先进直升机旋翼悬停状态气动性能计算

 为更好地模拟先进直升机旋翼流场,同时准确计算其悬停状态的气动性能,建立了一套基于Navier-Stokes/Euler方程的混合CFD方法。该方法的求解域由两部分组成：一是围绕旋翼桨叶周围的黏性区域,采用可压缩Navier-Stokes方程来模拟旋翼附近的黏性流动和近场尾涡的捕捉;二是离桨叶较远、黏性可以忽略的远场区域,用Euler方程来描述其流动。在该方法中,将三阶逆风格式（MUSCL）与通量差分分裂方法相结合,无需添加人工黏性,因而可有效地减少旋翼尾迹数值耗散。?阌诹鞒》智蠼庖约爸芷谛员呓缣跫氖凳?采用了嵌套网格方法,并给出旋翼网格与背景网格交界面的信息传递方式。应用所建立的计算方法,首先对二维翼型、三维M6机翼的流场进行了数值模拟,以验证计算方法;然后,着重计算了有实验结果可供对比的具有先进气动外形的HELISHAPE 7A模型旋翼和UH-60A直升机旋翼,通过计算得到旋翼表面压力分布、桨叶展向拉力系数分布、桨叶表面细节流动以及气动性能等,进一步验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于重叠网格技术和多重网格算法的悬停旋翼粘性绕流数值模拟

发展了一种基于重叠网格的多重网格算法,并应用于悬停旋翼粘性绕流的Navier-Stokes方程数值模拟.多重网格算法在重叠网格上实施主要面临如下两个问题:粗网格间几何关系的建立,即洞单元、边界单元的确定;洞边界存在的情况下如何进行粗细网格间流场信息的传递.本文针对以上问题给出了相应的解决方案.采用两层网格的V循环,应用有限体积法对一跨声速悬停旋翼粘性流场进行了数值计算.计算结果表明该多重网格方法可以显著加快悬停旋翼粘性流场数值解收敛速度,加速比约为3.     

用多重网格方法计算旋翼跨声速无粘流场

发展了一种加快悬停旋翼无粘流场计算收敛速度的多重网格方法。由于悬停旋翼流场中存在不可压区域，同时旋翼尾涡系统的发展需要较长的时间，使得旋翼流场的收敛速度远低于固定翼流场，因此研究旋翼流场的多重网格算法具有重要意义。空间离散格式采用了中心有限体积方法，时间推进应用了五步龙格-库塔法。采用3层网格的V循环，对一跨声速悬停旋翼无粘流场进行了数值计算。计算结果表明：尽管多重网格方法对旋翼流场的加速收敛作用不如对固定翼流场的加速收敛效果，但是多重网格方法仍然可以显著地加快旋翼流场收敛。     

High-resolution simulation for rotorcraft aerodynamics in hovering and vertical descending flight using a hybrid method

A high-resolution simulation tool for rotorcraft aerodynamics is developed by coupling CFD with a Vorticity Transport Model (VTM). An Eulerian-based CFD module is used to model the blade near body flowfield, and a Lagrangian-based VTM module is employed for vortex tracking in the far wake. The coupling procedure is implemented by transmitting vortex sources to the VTM module and feeding boundary conditions back to the CFD module. The presented CFD/VTM hybrid solver is firstly validated by hover cases of three different rotor configurations. Simulation results, including the blade surface pressure distribution, rotor downwash, and hover figure of merit, exhibit favorable correlations with available experimental data. Then, a rotor operated in vertical descending flight with a fixed collective pitch is investigated. It is shown that the CFD/VTM coupling method is suitable for rotor wake simulation. Wake instabilities (far wake breakdown in hover and toroidal wake pattern in the vortex ring state) are successfully demonstrated with a moderate computational cost.     

悬停旋翼无粘流场数值模拟中的多重网格方法

发展了一种基于不同空间离散格式的多重网格算法,并应用于悬停旋翼无粘绕流的Euler方程数值模拟。由于悬停旋翼流场中存在不可压区域,同时旋翼尾涡系统的发展需要较长的时间,使得旋翼流场的收敛速度远低于固定翼流场,因此研究旋翼流场的多重网格算法具有重要意义。空间离散采用了Roe s FDS格式和Jameson中心有限体积格式,时间推进应用了五步Runge-Kutta方法。采用多重网格V循环方式,对一跨声速悬停旋翼无粘流场进行了数值计算。计算结果表明:多重网格算法可以显著加速悬停旋翼无粘流场的数值计算收敛速度;无论在激波分辨率还是在计算精度上,Roe s FDS格式都优于JST格式。     

Panel/full-span free-wake coupled method for unsteady aerodynamics of helicopter rotor blade

A full-span free-wake method is coupled with an unsteady panel method to accurately predict the unsteady aerodynamics of helicopter rotor blades in hover and forward flight. The unsteady potential-based panel method is used to consider aerodynamics of finite thickness multi-bladed rotors, and the full-span free-wake method is applied to simulating dynamics of rotor wake. These methods are tightly coupled through trailing-edge Kutta condition and by converting doublet-wake panels to full-span vortex filaments. A velocity-field integration technique is also adopted to overcome singularity problem during the interaction between the rotor wake and blades. Helicopter rotors including Caradonna-Tung, UH-60A, and AH-1G rotors, are simulated in hover and forward flight to validate the accuracy of this approach. The predicted aerodynamic loads of rotor blades agree well with available measured data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results, and the unsteady dynamics of rotor wake is also well simulated. Compared to CFD, the present method obtains accurate results more efficiently and is suitable to rotorcraft aeroelastic analysis.     

悬停状态共轴刚性双旋翼非定常流动干扰机理

基于运动嵌套网格方法,建立了一套适合于悬停状态下共轴刚性双旋翼非定常干扰流场分析的计算流体力学(CFD)方法。首先,基于高效的运动嵌套网格技术,采用积分形式的可压雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为双旋翼非定常流场求解控制方程,湍流模型选用Baldwin-Lomax模型,时间推进采用双时间方法。在CFD方法的验证基础之上,对干扰过程中的桨尖涡涡核位置及强度演变规律进行了细致分析,揭示了共轴双旋翼非定常干扰流场中上、下旋翼桨尖涡与双旋翼桨叶之间的贴近干扰、碰撞现象,以及上、下旋翼桨尖涡之间的相互干扰机理。然后,进一步研究了不同总距角下的共轴旋翼系统中上、下旋翼的非定常气动特性以及影响规律。计算结果表明:上旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡会直接与下旋翼桨叶发生碰撞,导致下旋翼桨叶拉力损失;上旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡和下旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡相互干扰,改变了桨尖涡的强度和轨迹;上、下旋翼桨叶相互靠近时,上、下旋翼桨叶的拉力均会上升,之后相互远离时上、下旋翼桨叶拉力均会先下降再上升。     

基于黏性涡模型的旋翼流场数值方法

 建立了一种适用于旋翼非定常流场特性分析的黏性涡数值方法。在该方法中:流场中的大尺度涡被离散为若干微小的涡元,通过求解涡量-速度形式的Navier-Stokes方程模拟涡元的输运等过程;黏性扩散效应采用高精度的粒子强度交换法进行计算,而桨叶附着涡以及新生涡环量采用了Weissinger-L升力面理论进行求解;为显著提高计算效率,在诱导速度及其梯度的计算中还引入了快速多极子算法(FMM)。应用上述方法,对悬停和前飞状态下的多个旋翼流场算例进行了计算,通过对比旋翼尾迹涡量特征和诱导速度分布等,验证了该方法的有效性。此外,还将本方法与旋翼计算流体力学(CFD)方法及传统的自由尾迹方法进行了比较,结果表明黏性涡方法在兼顾效率的同时,还能够更好地捕捉旋翼尾迹运动。     

复杂旋翼流场的耦合欧拉-拉格朗日数值方法

针对影响旋翼流场求解精度的关键因素“桨叶复杂近体流动”和“尾迹涡畸变”,结合计算流体力学(CFD)方法和黏性涡方法,发展了一套适合于复杂旋翼涡流场分析的耦合欧拉-拉格朗日数值方法:为捕捉桨尖三维效应、激波等细节流场特征,在桨叶近体区域采用CFD方法对其进行求解;针对高雷诺数旋翼流场中桨尖涡的紧凑结构特点,引入黏性涡方法建立了高分辨率的尾迹求解模型;两计算域间的信息交换采用了集中涡源法和边界修正法.应用所建立的计算方法,以旋翼CFD标准验证试验(Caradonna-Tung旋翼)为算例,对尾迹影响明显的悬停状态进行了数值模拟,通过对比耦合边界处流场特征及桨叶表面压力系数分布,验证了方法的有效性.此外,还从旋翼尾迹捕捉精度、涡量耗散特征及计算时间等方面对不同计算方法进行了对比分析,结果表明耦合方法可充分发挥CFD和黏性涡方法各自的优点,在旋翼流场数值模拟方面具有独特的优势.     

直升机主,尾桨自由尾迹相互干扰的数值模拟

本文给出了一种新的旋翼和尾桨干扰的数值计算了方法,通过对常值直升机肇翼和尾桨自由尾迹相互干扰的数值模拟,给出了干扰对旋翼和尾桨非定常气动力以及相应的非定常尾迹几何形状的影响,数值结果表明,悬停时尾桨叶面非定常压力脉动主要是由于在旋翼下洗流的诱导下,尾桨与其自身尾涡于干扰引起的,随着旋翼和尾桨间距的增加,旋翼对尾桨气运特性的影响逐渐减弱。     

预测悬停旋翼跨音速流动的一种组合自由尾流/CFD方法

一种新的组合自由尾流 / CFD方法用于悬停旋翼流动的 CFD解中以考虑实际尾流的作用 .用文中描述的尾流分析方法研究了螺旋尖涡的运动 .首先从广义尾流模型开始 ,用半经验公式模化了涡核对旋翼尾流的作用 ;然后在环量收敛和尾迹收敛的条件下完成了自由尾迹计算 ;最后应用 Jameson有限体积龙格 -库塔推进格式求解了欧拉方程 .所得结果与相关文献和实验数据进行了比较     

第二代低阶面元法耦合自由尾迹计算旋翼桨叶气动载荷

采用第二代低阶面元法耦合自由尾迹预估修正法计算旋翼在轴流状态下的气动载荷。在计算中考虑桨叶的三维几何特性,采用矩形、三角形单位平面重构桨叶几何外形;桨叶尾迹采用全展尾迹,其中包括三圈自由尾迹(近尾迹)和四圈远尾迹;并利用桨叶翼型风洞试验数据对气动载荷进行粘性修正。通过和CFD方法进行对比分析,证明了所采用的计算方法的优点。     

Numerical analysis on noise of rotor with unconventional blade tips based on CFD/Kirchhoff method

A solver is developed aiming at efficiently predicting rotor noise in hover and forward flight. In this solver, the nonlinear near-field solutions are calculated by a hybrid approach which includes the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations based on a moving-embedded grid system and adaptive grid methodology. A combination of the third-order upwind scheme and flux-difference splitting scheme, instead of the second-order center-difference scheme which may cause larger wake dissipation, has been employed in the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The sound pressure data in the near field can be calculated directly by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and the sound propagation can be predicted by the Kirchhoff method. A harmonic expansion approach is presented for rotor far-field noise prediction, which gives an analytical expression for the integral function in the Kirchhoff formula. As a result, the interpolation process is simplified and the efficiency and accuracy of the interpolation are improved. Then, the high-speed impulsive (HIS) noise of a helicopter rotor at different tip Mach numbers and on different observers is calculated and analyzed in hover and forward flight, which shows a highly directional characteristic of the rotor HIS noise with a maximum value in the rotor plane, and the HSI noise weakens rapidly with the increasing of the directivity angle. In order to investigate the effects of the rotor blade-tip shape on its aeroacoustic characteristics, four kinds of blade tips are designed and their noise characteristics have been simulated. At last, a new unconventional CLOR-II blade tip has been designed, and the noise characteristics of the presented CLOR-II model rotor have been simulated and measured compared to the reference rotors with a rectangular or swept-back platform blade tip. The results demonstrate that the unconventional CLOR-II blade tip can significantly reduce the HSI noise of a rotor.     

直升机旋翼对尾桨非定常气动载荷的影响

悬停和侧滑状态的直升机主旋翼桨尖涡将穿透尾桨桨尖平面,由此导致尾桨非定常气动载荷发生明显变化。为更准确地模拟由主旋翼/尾桨干扰产生的尾桨非定常气动载荷变化,通过在面元压力项中增加由旋翼桨尖涡诱导的时变项,体现旋翼桨尖涡速度和几何时变对桨叶非定常压力的影响,同时采用涡面镜像法修正涡粒子法的黏性项,确保桨叶附近区域旋翼涡量守恒,建立旋翼尾迹对尾桨叶的非定常气动干扰模型,并耦合面元/黏性涡粒子法,构建直升机主旋翼/尾桨干扰下的尾桨非定常气动载荷分析方法。通过计算AH-1G旋翼桨叶非定常气动载荷特性,并与实验测量值、计算流体力学(CFD)计算结果对比,验证本文非定常气动干扰模型的有效性。随后基于NASA ROBIN(Rotor Body Interaction)模型分析悬停、侧风和60°右侧滑状态主旋翼对尾桨非定常气动载荷的影响,分析表明主旋翼尾迹对尾桨非定常气动载荷影响显著。悬停状态的主旋翼/尾桨干扰导致尾桨拉力平均值下降、非定常气动载荷显著增加;左侧风状态,主旋翼/尾桨干扰削弱尾桨"涡环"程度,显著增加尾桨拉力和非定常气动载荷;60°右侧滑状态,主旋翼/尾桨干扰导致尾桨拉力损失最大,且在低速侧滑状态出现尾桨拉力"迅速恢复"现象,尾桨非定常气动载荷幅值迅速增加。     

DDES方法在复杂旋翼流场计算中的应用

应用延迟脱体涡模拟（DDES）方法,进行了复杂分离流动旋翼流场的数值模拟研究。为控制计算规模,更好地模拟旋翼桨叶近壁面附近区域流动分离及远场尾迹发展,采用了贴体与背景自适应直角网格嵌套的网格系统;同时为提高计算速度,采用了基于分布式存储的数据并行模式,实现了贡献单元搜索、洞切割和流场计算的并行化。计算工作包含一个共轴双旋翼悬停和单旋翼下降状态,目的是分别讨论DDES方法在旋翼表面附近空间区域是否存在大范围分离时计算结果与雷诺平均Navier-Stokes结果之间的差异。计算表明,对于下降状态,DDES方法预测出了更强的尾迹区分离流动;对于桨叶表面基本为附着流动的双旋翼中等桨距角情况,两种方法预测的流场结构相似,仅在下旋翼桨叶气动力和旋翼桨根下方空间区域的诱导速度计算结果上存在微细差异。     

CFD simulation of helicopter rotor flow based on unsteady actuator disk model

Actuator Disks (AD) can provide characterizations of rotor wakes while reducing computational expense associated with modeling the fully resolved blades. This work presents an unsteady actuator disk method based on surface circulation distribution combined with empirical data, blade element theory and rotor momentum theory. The nonuniform circulation distribution accounts for 3D blade load effects, and in particular, tip loses. Numerical simulations were conducted for the isolated pressure sensitive paint model rotor blade in hover and forward flight using the HMB3 CFD solver of Glasgow University. Validation of CFD results in comparison with published numerical data was performed in hover, for a range of blade pitch angles using fully turbulent flow and the k-ω SST model. In forward flight, the vortex structures predicted using the unsteady actuator disk model showed configurations similar to the ones obtained using fully resolved rotor blades. Despite the reduced grid cells number, the CFD results for AD models captured well the main vortical structures around the rotor disk in comparison to the fully resolved cases.     

直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰状态非定常气弹载荷高精度预估

为准确计算直升机旋翼在复杂的桨-涡干扰(BVI)状态下的气弹载荷,在刚性旋翼计算流体力学方法中引入桨叶弹性变形的影响,建立了一套适合于弹性旋翼BVI状态气动特性分析的计算流体力学/计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)耦合方法.CFD模块对Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)/Euler方程进行求解,并采用双时间法推进和Baldwin-Lomax(B-L)湍流模型.CSD模块采用中等变形梁假设的有限元模型,通过Newmark-Beta方法求解桨叶运动方程.通过代数变换方法进行桨叶网格变形,并建立一个适于流场/结构信息交换的CFD/CSD耦合方法.在分别验证CFD和CSD模块的有效性的基础上,开展UH-60A直升机旋翼的BVI 状态载荷分析,并与飞行测试数据进行了对比.计算结果表明:相比于旋翼综合分析中的升力线理论和刚性旋翼CFD方法,耦合的CFD/CSD方法可以更准确地预测BVI状态气弹载荷,并有效地模拟桨叶前行侧方位角和后行侧方位角附近的BVI现象,对BVI导致的升力波动幅值和相位的计算结果均与试验值吻合良好.      

具有后掠桨尖的旋翼气动特性计算方法

基于直同定常飞行状态旋翼尾迹的周期特性,给出了计算旋翼自由尾迹的方法和公式。将该方法和桨叶二阶升力线模型结合,建立了一个新的适用于后掠、尖削及其组合形状的旋翼气动特性计算的分析模型。该模型,对后掠桨尖的ＵＨ－６０Ａ旋翼在悬停时的桨叶载荷分布进行了计算,恙相应的试验结果作了对比。对于尖削奖尖,以ＵＨ－１旋翼为算例同定常将其矩形桨尖改变为尖削形状,通过矩形和尖削计算结果的对比,分析了尖削对旋翼气动特性     

旋翼桨叶绕流Euler方程数值模拟

本研究应用格心格式有限体积法求解欧拉方程,模拟绕旋翼浆叶的流动。旋翼尾流的作用通过自由尾流分析来求解局部的诱导下洗速度以修正翼型攻角。选择O—H型式生成弦向和展向网格。通过算例计算为进一步寻求有效的Euler或NS方程数值解积累了经验。     

前行桨叶概念旋翼气动弹性响应分析

基于CFD/CSD松耦合策略,建立了前行桨叶概念（ABC）旋翼气动弹性分析方法.CFD计算中以非定常Euler/N-S方程为控制方程,通过动态重叠网格及动网格方法实现桨叶的运动及变形;桨叶结构模型通过中等变形梁理论得到;CFD和CSD数据每隔一个旋转周期交换一次.以XH-59A直升机为例,对不同前飞速度下的旋翼效率进行了分析,计算结果与试验值吻合良好.然后对旋翼振动载荷、桨尖间距、升力偏移量及桨叶载荷进行了分析,研究了前飞速度、旋翼交叉角、提前操纵角等参数对上述动力学性能的影响.该文方法具有很好的分析精度和工程适用性,分析结果可为前行桨叶概念旋翼设计提供重要参考.