Sole means navigation in US Navy aircraft

The current edition of the US Federal Radionavigation Plan, issued in 1984, presents a consolidated federal plane on the management of those radionavigation systems which are used by both the civilian and military sectors. It states the US Dept. of Defense (DoD) goal to phase out the use of TACAN, VOR/DME, OMEGA, LORAN C, and TRANSIT in military platforms and for Global Positioning System (GPS) to become the standard radionavigation system for DoD. This would eliminate all the current sole-means air navigation systems (TACAN and VOR/DME) aboard military aircraft. Instrument Flight Rule (IFR) operations within controlled airspace requires an operating sole-means air navigation system to be aboard the aircraft. The authors investigate the requirements for GPS certification as a sole means air navigation system in the US National Airspace System (NAS); discuss the implication for GPS user equipment (UE) hardware and software; describe the actual UE implementation; and discuss approaches for UE integration with flight instruments on US Navy aircraft     

A maintenance-free lead acid battery for inertial navigationsystems aircraft

Historically, aircraft inertial navigation system (INS) batteries have utilized vented nickel-cadmium batteries for emergency DC power. The United States Navy and Air Force developed separate systems during their respective INS developments. The Navy contracted with Litton industries to produce the LTN-72 and Air Force contracted with Delco to produce the Carousel IV INS for the large cargo and specialty aircraft applications, over the years, a total of eight different battery national stock numbers (NSNs) have entered the stock system along with 75 battery spare part NSNs. The standard hardware acquisition and reliability program is working with the Aircraft Battery Group at Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division, Naval Air Systems Command (AIR 536), Wright Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, and Concorde Battery Corporation to produce a standard INS battery. This paper discusses the approach taken to determine whether the battery should be replaced and to select the replacement chemistry. The paper also discusses the battery requirements, aircraft that the battery is compatible with, and status of Navy flight evaluation. Projected savings in avoided maintenance in Navy and Air Force INS systems is projected to be $14.7 million per year with a manpower reduction of 153 maintenance personnel. The new INS battery is compatible with commercially sold INS systems which represents 66% of the systems sold     

Polar ionospheric disturbance effects on NNSS satellite positioning

From the analysis of the United States Navy navigation satellite system (NNSS) positioning data of about 10000 passes, it is clearly found that polar ionospheric disturbance affects the positioning. The positioning error increases with increasing geomagnetic disturbance level (local K-index), and the pass number of position fixes decreases by one or two per day when the K-index is large. These effects may arise from the spatial gradients of electron density and/or the radio wave scattering due to well-developed ionospheric irregularities inherent to the disturbed auroral ionosphere     

用于定位导航授时微终端的SoC系统设计

为了解决遮挡情况下的实时定位问题，美国提出了Micro-PNT方案，我国也提出了定位导航授时微终端(Micro Positioning Navigation and Timing Terminal，MPNTT)方案。定位导航授时微终端集成了卫星导航系统、微惯性测量单元、微型原子钟及处理器系统，可为终端用户提供精确可用、完好及时、连续安全的定位导航服务。介绍了一种用于定位导航授时微终端的SoC系统设计，其包括了基于SoC FPGA的硬件设计和基于GNSS/MIMU的组合导航滤波算法。SoC系统集成了FLASH、SSRAM等存储芯片，通过RS422、RS232、CAN等通信接口接收GNSS、MIMU及外源传感器信息，并在ARM核中完成组合导航算法，以得到导航结果。SoC芯片单片实现了ARM与FPGA的功能，系统集成面积满足小型化需求，为后续移植为ASIC芯片提供了基础。对组合导航滤波算法进行嵌入式软件移植并测试，结果表明：SoC系统单次惯导解算时间为7ms，实测与仿真输出的导航位置差距在0.05m以内，俯仰角差和横滚角差在0.005°以内，航向角差在0.05°以内。本文设计的SoC系统高精度、集成化、可扩展，满足了微终端的要求。     

美国导航战新进展与启示

针对卫星导航系统的脆弱性,美国首先提出了导航战的概念。近几年来,美国密集制定了多项有关导航战的政策文件,不断丰富和发展导航战理论与技术,同时将导航战加入到作战演习和部分实战中。从梳理导航战技术现状入手,进而阐述了美国导航战条令与政策的最新进展,分析了近年来美国导航战演习与作战应用实践,最后总结并提出了美国导航战发展启示。     

The Soviet Union's GLONASS Navigation Satellites

GLONASS (Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System) is the most recent satellite navigation system developed by the Soviet Union and currently in the pre-operational stage. Obvious parallels exist between GLONASS and the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) developed in the United States and also, at present, in a pre-operational phase. In the progress towards operational status, the launch capability for NAVSTAR satellites has been seriously affected by the recent failure of the Space Shuttle Challenger, clearly increasing the prospects of GLONASS reaching operational status first. It is therefore the main purpose of this paper to discuss certain aspects of the GLONASS satellite navigation system, in particular its orbital features and radio-frequency signal characteristics. Comparisons with NAVSTAR are inevitable and for this reason, the paper begins with a brief resume of relevant features of the NAVSTAR GPS system for later reference. The main section of the paper then deals with orbital behaviour, radio frequency signal structure and channelisation using NAVSTAR as a reference point for discussion.     

International HARM precision navigation upgrade - a GPS/INS missile upgrade that improves effectiveness and minimizes friendly-fire accidents

The high speed anti-radiation missile (HARM) is an air-to-surface tactical missile designed to seek and destroy enemy radar-equipped air defense systems. Unfortunately, the HARM is "no respecter of persons," and it has been known, most notably during the Gulf War, to attack "friendly" targets. The international HARM upgrade project is a tri-national missile technology project sponsored by the United States, Italian, and German governments. The HARM precision navigation upgrade (PNU) program has as its goal, the development and installation of a PNU into the HARM that will improve the weapon's effectiveness, while nearly eliminating the likelihood of fratricide. The precision navigation system consists of a modern selective availability anti-spoofing module (SAASM) based Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, and an inertial measurement unit (IMU), consisting of state-of-the-art fiber optic gyros and a modern micro-machined accelerometer triad.     

U. S. Navy in Space: Past, Present, and Future

The announcement last summer of the establishment of the U. S. Navy Space Command, and its subsequent activation at Dahlgren, Va., in October 1983, may have come as a surprise to some. This, however, was the latest of a series of actions taken by the Department of the Navy over the last several years to consolidate the Navy's space efforts. In fact, since the beginning of the Space Age, the Navy has been interested in space and involved in space-related activities. Its contributions in space science and technology have been significant. Driven by a realization that space assets are exceptionally well matched to its global mission, the Navy has become a major user of space. Primary areas of current activity include command, control, and communication and navigation and collection of environmental information. The Navy's operational use of space systems, the nature of the evolving Soviet threat (both air and space) directed in a large measure at U. S. naval targets, and the recent advances made in space technology, all argue for an increased level of Navy involvement in future Department of Defense space activities to secure Navy interests. As viewed by Navy decision-makers, this increased level of involvement will be selective in nature, emphasizing space research and development and operations that are considered vital to Navy interests.     

Statistical estimation of navigation errors

An algorithm for estimating navigation system accuracy without the use of so-called ground truth data is presented. The estimates are expressed in terms of system covariance matrices and relative bias vectors; if one of the systems is a dead-reckoning (DR) or inertial system, the algorithm also estimates drift rate parameters. A summary of tests with US Navy ships backs up the results of Monte Carlo testing. The algorithm should also have applications outside the field of navigation     

Space and Maritime Strategy

A globally deployed Navy requires and uses space systems and services. Specific mission support areas of communications, navigation, environmental data, and surveillance are discussed in terms of requirements and program developments. Navy role in pioneering space systems combined with threat assessment validates Navy position of space system acquisition and operation in the future.     

2019年国外导航技术发展综述

近年来,国外导航技术的发展呈现出多系统融合的发展态势,结合2019年国外导航技术的发展动态,对美国、欧盟、俄罗斯、印度等国家和地区的卫星导航、惯性导航、天文导航、视觉导航、数据库匹配导航、仿生导航、量子导航和全源导航等技术发展现状进行了总结分析,并对相关技术发展进行了展望。     

Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyro Technology (IFOG)

Life cycle cost containment of the Strategic Weapons System (SWS), without loss of ultra high performance, is a very important goal of the entire Navy Strategic Systems Program community. Boeing is responding by guiding large advances in the state-of-the-art of fiber optic gyro technology and developing a new associated navigation system. All of the very stringent Strategic Weapons System (SWS) performance, reliability, and maintainability requirements continue to be exceeded by the Electrostatically Supported Gyro Navigator (ESGN). The Electrostatically Supported Gyro (ESG), in production for over 25 years, is the most critical and costly component of the current inertial navigation system. ESGs, however, are extremely expensive to manufacture and repair. Furthermore, the system-level electronic components are difficult to replace because they are rapidly becoming obsolete. The current initiative is focused on containing total ownership costs, especially maintenance costs, without any relaxation of performance, reliability, or maintainability requirements. The key element of this initiative is new gyro technology based on rapidly improving precision Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyro IFOG performance, along with cost reduction of fiber and manufacturing processes. This paper discusses the challenges and the approach currently being taken to further the development of high precision IFOG technology and its associated inertial navigation system for application to the SSBN     

半球谐振陀螺技术

半球谐振陀螺是一种基于哥式效应的固体波动陀螺,具有高精度、长寿命、高可靠性的优势,是未来陀螺的重要方向,国内外均开展了半球谐振陀螺的相关研究。本文对美国、俄罗斯、法国以及国内的半球谐振陀螺研究历程、技术及应用现状进行了介绍,在半球谐振陀螺技术发展过程中存在着加工制造难度大、动态范围小以及全角模式下存在角速度测量阈值等技术瓶颈,亟需突破高Q值材料、两件套陀螺加工制造以及全角模式控制等关键技术研究。半球谐振陀螺的未来发展方向包括高精度、大动态、低成本以及轻质小型化等,在航天、航海、战略战术武器等诸多领域上,半球谐振陀螺都将有着良好的应用前景。     

Military qualification of a high-reliability, light-weight 24 V/30Ah aircraft battery

The United States Navy has flown Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries (VRLA) for approximately 18 years. The first VRLA aircraft batteries were cylindrical cell design and evolved to a prismatic design to save weight, volume, and to increase rate capability. This paper discusses the next generation of the VRLA aircraft battery. The HORIZON composite grid VRLA design reduces weight, increases high rate performance, and is expected to increase service life. This paper discusses the weight reduction over the present 30 Ah prismatic VRLA aircraft battery design; improvements in high rate engine start performance, and present status of the development effort. Finally, the paper discusses the applications for the 30 Ah composite grid VRLA aircraft battery, and shows the future application opportunities for light-weight VRLA, both in the military and commercially     

基于双星系统的卫星几何学精密定轨方法研究

双星导航系统的建立，为我国实现自主的卫星天基测控技术提供了可能。同时由于其全天候、全天时、相对定轨精度高等特点可望成为一种低、中轨卫星精密定轨的有效手段。但由于双星系统中静止卫星数目仅有两颗，要得到低、中轨卫星的三维定位信息，还需要额外的第三维观测量。本文根据双星系统的现状，结合国内对低、中轨卫星精密定轨的要求，提出了一种基于双星系统的卫星几何学精密定轨的方法，概述了其基本原理及其组成，给出了卫星定轨的方法和数学模型，同时根据数据仿真分析了该定轨系统的定轨精度，为下一步工程实现提供了理论基础。     

NAVSAT: A Global Satellite Based Navigation System

The NAVSAT concept, developed by the European Space Agency, in close cooperation with the industries and user organizations has been conceived to fulfill the civilian user requirements for a better navigation capability and mobile communication needs in the future. In selecting the NAVSAT architecture, special care has been devoted to different satellite constellation alternatives in order to identify the most promising solution in terms of navigation performance and system cost. The paper describes the present NAVSAT baseline and status. This baseline while offering precise navigation performance comparable or better than GPS, cuts significantly the overall cost of a satellite navigation system. The particular constellation selected is also easing the set up of the integrated navigation-communications-search and rescue service.     

旋转三子样高精度捷联惯性导航算法

针对捷联惯导系统高精度导航的需求,以螺旋理论为基础,采用螺旋补偿三子样推导出对偶四元数所表示的捷联惯导算法,并同时对载体的姿态、速度、位置进行更新,并以四阶截断三角级数近似三角函数进行对偶四元数更新和螺旋矢量更新。仿真和跑车实验结果表明：螺旋三子样捷联惯性导航算法的导航精度比一般四元数算法提高约15%,为相关领域的研究与实际应用提供参考。     

TLS—一种新的着陆系统

应答着陆系统是一种基于应答机的精密进近着陆系统,是FAA认可的Ⅰ类精密进近的导航系统,满足ICAO要求的精度标准.本文介绍了系统的组成、配置和工作流程,分析了系统的测角、测距原理和方法,阐述了系统的应用特点和主要性能,为导航系统的发展奠定了基础.     

惯导系统误差自补偿技术发展综述

提高精度与降低成本是惯性技术发展永恒的主题,误差自补偿技术是符合该主题的重要研究方向之一。惯导系统可通过其特有的旋转机构及其周期性运动,实现惯性仪表误差的自动补偿,从而达到提高系统精度和降低系统成本的目的。论文在综合分析国内外大量相关资料的基础上,重点对国外惯导误差自补偿技术的起源、发展和应用情况进行了研究分析,同时对国内数家单位的研究工作也进行了总结,供该领域研究工作者参考。     

卫星授时与时间传递技术进展

近年来,卫星导航技术发展迅速.卫星导航系统以精密时间测量技术为基础,实现了伪距测量,进而实现定位.同时,卫星导航系统还提供了高精度授时功能.综述了卫星导航系统的授时和时间频率传递技术、基于通信卫星的授时技术以及双向卫星时间频率传递(TWSTFT)技术等.随着我国北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的建成和提供服务,BDS授时应用研究正在快速发展.基于BDS/GNSS多系统的精密单点定位(PPP)时间传递技术已成为重点研究方向,未来将会应用于国际时间比对.同时,随着卫星通信技术尤其是低轨通信卫星技术的快速发展,低轨通信卫星授时会成为一个有潜力的研究方向.