一种自主飞行的小型无人机系统设计

介绍了小型无人机系统的总体结构,分析了无人机的结构设计和算法,阐述了弹射起飞系统和伞降着陆系统的设计原理,采用嵌入式系统和GPS设计无人机的飞行姿态控制、导航控制、任务控制系统和数据链,实现了空中机器人的自主飞行。     

用改进的准线性平差法实现GPS辅助无人机对地定位

以无人机对地定位为应用背景,在GPS辅助确定机载摄像机光心位置条件下,用改进的准线性平差法从序列图象求解地面目标点的三维位置。首先简要介绍经典平差法和准线性平差法,然后详细阐述了改进的准线性平差法原理、实现步骤,并用仿真数据和真实图象进行了验证。结果表明,改进的准线性平差法不仅对定位精度有所提高,而且降低了计算量,提高了计算速度。如果运用于GPS辅助无人机获取的图象分析,可实现实时对地定位和基于视觉的导航、着陆等。     

一种着陆视觉导航P3P问题的解法

P3P问题是机器视觉领域的经典问题,其多解的排除与唯一解的确定是研究热点。针对飞行器着陆过程中机载视觉设备跑道成像的特点,提出了一种着陆视觉导航P3P问题唯一解的求解方法。该方法首先通过机场跑道的3条边线计算相对姿态,再根据直线方程求解相对位置,最终完成飞行器与跑道之间6个自由度参数的唯一确定。     

基于视觉信息的无人机自主着陆过程姿态角简化计算方法

研究了一种基于地平面算法的无人机着陆过程中姿态角估算的改进方法。通过地面坐标系到摄像机坐标系的转换矩阵、机体坐标系到摄像机坐标系的变换矩阵、机体坐标系到地面坐标系的变换矩阵求解,确定无人机的姿态信息;利用无人机着陆过程中跑道的图像地平线和跑道数据等特征提取,在获取摄像机姿态角的基础上,计算无人机的滚转角和俯仰角,用跑道特征来估算无人机偏航角;通过矩阵变换解算出无人机的姿态角,并通过仿真进行了实验验证。该方法对摄像机的安装位置没有特殊的要求,解除了传统方法对摄像机安装位置的限制,简化了无人机姿态信息的求解方法。     

利用GPS/INS导引飞机精密进场的数值仿真研究

建立了飞机进场的数学模型和导航观测器模型;确定了导引飞机精密进场的最优控制;以Airbus-300为例,给出了稳定的着陆窗口;计算了在GPS的各种定位精度范围内,从着陆窗口内开始着陆的飞机所能达到的等级;研究了GPS采样周期对飞机着陆精度的影响;分析了大气紊流和常值侧风对飞机着陆精度的影响。从计算和数值仿真结果得出了一些初步结论。     

基于合作目标和视觉的无人飞行器全天候自动着陆导引关键技术

 GPS受他国控制和易受干扰对基于该导航系统的无人飞行器导航和着陆具有潜在危险,为了使其安全自动着陆,提出通过在着陆跑道(广场或公路)上预设具有受控发射红外光的地面合作目标,实现无人飞行器的视觉全天候自动精确着陆新技术。首先研究得到切实可行的工作过程;然后研制了合作目标,通过理论分析和实验得出,无论能见度高低,8~12 μm中远红外视觉系统探测到的合作目标图像质量远优于可见光视觉系统,研究得到合作目标和背景的温差在170~200 ℃时,成像效果最好。在识别研究中发现,基于传统的不变矩算法对合作目标的识别可靠性稍差,为了进一步准确地识别合作目标,又提出了基于方向链码的合作目标识别算法,该方法的耗时为不变距的96%,但是识别的可靠性比前者有显著提高。     

基于自适应联邦滤波的相对导航信息融合

针对基于GPS/MV组合导航方式的无人机空中加油问题,分析了对接阶段GPS及视觉传感器存在的条件约束。在建立导航传感器非线性相对位置测量模型的基础上,设计了基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的自适应联邦滤波器,并与集中式滤波进行了对比仿真。结果表明,提出的算法保证了部分传感器失效时导航数据输出的平稳性和容错性,滤波精度完全满足无人机空中加油相对导航系统要求。     

基于视觉的无人机自主着陆方法研究

本文针对无人机着陆的问题给出了一种基于视觉的自主着陆方法。通过对飞机动力学、图像信号、控制器进行线性化建模,详细分析了该方法的原理和工作过程.并在仿真中建立简化的环境.以某种飞机模型为试验对象.进行了仿真试验。试验结果表明该方法具有较好的精度,可以实现无人机的自主着陆。     

计算机视觉在无人机着陆中的应用

介绍了计算机视觉的定义和视觉系统的软硬件组成，总结了视觉导航在旋翼无人机着陆方面的研究现状，并对视觉导航在固定翼无人机着陆中的应用给予初步分析和介绍。     

GPS、MLS进近着陆性能比较

本文从着陆的定位精度，完善性，灵活性，可利用性比较了卫星导航全球定位系统（GPS）和微波着陆系统（MLS）在着陆性能上的差异，指出使用C／A码GPS目前还不满足精密进近着陆的要求，也不能完全取代MLS。GPS用于航路导航的技术日臻成熟，提高GPS用户设备精度，引导飞机精度密进近着陆，已成为GPS应用的热点和高技术。发展自己的卫星导航系统，GPS最终才有可能取代现有的陆基导航设备，完成通信，导航和监视系统（CNS）从陆基向星基的转移。     

Real-time drogue recognition and 3D locating for UAV autonomous aerial refueling based on monocular machine vision

Drogue recognition and 3D locating is a key problem during the docking phase of the autonomous aerial refueling(AAR). To solve this problem, a novel and effective method based on monocular vision is presented in this paper. Firstly, by employing computer vision with red-ring-shape feature, a drogue detection and recognition algorithm is proposed to guarantee safety and ensure the robustness to the drogue diversity and the changes in environmental conditions, without using a set of infrared light emitting diodes(LEDs) on the parachute part of the drogue. Secondly, considering camera lens distortion, a monocular vision measurement algorithm for drogue 3D locating is designed to ensure the accuracy and real-time performance of the system,with the drogue attitude provided. Finally, experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results show the performances of the entire system in contrast with other methods, which validates that the proposed method can recognize and locate the drogue three dimensionally, rapidly and precisely.     

Using natural features for vision based navigation of an indoor-VTOL MAV

The use of natural features for vision based navigation of an indoor Vertical-Take-Off-and-Landing (VTOL) Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) named Air-Quad is presented. Air-Quad is a small four-rotor helicopter developed at the ITE.Such a helicopter needs reliable attitude information. The measurements of the used MEMS gyroscopes and accelerometers are corrupted by strong noise. To be useful, the MEMS sensors have to be part of an integrated navigation system with aiding through complementary sensors like GPS or the computer vision module presented here.In the computer vision module, feature points are detected and tracked through the image sequence. The relative rotation and translation of the camera are estimated using the two-dimensional motion of the feature points.The three-dimensional points in the scene are modeled with the image coordinates of their first sighting and their inverse depths. Only these inverse depths are estimated for the feature points. An efficient sparse bundle adjustment algorithm is used to improve the estimation of the scene structure and the navigation solution.It is shown that the use of the computer vision module greatly improves the navigation solution compared to a solution based only on MEMS sensors.     

一种面向叉耳式翼身对接的视觉测量方法

针对某型叉耳式翼身对接飞机在外场拆卸重装等特殊环境下,激光跟踪仪因现场环境等原因难以放置到满足测量精度要求的位置上进行直接测量的问题,提出一种基于视觉的直接测量方法。并搭建出该测量系统的模型,分析建立视觉测量系统所涉及到的关键技术,同时给出一种基于弧段组合的椭圆检测方法。最终通过模拟叉耳孔对接测量试验验证该方法的可行性。试验结果表明叉耳孔轴线间隙距离测量精度可达0.03mm,轴线角度测量精度达到0.025°,满足实际对接测量要求。     

差分GPS的原理和实现方法

GPS卫星无线电导航系统预计在1995年投入正式运行。GPS信号中的P码仅供美军和特别用户使用,C/A码则向全世界民用开放。C/A码受选择可用性(SA)影响,导航静度下降到一个适当水平。为提高GPS定位精度,各国都争相研究差分GPS(DGPS)。本文从GPS误差入手,主要就DGPS原理和实现方法进行讨论。     

Spacecraft orbit determination using GPS navigation solutions

The orbit determination using the GPS navigation solutions for the KOMPSAT-1 spacecraft has been studied. The Cowell method of special perturbation theories was employed to develop a precision orbit propagation, and the perturbations due to geopotential, the gravity of the Sun and the Moon, solid Earth tides, ocean tides, the Earth's dynamic polar motion, solar radiation pressure, and atmospheric drag were modeled. Specifically, the satellite box-wing macro model was applied to minimize the drag errors at low altitude. The estimation scheme consisted of an extended Kalman filter and Bayesian least square method. To investigate the applicability of the method to the KOMPSAT-1 spacecraft, the orbit determination was accomplished using the GPS navigation solutions for the TOPEX/POSEIDON and TAOS satellites. The orbit determination results were compared with NASA POE generated by global laser tracking. The position and velocity accuracy was estimated about 16∼7 m and 0.0157∼0.0074 m·s⁻¹ RMS, respectively, for the two satellites in the presence of SA. These results verify that an orbit determination scheme using GPS navigation solutions can provide the static orbit information and reduce conspicuously the position and velocity errors of navigation solutions. It can be suggested that the sequential and batch orbit determination using the GPS navigation solutions be the most appropriate method in the KOMPSAT-1 type mission.     

民机首飞空速校准问题研究

中国商飞试飞中心，上海 201323) ： 民机首飞空速校准问题直接影响首飞安全，得到了相关从业者的普遍重视，然而系统性的研究多局限于各公司内部。通过对首飞空速校准的意义进行总结，对拖锥法、伴飞法和GPS四边法等常见的首飞空速校准的方法进行系统性介绍，并基于实际工作经验给出了针对空速校准，在首飞准备、首飞任务设计、首飞安全保障以及首飞机组训练等方面的建议。此外，针对国内民机首飞的实际特点，提出了一种改进的GPS空速校准方法，给出了改进的GPS空速校准法的具体试飞方法、数据处理方法，对该方法的误差来源进行了分析，并将该方法与其他传统方法进行了对比。结果表明，该方法不需要专门的试飞动作和测试改装，可以节省宝贵的首飞时间，同时大大降低实施的难度，可供其它民机型号首飞工作参考。     

三维激光成像系统构像点定位误差分析方法

三维激光成像系统是一种包含激光扫描仪、惯性导航系统（SINS）、全球定位系统（GPS）等多种先进技术的复杂系统。影响三维激光成像系统构像点定位精度的因素有扫描仪测距误差、扫描角误差、姿态测量误差、GPS定位误差、系统集成误差。在三维激光成像系统设计开始时需要确定各分系统的技术指标,这需要确定上述各误差项对构像点定位精度的影响大小。为了确定上述各误差大小与构像点定位误差之间的量化关系,研究了一种三维激光成像系统误差分析方法,推导了系统误差方程。通过试验验证,该方法能够准确确定各误差项对构像点定位误差的影响,为系统设计时对各分系统提出合理技术指标提供理论支持。     

Navigation system of pilotless aircraft via GPS

The pilotless aircraft has wide applications in measuring earth, surveying mineral sources, fireproofing in the forest, observing floods and so on. In this paper, after briefly introducing positioning and navigation technologies for pilotless aircraft-a new kind of navigation system for pilotless aircraft using GPS (Global Positioning System) is presented. An overall plan of the navigation system is discussed, and its technology cruxes are analysed. Its hardware and software are designed and implemented, and experimental results are given. The navigation system not only has autonomous navigation capability, but can also achieve navigation aided by telecontrol system. It can supervise flying by telemetering system and displaying predetermined air line and flight path maps on the computer monitor. It can run in simple GPS receiver mode or in the differential GPS mode by means of available telecontrol channel. These are, no doubt, of great value for the navigation of pilotless aircraft