高超声速飞机机载作动系统发展分析

吸气式高超声速飞机面临严酷的高动压、大热流飞行环境，要求机载系统既要兼具高功率、高效能与高耐热能力，又要满足严苛的体积、重量（质量）与能量约束，给飞控作动系统设计带来了极大的技术挑战。本文通过对高超声速飞机任务和平台动力特点的分析，系统地论述了其飞控作动系统面临的挑战，包括能源、结构和热管理等问题。基于已有高速飞机的公开资料，对作动技术发展现状进行了梳理，结合热管理与机载能源的发展趋势，展望了高超声速飞机作动系统的重点发展方向，并给出了具有可行性的发展路线。     

一体化电动静液作动器(EHA)的设计与仿真分析

一体化电动静液作动系统兼备传统液压作动系统和直接驱动的机电作动系统的优点,也就是同时具备高转距和大功率密度,并且易于模块化。本文阐述了一种一体化电动静液作动器(EHA)的总体结构和工作原理,对电机、泵和液压缸的选用以及系统设计提出了明确的要求,并对其各个模块进行了建模和仿真分析。结果表明,EHA的性能能够满足现代飞机对作动系统的要求,在未来功率电传(PBW)的飞控系统中具有很好的应用前景。     

超声速拦射导弹的一种预测变结构中制导律

针对攻击超声速大机动目标的超声速拦射导弹的中制导律设计问题,基于变结构控制理论并结合预测导引的思想提出一种预测变结构中制导律。该制导律能够零化导弹速度前置角,交班时过载较小,从而很好地满足中末交班要求。通过调节预测步长,在目标作大机动的情况下,既能保证中末交班时几乎为零的导弹速度前置角,又能有效地减小交班时导弹法向过载。最后在Matlab/Simulink环境下对攻击超声速蛇形机动目标进行了仿真,仿真结果表明了所设计的制导律的正确性和攻击超声速大机动目标的有效性。     

无人机机载作动系统技术发展现状

首先介绍了高性能无人机机载作动系统组成,国内外应用现状和技术发展趋势,在此基础上分析了多余度电传飞行和作动系统所涉及的关键技术,最后给出研发该类系统的初步思路。     

宽体客机飞控电作动系统设计

为研究飞控电作动(EPA)系统技术,分析目前服役的国外多电客机空客A380、A350XWB飞控电作动系统、波音Boeing 787飞控电作动系统能源配置、作动器配置及技术特点,提出了国外多电客机飞控电作动系统发展趋势。结合中国电作动研制技术情况,提出中国宽体客机飞控电作动系统2H/2E能源配置方案及电作动系统配置方案,对电作动系统安全性、作动系统电功率、质量进行分析,为中国宽体客机飞控电作动系统研制提供有益参考。     

大功率高性能航天伺服系统发展综述

回顾了电动、电静液伺服系统国内外发展历程与研究现状,针对未来航天飞行器对伺服系统在结构强度、空间体积、环境适应性、性能指标等方面提出的新要求,在综合评价电动、电静液伺服系统性能的基础上,指出了机载功率电传一体化电作动系统关键技术与设计难点,并提出相应的解决思路,对未来一体化电作动系统发展进行了展望。     

混合作动系统的工作模式研究

具有非相似余度的混合作动系统(HAS)由功率电传作动器和传统的阀控液压伺服作动器(SHA)所组成,是未来多电飞机作动系统的发展趋势。阐述混合作动系统的结构组成及工作原理,建立其数学模型。对工作于两种传统模式——主动/主动模式和主动/被动模式时的混合作动系统进行了建模和理论分析。在此基础上,论述在一种全新的工作模式——主动/无载模式下,混合作动系统的结构组成和工作原理,并对其进行建模和理论分析。最后,对混合作动系统工作于每种模式下的优缺点进行了对比分析。分析结果对确定不同情况下混合作动系统的具体工作模式提供了依据。     

液压伺服作动器与电动作动器性能仿真分析

以Imagine公司的AMESim为仿真平台,建立了液压伺服作动系统的物理模型和电动作动系统的物理模型,采用AMESim处理结果对两种作动器的性能进行了仿真分析。     

余度作动系统力纷争试验方法研究

针对余度作动系统力纷争试验提出了一种计算机控制器在回路的试验方法,并着重研究了这种试验方法的实现方案。以实际工程中的应用为例,结合SIMULINK仿真过程,介绍了其核心控制元件PID控制器的调参方法。与传统由人工操作的力纷争试验方法相比,计算机控制器在回路的试验方法具有更高的试验参数控制精度,提高了试验成功率,同时能够很大程度地减缓由于人工输入引起的作动系统振荡,从而确保试验的安全。     

机载电静液作动系统的发展现状与关键技术研究

总结了新型机载作动系统的发展背景与研究意义,介绍了用于功率电传的电静液作动器和机电作动器的发展现状,综述了机载电静液作动系统设计、开发和取得的技术成果,论述了机载电静液作动系统发展中有待于进一步研究的问题,提出了开展该项研究的建议和措施。     

Supersonic biplane—A review

One of the fundamental problems preventing commercial transport aircraft from supersonic flight is the generation of strong sonic booms. Sonic booms are the ground-level manifestation of shock waves created by airplanes flying at supersonic speeds. The strength of the shock waves generated by an aircraft flying at supersonic speed is a direct function of both the aircraft’s weight and its occupying volume; it has been very difficult to sufficiently reduce the shock waves generated by the heavier and larger conventional supersonic transport (SST) configuration to meet acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. It is our dream to develop a quiet SST aircraft that can carry more than 100 passengers while meeting acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. We have started a supersonic-biplane project at Tohoku University since 2004. We meet the challenge of quiet SST flight by extending the classic two-dimensional (2-D) Busemann biplane concept to a 3-D supersonic-biplane wing that effectively reduces the shock waves generated by the aircraft. A lifted airfoil at supersonic speeds, in general, generates shock waves (therefore, wave drag) through two fundamentally different mechanisms. One is due to the airfoil’s lift, and the other is due to its thickness. Multi-airfoil configurations can reduce wave drag by redistributing the system’s total lift among the individual airfoil elements, knowing that wave drag of an airfoil element is proportional to the square of its lift. Likewise, the wave drag due to airfoil thickness can also be nearly eliminated using the Busemann biplane concept, which promotes favorable wave interactions between two neighboring airfoil elements. One of the main objectives of our supersonic-biplane study is, with the help of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, to find biplane configurations that simultaneously exhibit both traits. We first re-analyzed using CFD tools, the classic Busemann biplane configurations to understand its basic wave-cancellation concept. We then designed a 2-D supersonic biplane that exhibits both wave-reduction and cancellation effects simultaneously, utilizing an inverse-design method. The designed supersonic biplane not only showed the desired aerodynamic characteristics at its design condition but also outperformed a zero-thickness flat-plate airfoil. (Zero-thickness flat-plate airfoils are known as the most efficient monoplane airfoil at supersonic speeds.) Also discussed in this paper is how to design 2-D biplanes, not only at their design Mach numbers but also at off-design conditions. Supersonic biplanes have unacceptable characteristics at their off-design conditions such as flow choking and its related hysteresis problems. Flow choking causes rapid increase of wave drag and it continues to be kept up to the Mach numbers greater the cruise (design) Mach numbers due to its hysteresis. Some wing devices such as slats and flaps, which could be used at take-off and landing conditions as high-lift devices, were utilized to overcome these off-design problems. Then supersonic-biplane airfoils were extended to 3-D wings. Because that rectangular-shaped 3-D biplane wings showed undesirable aerodynamic characteristics at their wingtips, a tapered-wing planform was chosen for the study. A 3-D biplane wing having a taper ratio and aspect ratio of 0.25 and 5.12, respectively, was designed utilizing the inverse-design method. Aerodynamic characteristics of the designed biplane wing were further improved by using winglets at its wingtips. Flow choking and its hysteresis problems, however, occurred at their off-design conditions. It was shown that these off-design problems could also be resolved by utilizing slats and flaps. Finally, a study on the aerodynamic characteristics of wing-body configurations was conducted using the tapered biplane wing. In this study a body was chosen in order to generate strong shock waves at its nose region. Preliminary parametric studies on the interference effects between the body and the tapered biplane wing were performed by choosing several different wing locations on the body. From this study, it can be concluded that the aerodynamic characteristics of the tapered biplane wing are minimally affected by the disturbances generated from the body, and that the biplane wing shows promise for quiet commercial supersonic transport.     

飞机/进气道一体化流场数值计算

对飞机进气道组合体进行了粘性流场的数值模拟,通过求解N-S方程并建立合理的边界条件来模拟不同飞行速度(亚、超音速)、不同攻角和发动机流量下的进气道性能,给出了进气道进口局部马赫数、攻角和侧滑角的分布以及进气道的总压恢复情况。     

弹头外形不同尺度模型对二维射流流场的影响

超声速射流装置能很好地模拟榴弹引信发电机飞行时大气环境的工况，并成为地面考核和验收必不可少的设备。从二维轴对称N-S方程出发，利用二阶精度有限体积法和S-A湍流模型，对超声速射流装置的自由射流流场以及不同模型尺寸对超声速流场结构的影响进行了模拟计算。给出了激波与射流边界之间复杂干扰流场结构图，结果证明不同模型的尺寸对超声速射流流场有较大的影响。     

直升机旋翼功率传递系数确定方法

阐明了在现有的直升机性能计算中,旋翼功率传递系数总是假定为常数,这种处理方法具有很大的局限性。文章详细地介绍了从飞行力学的角度来确定直升机平直飞行时的旋翼功率传递系数。首先,通过飞行力学中的配平计算得到直升机在不同飞行速度下的旋翼和尾桨的需用功率;然后,用试飞实测方法确定除旋翼和尾桨外的功率损耗;最终,得到直升机在不同飞行速度下的旋翼功率传递系数。认为:由于旋翼、尾桨的需用功率由飞行力学的配平方法得到,其结果能合理地反映飞行状态和直升机尾部构型等因素对它们的影响,加上除旋翼和尾桨外的功率由试飞实测得到,因而文中所述的直升机旋翼功率传递系数能更准确地反映直升机的功率传递关系。     

小型通用民用飞机的失速试飞研究

介绍了小型通用民用飞机的失速试飞依据与要求、试飞方法与驾驶技术、数据处理与分析方法。提出了直接采用发动机慢车状态来确定无动力状态下飞机失速速度的试飞方法，并以小鹰-500飞机为例，给出了用本方法确定零拉力失速速度的符合性验证及失速特性的符合性验证结果。     

直升机旋翼功率传递系数确定方法

提出了一种确定直升机平直飞行时旋翼功率传递系数的方法;首先,通过飞行力学中的配平计算得到直升机在不同飞行速度下旋翼和尾桨的需用功率;然后,用试飞实测方法确定除旋翼和尾桨外的功率损耗;最终,得到直升机在不同飞行速度下的旋翼功率传递系数。结果表明：由于旋翼、尾桨的需用功率由飞行力学的配平方法得到,能合理地反映飞行状态和直升机尾部构型等影响因素,加上除旋翼和尾桨外的功率由试飞实测得到,因而文中所述的直升机旋翼功率传递系数能更准确地反映直升机的功率传递关系。     

Some vortical-flow flight experiments on slender aircraft that impacted the advancement of aeronautics

This paper highlights the three aerodynamic pillars of aeronautics; namely, theory/CFD, wind-tunnel experiments and flight tests, and notes that at any given time these three are not necessarily at the same level of maturity. After an initial history of these three pillars, the focus narrows to a brief history of some vortical-flow flight experiments on slender aircraft that have impacted the advancement of aeronautics in recent decades. They include the F-106, Concorde, SR-71, light-weight fighters (F-16, F/A-18), and F-16XL. These aircraft share in common the utilization of vortical flow and have flown at transonic speeds during a part of the flight envelope. Due to the vast amount of information from flight and CFD that has recently become available for the F-16XL, this aircraft is highlighted and its results detailed. Lastly, it is interesting to note that, though complicated, vortical flows over the F-16XL aircraft at subsonic speeds can be reliably and generally well-predicted with the current CFD flow solvers. However, these solvers still have some problems in matching flight pressure data at transonic speeds. That this problem has been highlighted is both an advancement in aeronautics and a tempting prize to those who would seek its solution.     

Preliminary study on heat flux measurement data of TT-0 flight test

With the explosive development of aerospace science, the design of the new generation airliner at higher speeds is attracting more attentions. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to achieve accurate prediction of the aerodynamic heating / force loads and successful reduction of drag and heat flux. As a remedy for the existing studies which are based upon the CFD and wind tunnel tests, this study presents a flight test for the drag and heat reduction spike technology. The principal goals of this flight test were to provide reference for verifying the accuracy of the prediction technology on ground and promote the development of the drag and heat reduction technology. By adopting the OS-X rocket, the TT-0 test vehicle designed by Shenyang Aircraft Design & Research Institute reached a maximum Mach number of 5.8 and a maximum altitude of 38 km. Hypersonic and supersonic pressure data by pressure scanning valves and heat fluxes by gauges at different locations were obtained successfully. Also, heat fluxes obtained by in-house CFD code are illustrated in comparison with the flight data. The results indicate that the numerical errors are large in most cases. More technologies, such as more CFD codes and more numerical procedures, should be adopted to conduct studies on this issue in the future.     

隐蔽式安装布局涡轴发动机安装损失的飞行试验

为确定轻小型直升机飞行性能评估所需的发动机安装性能损失,对隐蔽式安装布局的涡轴发动机进行了不同直升机飞 行姿态的飞行试验。基于试飞数据建立了一套真实飞行条件下涡轴发动机安装损失的计算流程,对比分析了在不同高度和速度 下稳定平飞、有/无地效悬停、有/无地效悬停回转、不同高度爬升、不同高度下滑、盘旋、侧后飞等飞行姿态对涡轴发动机安装损失 的影响。结果表明：隐蔽式安装布局的涡轴发动机安装损失主要来自进气温升,不同飞行姿态下功率损失为4.3%~20.7%,耗油率 相对增量为1.2%~132.7%;功率损失随飞行高度的变化规律不明显,随飞行速度的增大而减小;耗油率相对增量随飞行高度和飞 行速度的增大而减小;在近地面的低速飞行姿态下安装损失最小,且受地效影响较小;风速和风向对安装损失的影响较大。     

增程飞行器高超声速飞行的动态特性

研究了增程飞行器高超声速飞行时的动态特性.短程导弹和火箭弹等高超声速飞行来源于增程的实际需要,从超声速到高超声速飞行所遇到的主要飞行动力学问题是,尽管在增程前低超声速时具有良好稳定性,但在高超声速飞行中会丧失稳定性并导致复杂的锥动.通过飞行和风洞实验表明:高超声速飞行时增程飞行器固有的横侧向稳定特性丧失,带有弱滚转阻尼的不稳定荷兰滚振荡将导致滚转-偏航耦合,此外还存在由耦合导致的轻微不稳定拟周期模态和滚动共振.