Guidance law with impact time and impact angle constraints

A novel closed-form guidance law with impact time and impact angle constraints is pro- posed for salvo attack of anti-ship missiles, which employs missile’s normal acceleration (not jerk) as the control command directly. Firstly, the impact time control problem is formulated as tracking the designated time-to-go (the difference between the designated impact time and the current flight time) for the actual time-to-go of missile, and the impact angle control problem is formulated as tracking the designated heading angle for the actual heading angle of missile. Secondly, a biased proportional navigation guidance (BPNG) law with designated heading angle constraint is constructed, and the actual time-to-go estimation for this BPNG is derived analytically by solving the system differential equations. Thirdly, by adding a feedback control to this constructed BPNG to eliminate the time-to-go errorthe difference between the standard time-to-go and the actual time-to-go, a guidance law with adjustable coefficients to control the impact time and impact angle simultaneously is developed. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the performance and feasibility of the proposed approach.     

Recursive time-to-go estimation for homing guidance missiles

This paper addresses the problem of computing accurate time-to-go estimates, which is an important issue in implementing various optimal guidance laws developed for missiles of time-varying velocity. A recursive time-to-go computation method which updates the time-to-go in a noniterative way is presented. The recursive method includes an error compensation feature which explicitly computes the time-to-go error produced by nonzero initial heading errors. The proposed method is simple and straightforward to implement for any missile velocity profiles. Various numerical examples show that the proposed method works effectively for optimal guidance laws as well as proportional navigation and augmented proportional navigation     

Passive ranging of a low observable ballistic missile in agravitational field

In this paper we present an estimation algorithm for tracking the motion of a low-observable target in a gravitational field, for example, an incoming ballistic missile (BM), using angle-only measurements. The measurements, which are obtained from a single stationary sensor, are available only for a short time. Also, the low target detection probability and high false alarm density present a difficult low-observable environment. The algorithm uses the probabilistic data association (PDA) algorithm in conjunction with maximum likelihood (ML) estimation to handle the false alarms and the less-than-unity target detection probability. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) in clutter, which quantifies the best achievable estimator accuracy for this problem in the presence of false alarms and nonunity detection probability, is also presented. The proposed estimator is shown to be efficient, that is, it meets the CRLB, even for low-observable fluctuating targets with 6 dB average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For a BM in free flight with 0.6 single-scan detection probability, one can achieve a track detection probability of 0.99 with a negligible probability of false track acceptance     

基于鲁棒扩展卡尔曼滤波的双目视觉测量相对导航技术研究

针对非合作目标相对导航问题,为提高相对导航的精度和可靠性,采用双目视觉测量方法实现追踪器与目标器之间相对状态的测量,并基于鲁棒扩展卡尔曼滤波方法,提出了一种鲁棒相对导航滤波方法。仿真结果表明,该方法对相对导航系统模型中的不确定性具有良好的鲁棒性,且滤波精度较高。     

Three-dimensional cooperative guidance laws against stationary and maneuvering targets

This paper presents the cooperative strategies for salvo attack of multiple missiles based on the classical proportional navigation(PN) algorithm.The three-dimensional(3-D) guidance laws are developed in a quite simple formulation that consists of a PN component for target capture and a coordination component for simultaneous arrival.The centralized algorithms come into effect when the global information of time-to-go estimation is obtained, whereas the decentralized algorithms have better performance when each missile can only collect information from neighbors.Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed coordination algorithms are feasible to perform the cooperative engagement of multiple missiles against both stationary and maneuvering targets.The effectiveness of the 3-D guidance laws is also discussed.     

Impact time control using biased proportional navigation for missiles with varying velocity

A feasible guidance scheme with impact time constraint is proposed for attacking a stationary target by missiles with time-varying velocity. The main idea is to replace the constant velocity with the future mean velocity; therefore, the existing time-to-go estimation algorithm of the proportional navigation guidance law can be improved to adapt to varying conditions. In order to obtain the prediction of the velocity profile, the velocity differential equation to the downrange is derived, which can be numerically integrated between the current downrange and the target position by the on-board computer. Then, a third-order polynomial is introduced to fit the velocity profile in order to calculate the future mean velocity. At the beginning of each guidance loop, the future mean velocity is predicted and the time-to-go information is updated, based on which a novel biased proportional navigation guidance law is established to achieve the impact time constraint. Finally, numerical simulation results verified the effectiveness of the time-to-go estimation algorithm and the proposed law.     

导弹协同作战飞行时间裕度

 基于导弹协同作战任务规划系统进行合理任务分配的需求,研究了导弹可以修正控制飞行时间的裕度。根据导弹-目标在视线坐标系和角动量坐标系下的运动关系,得出了导弹相对于目标的加速度,并基于此给出了导弹剩余飞行时间的估算方法;当前时刻导弹剩余飞行时间的估算值与已经飞行的时间以及任务规划系统指定的期望到达时间构成时间反馈作用,用于修正控制导弹到达目标的最终飞行时间。由于真比例导引律在工程实现和解析运算中具有一定的优势,选择在真比例制导加速度的视线方向施加时间反馈控制作用,进而得出了基于真比例导引律的导弹协同作战飞行时间控制导引律;最后重点研究了在该时间控制导引律的作用下,存在导弹的飞行速度限制以及弹目相对运动约束时,导弹飞行过程中任一时刻对应解析形式的可控飞行时间的裕度。仿真结果表明,本文的设计合理可行,对于多弹协同作战的实现具有重要意义。     

Efficient and accurate online estimation algorithm for zero-effort-miss and time-to-go based on data driven method

This paper introduces a novel and efficient algorithm for online estimation of zero-effortmiss and time-to-go based on data driven method.Only missile-target separations are utilized to construct the estimation models, and a practical Fisher fusion algorithm is derived to acquire the estimates with high accuracy and computational efficiency.Further, the two parameters can be online estimated at a particular time.Meanwhile, the kinematics equations of the missile-target engagement are independent, and assumptions of the missile guidance system dynamics and behaviors of the missile and target are completely out of consideration.Moreover, the effectiveness and applicability are explicitly verified through various simulation scenarios.     

Optical flow based guidance system design for semi-strapdown image homing guided missiles

This paper focuses mainly on semi-strapdown image homing guided (SSIHG) system design based on optical flow for a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) axial-symmetric skid-to-turn mis-sile. Three optical flow algorithms suitable for large displacements are introduced and compared. The influence of different displacements on computational accuracy of the three algorithms is ana-lyzed statistically. The total optical flow of the SSIHG missile is obtained using the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm, which is the best among the three for large displacements. After removing the rotational optical flow caused by rotation of the gimbal and missile body from the total optical flow, the remaining translational optical flow is smoothed via Kalman filtering. The circular navigation guidance (CNG) law with impact angle constraint is then obtained utilizing the smoothed translational optical flow and position of the target image. Simulations are carried out under both disturbed and undisturbed conditions, and results indicate the proposed guidance strat-egy for SSIHG missiles can result in a precise target hit with a desired impact angle without the need for the time-to-go parameter.     

Radar power multiplier for acquisition of low observables using anESA radar

In this paper the acquisition of a low observable (LO) incoming tactical ballistic missile using the measurements from a surface based electronically scanned array (ESA) radar is presented. We present a batch maximum likelihood (ML) estimator to acquire the missile while it is exo-atmospheric. The proposed estimator, which combines ML estimation with the probabilistic data association (PDA) approach resulting in the ML-PDA algorithm to handle false alarms, also uses target features. The use of features facilitates target acquisition under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. Typically, ESA radars operate at 13-20 dB, whereas the new estimator is shown to be effective even at 4 dB SNR (in a resolution cell, at the end of the signal processing chain) for a Swerling III fluctuating target, which represents a significant counter-stealth capability. That is, this algorithm acts as an effective “power multiplier” for the radar by about an order of magnitude. An approximate Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB), quantifying the attainable estimation accuracies and shown to be met by the proposed estimator, is derived as well     

A Linear-correction Least-squares Approach for Geolocation Using FDOA Measurements Only

  A linear-correction least-squares(LCLS) estimation procedure is proposed for geolocation using frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) measurements only. We first analyze the measurements of FDOA, and further derive the Cram閞-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of geolocation using FDOA measurements. For the localization model is a nonlinear least squares(LS) estimator with a nonlinear constrained, a linearizing method is used to convert the model to a linear least squares estimator with a nonlinear constrained. The Gauss-Newton iteration method is developed to conquer the source localization problem. From the analysis of solving Lagrange multiplier, the algorithm is a generalization of linear-correction least squares estimation procedure under the condition of geolocation using FDOA measurements only. The algorithm is compared with common least squares estimation. Comparisons of their estimation accuracy and the CRLB are made, and the proposed method attains the CRLB. Simulation results are included to corroborate the theoretical development.     

一种频域插值变化迭代频率估计方法

针对现有频率估计算法存在的复杂度高、频率估计能力弱、估计结果均方差大等缺点,在固定迭代AM（Aboutanios—Mulgrew）无偏频率估计算法基础上,提出一种频域插值变化迭代频率估计算法,推导了不同迭代参数实现无偏估计的充分条件,证明了有偏估计时本算法的收敛性和偏离度,通过设置不同迭代参数,可以实现无偏或有偏估计。仿真分析表明：当具有较高信噪比时,在整个频率估计范围内,该方法均方误差接近CRLB（Cramer-RaoLowerBound,克拉美一罗下限）;当FFT（FastFourierTransform,快速傅里叶变换）粗估计残余频率接近0．5时,该方法的均方误差优于CRLB,为CRLB的96％。     

一种弹目遭遇点预测方法

为充分利用舰空导弹中制导段所获信息并减小导弹中制导段的弹道曲率,给出一种弹目预测遭遇点的解算方法,并据此设计比例导引制导律。在初始发射坐标系中,假设目标由当前位置以当前速度大小沿当前速度方向匀速运动至遭遇点,导弹由当前位置以当前速度大小按照一定的导引规律匀速运动至遭遇点。在该假设条件下,导弹到达遭遇点的总航路大小一方面...     

顺轨拦截模式剩余飞行时间估计方法

匹配顺轨和逆轨拦截模式的估计方法是精确计算剩余飞行时间(TGO)的必要条件,适用于逆轨拦截模式的TGO估计方法并不适于顺轨拦截模式。为此,针对顺轨拦截模式,分别提出了拦截机动/非机动目标的TGO估计方法。通过对线性制导方程的变形求解出了拦截弹的飞行弧长,并根据预测的碰撞点位置求得了TGO估计的解析式。该求解方法通用性强,适用于弹道成型制导律的TGO估计。以负比例(RPN)和扩展RPN(ARPN)为制导框架,与经典方法进行对比,所提出的TGO估计方法精确度高,能够有效提高导弹的制导性能。     

空-空导弹微分对策最佳导引律的研究

本文研究空-空导弹微分对策最佳导引问题中目标加速度及导弹加速度对制导精度的影响。根据推得的三类制导律讨论了指标中权系数的选择原则,并给出了剩余飞行时间（time-to-go）的两种估计方案。仿真结果表明:导弹侧向加速度作为制导信号对导引精度有十分明显的提高,如果目标加速度不大,在制导过程中引入目标加速度则效果不显著。     

A fast pulse phase estimation method for X-ray pulsar signals based on epoch folding

X-ray pulsar-based navigation (XPNAV) is an attractive method for autonomous deep-space navigation in the future. The pulse phase estimation is a key task in XPNAV and its accuracy directly determines the navigation accuracy. State-of-the-art pulse phase estimation techniques either suffer from poor estimation accuracy, or involve the maximization of generally non-convex object function, thus resulting in a large computational cost. In this paper, a fast pulse phase estimation method based on epoch folding is presented. The statistical properties of the observed profile obtained through epoch folding are developed. Based on this, we recognize the joint prob-ability distribution of the observed profile as the likelihood function and utilize a fast Fourier transform-based procedure to estimate the pulse phase. Computational complexity of the proposed estimator is analyzed as well. Experimental results show that the proposed estimator significantly outperforms the currently used cross-correlation (CC) and nonlinear least squares (NLS) estima-tors, while significantly reduces the computational complexity compared with NLS and maximum likelihood (ML) estimators.     

用于被动寻的导弹的带末端落角约束的变结构导引律

使被动寻的导弹在较低的平飞弹道情况下，以较小的俯冲过载和最佳攻击姿态精确命中目标；采用带落角约束的变结构导引律，对弹目距离及距离变化率进行估计，克服被动寻的导弹不能测距的约束，同时使切换开关增益随时间自适应变化以减小俯冲过载；利用某型在研被动寻的导弹的气动参数，对此变结构导引律进行了数学仿真，仿真结果表明，在较低的平飞弹道约束条件下及过载要求范围内，该导引律能以期望落角命中静止与机动的坦克目标，对弹目距离变化率及距离的较大估计误差具有较强的鲁棒性。     

弹道导弹天文/惯性导航误差修正方法研究

通过分析导弹天文导航和惯性导航的导航原理和误差模型,在基于充分利用高精度天文导航参数的思想上,提出了组合导航的误差修正方法。首先对两种导航参数进行了归算,而后提出了利用多次的天文测量参数对惯性测量误差进行修正的方法。该方法能较为准确地分离出引起射程误差较大的关机点速度、位置等的误差值,从而为实现利用天文导航进行射程误差修正提供前提条件。仿真计算表明,该方法是行之有效的。     

一种新型三维制导律设计的非线性方法

 结合微分几何和李群方法的优点,设计了一种非解耦的新型三维(3D)制导律。首先,基于微分几何理论,得到了导弹运动的微分几何描述方程,无需估计剩余飞行时间。然后,通过李群旋量描述,建立了视线方位角与视线角速率之间的联系。最后,在以上工作的基础上,利用李雅普诺夫稳定理论,针对导弹制导的无终端约束和有终端约束情况分别进行了相应制导律设计。该制导律不需要估算剩余飞行时间,并且能够满足终端角度约束的要求。仿真结果表明：所设计制导律能够适应于高速、大机动倾斜转弯(BTT)导弹精确制导。     

采用航路动态规划的时间控制技术研究

针对巡航导弹射程远的特点,考虑到导弹在中制导段的时间约束要求,利用导弹在线剩余时间预测方法,根据实际剩余时间和预测剩余时间得出了时间误差信号。在预定航路基础上利用时间误差信号生成侧向机动指令,通过航路动态规划,实现对攻击时间的控制。最后进行了仿真,仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性。