Technology games/battlefield 2000

The pervasive impact of power generation on electronic battlefield technologies and the critical need for compact, highly efficient power sources are discussed. Areas that require new and innovative solutions are prime power, batteries, capacitors, switches, and pulser integration. It is concluded that orders of magnitude improvements are needed; technical barriers exist that require invention; power technology needs to be given a high priority in the tech base strategy; and resources must be rejuvenated and expanded to accomplish the required objectives     

Aircraft maneuverability improvement by direct lift control system application

The handling qualities of an aircraft will be improved if the Direct Lift Control (DLC) system is applied. In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the influence of DLC-type system parameters on the aircraft's maneuverability and to determine the desired values of these parameters for the purpose of obtaining required values of the handling maneuverability criteria. Published papers which deal with direct lift control do not list requirements for evaluating handling qualities and maneuverability of aircraft equipped with DLC system. In this paper, three new criteria permitting the evaluation of results of employing DLC have been defined. Analysis of influence of DLC system parameters on selected known handling qualities criteria (for example CAP, C^*), as well as new DLC efficiency coefficients, have been illustrated with a numeric example of A4D “Skyhawk” fighter aircraft and PZL M-18 “Dromader” agricultural airplane control system modification.     

High reliability lithium rechargeable batteries for specialties

Since their development in the late 1980s, lithium rechargeable batteries have enjoyed rapid growth and wide use as a commodity battery known for its higher energy density storage and lightweight convenience. These same attributes are emerging as a strong platform in power source development for the medical and aerospace sectors with highly customized applications and narrowly defined criteria. Accordingly, this new generation of lithium rechargeables must be hermetically sealed, have long-term storage capability, and zero-fault tolerances for common causes of field failures such as electrolyte leakage or short circuits from mechanical deformation. Quallion has been developing and manufacturing highly reliable lithium rechargeable cells for medical, aerospace, and specialty applications. Summarized in this paper are some key technologies developed at Quallion for designing and manufacturing of this new class of lithium rechargeable batteries. They include: 1) leakage reliability; 2) self-extinguishing electrolyte system; 3) mechanical impact resistance; 4) deep discharge storage; and 5) high reliability manufacturing.     

Modeling double-layer capacitor behavior using ladder circuits

The double-layer capacitor (DLC) is a very complex device that is best represented by a distributed parameter system. Many different lumped-parameter equivalent circuits have been proposed for the DLC. An examination into utilizing a ladder circuit to model a DLC is presented. Parameters for different ladder circuits are determined from AC impedance data. Variations in circuit parameters with DC bias and manufacturing have been investigated. The performance of the ladder circuit has been evaluated in slow discharge and pulse load applications.     

U.S. Army battery needs-present and future

The purpose of this paper is to describe the needs of the U.S. Army for silent portable power sources, both in the near and longer term future. As a means of doing this, the programs of the Power Sources Division of the Army Research Laboratory are discussed. In carrying out these programs, the personnel of the Power Sources Division work closely with the Battery Management Office of the Army Materiel Command, which is located in the Logistics and Readiness Directorate of the Communication-Electronics Command (CECOM). We are also closely integrated with the Army Research Office, and the fuel cell personnel of the CECOM Research Development and Engineering Center (RDEC), and the battery personnel of the RDECs for the Tank and Automotive Command and the Missile Command. The six program areas discussed in which the Power Sources Division is engaged are: primary batteries, rechargeable batteries, reserve/fuze batteries, pulse batteries and capacitors, fuel cells, and thermophotovoltaic power generation     

过滤式阴极电弧沉积类金刚石薄膜工艺研究

研究了过滤式阴极电弧沉积系统的稳弧工艺参数,通过正交试验获得最佳稳弧参数。并且研究了弯管内置挡板对宏观粒子过滤效果的影响。采用喇曼光谱研究了偏压对生成的类金刚石薄膜性能的影响,证明－１００Ｖ偏压下获得的类金刚石薄膜有最佳的ＳＰ３含量。扫描电镜测试表明,在（１１１）硅基片上获得致密的膜,但在高速钢基体上沉膜堆积现象比较严重,不易获得优质类金刚石膜。同时也给出了类金刚石的原子力显微照片（ＡＦＭ）,表明稳弧参数对类金刚石薄膜表面形貌有较大的影响。     

Prismatic lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have demonstrated the ability to fulfill the energy storage needs of many new technologies. The most significant drawbacks of currently available technologies, such as LiCoO ₂ based Li-ion cells, is their high cost and significant environmental hazards. Li-ion cells which use a lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄) spinel based cathode material should be much less costly and safer than LiCoO₂ based cells. Performance data from prismatic design cells which use a LiMn₂O₄ based cathode material is presented and shown to meet many military performance criteria. The most significant drawback of this technology is the short cycle life     

Flywheel technology: past, present, and 21st century projections

This paper describes the present status of flywheel energy storage technology, or mechanical batteries, and discusses realistic future projections that are possible based on stronger composite materials and advancing technology. The origins and use of flywheel technology for mechanical energy storage began several hundred years ago and was developed throughout the Industrial Revolution. One of the first “modern” dissertations on the theoretical stress limitations of rotational disks (isotropic only) is the seminal work by A. Stodola whose first translation to English was made in 1917. The next big milestones were during the 1960s and 1970s when NASA sponsored programs proposed energy storage flywheels as possible primary sources for space missions. However, it was not until the 1980's when microelectronics, magnetic bearing systems and high power density motor-generators became enabling technologies. The next decade proved that a mechanical battery could surpass chemical batteries for many applications     

Advanced lithium ion solid polymer electrolyte battery development

Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space (LMMS), Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (UBI), Eagle Picher Technologies, LLC (EPT), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and Rentech, Inc. (RTI) are developing lithium ion solid polymer electrolyte (Li-ion SPE) batteries. Under a new Advanced Technology Program (ATP), this team will develop new high-energy density cells and batteries for space and portable electronics applications. These new batteries will utilize new high-energy density anode and cathode active materials developed by SNL and RTI. UBI will incorporate these new materials into an optimized Li-ion SPE electrode laminate. EPT will develop batteries for aerospace applications based on this electrode laminate technology while LMMS will design the battery charge management controller and provide system expertise     

航空轴承表面合成DLC薄膜的结构特征和滚动-接触疲劳物理模型

利用等离子体浸没离子注入与沉积（PIIID）复合强化技术,在AISI440C航空轴承钢表面合成了类金刚石碳（DLC）薄膜。Raman光谱分析揭示出所制备的DLC膜层主要是由金刚石键（sp³）和石墨键（sp²）组成的混合无定形碳膜,且sp³键含量大于10%。原子力显微镜（AFM）形貌表明,DLC膜层表面光滑,结构致密均匀,与基体结合良好。被处理薄膜试样在90%置信区间下的疲劳寿命L₁₀,L₅₀,特征疲劳寿命L_a和平均寿命较基体分别延长了10.1,4.2,3.5和3.6倍。ANSYS模拟结果显示,最大剪切应力出现在膜基结合处并且靠近膜层内部,最大值达到2 150 MPa。结合ANSYS模拟结果和扫描电镜（SEM）观察形貌分析发现,膜层内部存在的微观缺陷是滚动接触疲劳裂纹产生的诱因,循环载荷所形成的最大剪切应力和润滑油中污染颗粒的共同作用是疲劳磨坑最终形成的外在动力。建立了循环载荷条件下PIIID DLC/AISI440C轴承接触疲劳破坏的5阶段物理模型。     

基于Jacobi法可编程低通有源滤波器设计

给出了基于可编程跨导运算放大器(POTA)的有源滤波器设计方法．能在一定范围内实现跨导值程控调节，提高调节精度和准确度。并且利用Jacobi法求解相似对角形矩阵，避免解高次方程的问题。所设计的有源滤波电路不易受分布电容的影响，稳定性好、灵敏度低。给出了设计实例，显示了该方法的优点。     

类金刚石薄膜的微/纳米机械和摩擦性能

采用真空磁过滤等离子电弧沉积的方法在9Crl8钢上沉积不同厚度的DLC膜。为了检测成膜质量，在较宽的载荷范围内分别使用显微硬度、纳米压痕和划痕技术表征9Crl8钢和DLC／9Crl8的机械和摩擦性能。结果显示，9Crl8和DLC的纳米硬度和弹性模量分别为8GPa、250GPa和60GPa、600GPa，9Crl8、DLC和有机膜的摩擦系数分别为0．35、0．20和0．13。纳米压痕和划痕技术能为DLC／9Crl8提供丰富的近表面弹塑性变形和摩擦、磨损等信息。DLC／9Crl8的机械和摩擦性能的研究可以用来评估膜的承载和抗磨损性能。     

金属掺杂类金刚石薄膜研究进展

类金刚石薄膜(DLC)因具有优异的力学性能和摩擦学性能而受到广泛关注,但内应力高、热稳定性差等问题制约了它的应用和发展。将适量的金属掺入DLC薄膜中,由于金属与碳的键合作用不同,掺杂后形成的纳米晶或纳米金属碳化物颗粒具有高的活性,增加了晶界滑移,改善了薄膜结构,进而提高了薄膜的力学性能和摩擦学性能,为薄膜的应用和发展提供了新思路。对目前金属掺杂DLC薄膜的研究进行了综述,提出了未来一段时间内金属掺杂DLC薄膜的发展趋势。     

轴承钢等离子体基离子注碳复合改性层化学结构的研究

通过激光Ｒａｍａｎ光谱、Ｘ射线光电子谱以及电阻和显微硬度的测试，研究了ＧＣｒ１５钢及镀钛ＧＣｒ１５钢试样经乙等离子基离子注入所得表面改性层的化学结构。     

Life cycle testing of a sealed 24-V, 42-Ah nickel-cadmium aircraftbattery

Extensive research has been conducted in the design and manufacture of very long life sealed maintenance free nickel-cadmium aircraft batteries. This study presents data on a 100% depth of discharge (DOD) life test performed on a nominal capacity 42-Ah battery. The purpose of this study is to validate design concepts, determine the life characteristics of the newly designed sealed Ni-Cd batteries, and develop baseline information on failure rates and mechanisms. The data from this experiment can be used to compare depth of discharge versus battery life with similar tests such as the lower DOD experiments performed on spacecraft batteries. This information is important in the ongoing development of long life batteries and in developing failure models for life prediction     

Lithium micro-battery development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Recent successes in the effort to miniaturize spacecraft components using MEMS technology, integrated passive components, and low power electronics have driven the need for very low power, low profile, low mass micro-power sources for micro/nanospacecraft applications. Recent work at JPL has focused upon developing thin film/micro-batteries compatible with temperature sensitive substrates. A process to prepare crystalline LiCoO₂ films with RF sputtering and moderate (<700°C) annealing temperature has been developed. Thin film batteries with cathode films prepared with this process have specific capacities approaching the practical limit for LiCoO₂, with acceptable rate capabilities and discharge voltage profiles. Solid-state micro-scale batteries have also been fabricated with feature sizes on the order of 50 microns     

DLC 和CrN 薄膜在油润滑下的摩擦性能

采用闭合场非平衡直流磁控溅射技术和阴极电弧离子镀技术在轴承钢表面分别制备了DLC 和

CrN 薄膜,在全配方发动机油(CF-4,15W/40)润滑条件下,选择DLC/ 钢、CrN/ 钢摩擦配副,用SRV-IV 摩擦实

验机考察了25℃和100℃时DLC 与CrN 薄膜在不同载荷下的摩擦因数和磨损率,并对摩擦界面进行分析。结

果表明:DLC 和CrN 薄膜在油润滑条件下的摩擦因数都随着载荷的增加而降低;DLC 和CF-4 构成的固液复合

润滑体系具有更加优异的摩擦学性能;活性较高的CrN 薄膜与发动机油中的添加剂相互作用,在摩擦界面上

发生摩擦化学反应形成摩擦化学反应膜,并且薄膜表面形成的氧化层有利于提高薄膜在高温时的耐磨性。

     

Energy storage at 77 K in multilayer ceramic capacitors

A ceramic material having a large dielectric constant at 77 K, ε=8000-12000, has been developed for capacitive energy storage at this temperature. A large matrix of multilayer ceramic capacitors were fabricated using conventional tape-casting methods to optimize the dielectric breakdown strength at 77 K, and measured energy storage values on these capacitors range up to 6 J/cm³ at 77 K. An unfused bank of these capacitors was voltage-cycled 10⁵ times at 77 K without failure, and the heating effects during cycling were immeasurably small (i.e., nitrogen boiloff was monitored). An electrocaloric effect on discharge (ΔT~1 K) contributes to the thermal stability. Measurements of the frequency dependence of the dielectric properties of the ceramic at 77 K indicate a fundamental limit of about 8 μs for the switching repetition rate. Improved capacitor-manufacturing methods are discussed which can increase the energy density to the 20-30 J/cm³ range     

Space power-whats old is new again

The nation is presently seeking smaller and faster space missions that cost less. Furthermore, there is pressure to spin off technologies into the commercial sector as well as spin in technologies to the space program. In this environment, ideas that were dismissed in the past have come to the forefront again. This paper discusses high performance photovoltaic devices, solar dynamic systems, new batteries and power management and distribution schemes. Spin offs of power technologies are impacting aeronautical, terrestrial and naval applications as well. It is believed that interactions with terrestrial commercial industries will lead to deeper understanding of how to reduce space costs as well as increasing quality and reliability