冷却通道底面的温度和热流密度沿程变化比顶面更剧烈.     

某型转台内框热力耦合分析

转台内框是决定转台测试精度的重要部件。本文采用有限元方法,计算了内框在同时受到负载热和重力耦合作用下的应力和变形。结果表明,内框在热力耦合的影响下产生的变形量,比单独受热和受力线性叠加后产生的形变量要大。热力耦合分析综合考虑了各误差源对转台精度的影响,可用于指导结构优化设计。