Numerical investigation of co-flow jet airfoil with parabolic flap

Both the Active Flow Control (AFC) and the variable-camber technology are considered as efficient ways to enhance the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft. The present study investigated the feasibility of the combination of a Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) airfoil and a parabolic flap, where the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model were exploited for the numerical simulation. Several significant geometric parameters, including the injection slot location, the suction slot location, the injection slot angle, the suction slot angle and the airfoil Suction Surface Translation (SST), were selected to study their effects on the aerodynamics of the proposed configuration. Then, an optimized design was created and compared with the baseline airfoil. The results show that the CFJ airfoil combined with the parabolic flap is more beneficial to the aerodynamic performance enhancement at small angles of attack. It is preferable to locate the injection slot at a 2% chord-wise location and the suction slot at a 75% chord-wise location. Both the decrease of the injection slot angle and the augmentation of the suction slot angle could reduce the drag. Furthermore, the SST of 0.5% chord is selected due to its high gain in the corrected aerodynamic efficiency at small angles of attack. Compared with the baseline, the optimized design could increase the lift coefficient and the corrected lift-to-drag ratio by 32.1% and 93.8% respectively at the angle of attack α = 4°.     

应用协同射流原理的旋翼翼型增升减阻试验研究

协同射流技术作为一种新型主动流动控制技术,是突破旋翼翼型高增升减阻设计的最有潜力的发展方向之一。以 OA312 旋翼翼型作为基准翼型,研制微型涵道风扇组为驱动的旋翼翼型 CFJ 风洞测力模型,开展基于前缘高负压零质量内循环协同射流原理的旋翼翼型高增升减阻低速风洞试验,研究吹气口大小、吸气口大小和上翼面下沉量等基础参数对增升减阻的影响规律,探讨 CFJ 旋翼翼型关键参数最佳取值。结果表明：与OA312 基准翼型相比,小攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著降低阻力系数,甚至出现“负阻力”现象,实现了零升俯仰力矩基本不变;大攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著提升最大升力系数和失速迎角,其中,最大升力系数可提升约 67.5%,失速迎角推迟了近 14.8°。     

Aerodynamic characteristics of co-flow jet wing with simple high-lift devices

Numerical investigations are conducted to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) wing with simple high-lift devices during low-speed takeoff and landing. Effects of three crucial parameters of CFJ wing, i.e., angle of attack, jet momentum and swept angle, are comprehensively examined. Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics of two CFJ configurations, i.e., using open and discrete slots for injection, are compared. The results show that applying CFJ technique to a wing with simple high-lift device is able to generate more lift, reduce drag and enlarge stall margin with lower energy expenditure due to the super-circulation effect. Increasing the jet intensity can reduce the drag significantly, which is mainly contributed by the reaction jet force. The Oswald efficiency factor is, in some circumstances, larger than one, which indicates the potential of CFJ in reducing induced drag. Compared with clean wing configuration, using CFJ technique allows the aerodynamic force variation less sensitive to the swept angle, and such phenomenon is better observed for small swept angle region. Eventually, it is interesting to know that the discrete slotted CFJ configuration demonstrates a promising enhancement in aerodynamic performance in terms of high lift, low drag and efficiency.     

大型客机柔性后缘增升装置气动机构一体化优化设计

增升装置的设计对于大型客机来说是十分重要的,柔性可变弯的增升装置是未来大型客机的发展趋势,也是当前的研究热点。以某大型宽体客机内段翼型为研究对象,在襟翼内部的柔性变弯机构的带动下,可以使襟翼的后50%部分实现柔性变弯。在原始刚性襟翼的基础上,柔性变弯后的襟翼可使襟翼后缘增加8°的偏角。之后在三维后缘铰链襟翼机构的带动下,同时襟翼内部使用柔性变弯机构,采用"前缘下垂+后缘襟翼柔性变弯+后缘简单铰链襟翼联合扰流板下偏",进行起飞和着陆构型的二维气动/机构一体化优化设计,优化出来的结果与原始不柔性变弯的翼型相比,起飞构型的最大升力系数的增加量为0.119,着陆构型的最大升力系数的增加量为0.162,且着陆最优构型推迟1°迎角失速。     

GAW-1翼型前后缘变弯度气动性能研究

传统增升装置主要用于提高飞机起降气动性能。利用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法,引入了通用飞机翼型的前后缘变弯装置的概念,数值模拟了GAW-1翼型在爬升状态时,前缘变弯装置、后缘襟翼/副翼偏转以及前后缘装置综合偏转对翼型气动特性的影响。研究表明,前缘变弯装置可以有效地改善翼型的失速特性,失速迎角提高了3°左右,最大升力系数提高了4.56%;同时提高升阻比50%~120%;但在设计升力系数下,升力系数和阻力系数都略微减小。另一方面,后缘变弯装置可以改变最大升阻比所对应的迎角,以及在小迎角时,提高升力系数6%左右。翼型综合偏转可以在小迎角时增加升力系数,在大迎角时增加升阻比。     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

高升力翼型的气动优化设计和实验研究

利用遗传算法进行了低雷诺数高升力翼型的气动优化设计,并利用风洞实验检查了设计的正确性。优化后的翼型其气动特性有明显改善,这说明了利用遗传算法进行低雷诺数翼型气动优化的可行性。风洞实验结果验证了优化设计方法的正确性,同时也表明新设计翼型有较高的升力系数和相对大的升阻比,其升阻比提高了10%。     

基于离散协同射流的翼型增升减阻方法

协同射流是一种近壁面流动的高效、低能耗主动控制技术。重点开展了一种应用离散协同射流的二维翼型增升减阻效应的数值模拟研究,分析了离散协同射流的堵塞度和喷口密集度等关键参数对流场结构、气动特性、功率消耗及能量利用率的影响效应与作用规律。在施加离散协同射流措施后,能够使翼型近壁面空间流场更有效地产生较强的相干涡结构,使得射流与主流及边界层充分混合,可显著提高同等迎角下的升力系数、明显减小阻力系数,最大升力系数提高近150%,失速攻角推迟约5°。研究表明:离散协同射流是一种显著提高翼型性能的高效流动控制方法。     

Numerical investigation of dynamic stall suppression of rotor airfoil via improved co-flow jet

The decrease in aerodynamic performance caused by the shock-induced dynamic stall of an advancing blade and the dynamic stall of a retreating blade at low speed and high angles of attack limits the flight speed of a helicopter. However, little research has been carried on the flow control methods employed to suppress both the dynamic stall induced by a shock wave and the dynamic stall occurring at high angles of attack. The dynamic stall suppression of a rotor airfoil by Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) is nume...     

中空长航时无人机两段翼型设计和应用研究

中空长航时无人机追求高续航性能和任务多样化,故应满足高效巡航、短距起降、抗变形等多性能要求。在原始飞机单段翼型的基础上,通过控制点加分段可控二次曲线方法并结合优化算法开展两段翼型的设计优化;利用新设计的两段翼型完成对无人机机翼内侧段(襟翼段)的改进设计及其结果分析。结果表明:改进后的无人机在续航因子、起飞升力和起飞升阻比方面得到大幅提升;襟翼大角度偏转时,在保持一定升力的同时阻力增加,满足飞机着陆减速要求;此方法可以满足中空长航时无人机巡航和起降多设计点综合设计要求。     

钝前缘三角翼无人机气动特性研究

三角翼布局因其优良的气动特性在军用飞机和无人机上获得了广泛应用.为了研究钝前缘三角翼无人机的气动特性,首先采用求解雷诺平均N-S方程的方法对NASA钝前缘三角翼标模进行对比计算,以验证计算方法的可靠度;然后对无人机四个升降舵偏角的气动力和流场特性进行分析研究.结果表明:三角翼无人机在升力系数较小时具有较高的升阻比,当迎角小于1 5°时,钝前缘三角翼前缘气流附体、吸力较高,翼面的横向流动不明显,使飞机的升阻比提高;当迎角大于15°后,涡流特征起主导作用,使得飞机在直到40°迎角范围内没有出现大面积气流分离,具有良好的俯仰稳定性,升降舵效率较高.钝前缘三角翼气动布局在翼展受限、翼载较小的条件下具有一定的气动特性优势.     

低雷诺数下吹吸气射流对NACA0012翼型气动性能的影响

基于Favre过滤的大涡模拟方法,对雷诺数Re=10^4,迎角α=6°下的NACA0012翼型上表面吹吸气射流进行了数值模拟,从翼型周围流场流线图、速度场云图、上下表面压力系数曲线以及上表面边界层位移厚度等多角度地分析了射流位置以及速度变化对翼型气动性能的影响。结果表明:射流位置对翼型气动性能影响较大,且吸气射流要明显优于吹气射流。对于吸气射流,前缘吸气要明显优于中后缘吸气,可有效增升减阻,并减小翼型尾部流动分离,抑制翼型气动参数扰动,其最佳吸气位置随着速度的增大逐渐向下游移动;而吹气射流对翼型气动系数的作用效果较差,但中后缘的吹气射流可减小飞行过程中的气动扰动量,且吹气越大,效果越明显。     

后缘装置LET对多段翼型气动特性的影响研究

采用求解N-S方程的方法,分别对安装后缘装置(Lift Enhancing Tabs,LET)中的传统形式Gurney襟翼(Gurney Flap,GF)和新型后缘装置(Mini-Trailing Edge Device,Mini-TED)后的多段翼型气动特性进行了分析研究。以带有30%弦长富勒襟翼的NACA632-215B两段高升力翼型为基础,分析了不同安装位置的GF对气动特性的影响。结果表明,在中等襟翼偏角下主翼尾缘安装GF对气动特性是不利的,而GF在襟翼尾缘的安装则有实际应用的可能。针对某真实飞机起飞、着陆构型多段翼型,研究了襟翼后缘不同偏角的Mini-TED对气动特性的影响。计算结果表明,通过对Mini-TED安装偏角的优化,对于不同的构型和飞行状态可以增大其改善飞机气动特性的使用范围。     

Aerodynamic optimization and mechanism design of flexible variable camber trailing-edge flap

Trailing-edge flap is traditionally used to improve the takeoff and landing aerodynamic performance of aircraft.In order to improve flight efficiency during takeoff,cruise and landing states,the flexible variable camber trailing-edge flap is introduced,capable of changing its shape smoothly from 50% flap chord to the rear of the flap.Using a numerical simulation method for the case of the GA(W)-2 airfoil,the multi-objective optimization of the overlap,gap,deflection angle,and bending angle of the flap under takeoff and landing configurations is studied.The optimization results show that under takeoff configuration,the variable camber trailing-edge flap can increase lift coefficient by about 8% and lift-to-drag ratio by about 7% compared with the traditional flap at a takeoff angle of 8°.Under landing configuration,the flap can improve the lift coefficient at a stall angle of attack about 1.3%.Under cruise state,the flap helps to improve the lift-todrag ratio over a wide range of lift coefficients,and the maximum increment is about 30%.Finally,a corrugated structure–eccentric beam combination bending mechanism is introduced in this paper to bend the flap by rotating the eccentric beam.     

低雷诺数下协同射流关键参数对翼型气动性能的影响

协同射流是一种高效的新型主动流动控制技术,至今缺乏关键参数对翼型气动性能影响规律的系统研究。通过引入螺旋桨激励盘模型,发展了一种新的协同射流翼型流动模拟方法,使得射流反作用力计算更符合实际。在低雷诺数条件下,以NACA6415为基准翼型开展了射流动量系数、开口尺寸和位置等关键参数对翼型气动性能的影响规律研究,并探讨了相应的物理机制。结果表明：大迎角分离流状态下,射流动量系数对翼型气动性能的影响规律比小迎角附着流状态更复杂;随着吹气口尺寸增加,气泵功率系数先减后增,有效升阻比先增后减;随着吸气口尺寸增加,气泵功率系数逐渐减小,有效升阻比先增加后趋于平稳;吹/吸气口位置对翼型气动性能和气泵功率系数的影响很小。     

增升装置多段翼型气动声学风洞实验研究

随着航空运输业的蓬勃发展,飞机的噪声污染受到越来越多的关注。在大型飞机起降阶段,增升装置作为主要的机体部件,其辐射出的噪声量级已经占据飞机总体噪声的很大一部分,是未来飞机能否进一步降低噪声达到适航标准的关键性因素。针对增升装置多段翼型30P30N的气动噪声问题进行实验研究,实验在北航D5气动声学风洞中开展,使用Kevlar布和穿孔板对实验段进行了气动声学改造,以满足透声不透气的气动声学实验要求。通过远场传声器和麦克风阵列测量得到30P30N模型的远场气动噪声特性和定位主要声源位置,引进小波变换的信号分析方法得到噪声的时频特性,全面揭示多段翼型的气动噪声产生机理。     

民用飞机增升构型前缘下垂参数影响分析

采用计算流体力学方法,针对基于典型二维多段翼型NACA0410设计的带前缘下垂构型的多段翼型进行数值模拟,研究了前缘下垂四种参数对多段翼升力特性的影响。在所研究的范围内,结果表明:1)在线性段,弦长增加与偏度增大对线性升力均有负面影响,但转轴高度与尾缘夹角对线性升力几乎没有影响;2)在近失速及失速段,弦长增加与尾缘夹角的提升,可明显提升升力;下垂偏度增加,以26°为界,小于该角度可提升升力,但大于该角度后,影响不再明显;随转轴高度下降,升力出现一定提升,但到2 mm后反而有所下降;前缘下垂尾缘夹角增大,可提升近失速段升力;3)四参数对升力影响主要体现在头部两段吸力峰的消长,设计中需综合考虑吸力峰特征,并加以应用。     

基于遗传算法的低雷诺数高升力翼型的优化设计

利用遗传算法进行低雷诺数高升力翼型的气动优化设计,优化后的翼型其气动特性有明显改善,从而表明利用遗传算法进行翼型气动优化的可行性.在优化设计过程中翼型由解析函数线性叠加法表示,并对设计翼型进行了升力系数和阻力系数的气动计算,以提供目标函数和个体的适应值.     

Effect of flexibility on unsteady aerodynamics forces of a purely plunging airfoil

Introducing flexibility into the design of a vertically flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. As less previous studies on the aerodynamics of vertically flapping flexible wings focused on the lift generated in a wide range of angle of attack·a 2D numerical simulation of a purely plunging flexible airfoil is employed using a loose fluid–structure interaction method. The aerodynamics of a fully flexible airfoil are firstly studied with the flexibility and angle of attack. To verify whether an airfoil could get aerodynamic benefit from the change in structure, partially flexible airfoil with rigid leading edge and flexible trailing edge were further considered. Results show that flexibility could always reduce airfoil drag while lift and lift efficiency both peak at moderate flexibility. When freestream velocity is constant, lift is maximized at a high angle of attack about 40° while this optimal angle of attack reduces to 15° in drag-balanced status. The airfoil drag reduction, lift augmentation as well as efficiency enhancement mainly attribute to the passive pitching other than the camber deformation. Partially deformed airfoil with the longest length of moderate flexible trailing edge can achieve the highest lift. This study may provide some guidance in the wing design of Micro Air Vehicle (MAV).     

翼身融合布局民机克鲁格襟翼设计

翼身融合（BWB）布局是"绿色航空"发展目标的下一代大型民用飞机的理想布局。由于高度融合的外形特点，BWB布局难以通过应用传统增升装置实现低速增升与配平的协调设计。本文采用开缝钝头克鲁格襟翼提高BWB布局低速失速特性。首先，构建了克鲁格襟翼二维参数化方法，该方法符合克鲁格襟翼运动机构特点，可准确描述几何外形与缝道配置。其次，开展克鲁格襟翼几何参数与偏转角度的影响规律研究，分析流动形态与增升机理，提出设计原则。综合考虑外形、运动机构与遮蔽效应等设计约束，以提高增升能力为目标，开展前缘开缝克鲁格襟翼优化设计。优化设计结果满足设计约束，数值分析表明其增升能力比初始外形与经典缝翼均有明显提高。最终，采用前缘开缝克鲁格襟翼与后缘简单襟翼构建BWB增升构型，数值模拟与风洞试验结果表明，增升方案能够实现升力系数要求，降低了对配平能力的需求，减小了增升装置和高升力配平设计压力。提出的克鲁格襟翼设计方法不仅适用于BWB布局，也为传统布局民机增升装置设计提供了技术支持。