Non-fragile switching tracking control for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle based on polytopic LPV model

This article proposes a linear parameter varying (LPV) switching tracking control scheme for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (FAHV). First, a polytopic LPV model is constructed to represent the complex nonlinear longitudinal model of the FAHV by using Jacobian linearization and tensor-product (T-P) model transformation approach. Second, for less conservative controller design purpose, the flight envelope is divided into four sub-regions and a non-fragile LPV controller is designed for each parameter sub-region. These non-fragile LPV controllers are then switched in order to guarantee the closed-loop FAHV system to be asymptotically stable and satisfy a specified performance criterion. The desired non-fragile LPV switching controller is found by solving a convex constraint problem which can be efficiently solved using available linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques, and robust stability analysis of the closed-loop FAHV system is verified based on multiple Lypapunov functions (MLFs). Finally, numerical simulations have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

挠性航天器的退步直接自适应姿态跟踪控制

针对参数不确定的挠性航天器姿态跟踪控制问题,提出了一种退步直接自适应控制算法。首先验证了挠性航天器动力学子系统的近似严格正实性,并设计了具有理想控制性能的参考模型;然后对以姿态四元数描述的运动学子系统设计常系数输出反馈中间控制律,使航天器姿态四元数输出渐近跟踪参考模型输出;最后退一步,对具有参数不确定特性的动力学子系统,基于非线性直接自适应控制理论和Lyapunov稳定性理论,设计了退步直接自适应姿态跟踪控制器,并证明了闭环系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明,所提控制方法能有效抑制挠性附件的振动,对挠性航天器的控制是有效的。     

基于时标分解的弹性高超声速飞行器智能控制

考虑弹性高超声速飞行器纵向动力学模型，提出了一种基于时标分解的智能控制方法。考虑刚体状态和弹性模态具有不同的时标特性，采用奇异摄动理论进行快慢时标分解，将模型转换为刚体慢变子系统和弹性快变子系统。针对刚体子系统考虑动力学不确定，基于平行估计模型构造表征不确定逼近效果的预测误差，结合跟踪误差给出复合学习控制策略。针对弹性子系统设计自适应滑模控制稳定弹性模态。通过李雅普诺夫稳定性分析可证系统状态一致终值有界。仿真表明所提出的控制方法能够实现刚弹模态的稳定收敛，且具有更高的跟踪精度、更好的学习性能和更快的收敛速度。     

考虑连接非线性的大型桁架天线分散协调控制

针对含非线性连接的大型桁架式天线,考虑铰链非线性所产生的影响,基于连接子结构模态综合建模方法,建立其低阶非线性动力学模型。在此基础上,将动力学模型转换为分散参数化模型,并考虑状态变量不完全可测因素,设计适用于一致性理论的最优观测器。然后基于图论的思想提出桁架式天线的一致性形面保持控制方法,不仅实现了桁架式天线的高精度形面保持控制,同时对作动执行机构的失效具有容错性。仿真结果表明了所提控制方法的有效性。     

单连杆柔性臂模糊控制

以单连杆柔性臂为例,提出了模糊控制与最优控制相结合的混合控制方法。首先,采用奇异摄动将系统分为慢变和快变两个子系统。然后,对慢变子系统采用模糊控制,快变子系统采用最优控制。仿真结果表明,该方法不仅能实现柔性臂轨迹的快速、准确跟踪,有效地抑制弹性振动,并且对负载的变化具有强的鲁棒性。     

基于滑模观测器和干扰观测器的弹性高超声速飞行器控制

研究了基于滑模观测器和干扰观测器的弹性高超声速飞行器纵向通道控制。首先,利用可测飞行高度、俯仰角速率估计误差设计滑模观测器,重构未知攻角、航迹角;其次,设计干扰观测器估计包含弹性耦合和阵风等外部干扰的集总扰动;再次,将高超声速飞行器纵向通道模型分为速度、高度2个功能子系统,采用基于反步法的动态逆方法,避免系统复杂度爆炸问题,设计舵面偏角和燃油当量实现对期望高度和速度信号的有效跟踪;最后,通过仿真测试验证该方法的有效性。     

A Backstepping Simple Adaptive Control Application to Flexible Space Structures

Although the simple adaptive control (SAC) is widely studied both in theory and application in flexible space structure control and other control problems, it is restricted by the almost strictly positive real (ASPR) conditions. In most practical control problems, the ASPR conditions are not satisfied. Therefore, based on the SAC theory, this paper proposes a backstepping simple adaptive control algorithm which suits the system with arbitrary relative degree with no need of parallel feedforward compensator. The proposed control algorithm consists of decomposition of the arbitrary relative degree system into a known subsystem and an unknown ASPR subsystem which are connected in cascade, design of constant output feedback controller for the known subsystem, and implementation of backstepping method and SAC of the unknown ASPR subsystem. Inheriting the characteristics of the SAC, this method can be adaptive online for the parameter uncertainties. Then, the application of the proposed controller to large flexible space structure with collocated sensors and actuators is studied, and the simulation results validate the proposed controller. It is a new strategy to apply the classical SAC to high relative degree plants.     

Fully distributed time-varying formation tracking control for multiple quadrotor vehicles via finite-time convergent extended state observer

This paper investigates a time-varying anti-disturbance formation problem for a group of quadrotor aircrafts with time-varying uncertainties and a directed interaction topology. A novel Finite-Time Convergent Extended State Observer (FTCESO) based fully-distributed formation control scheme is proposed to enhance the disturbance rejection and the formation tracking performances for networked quadrotors. By adopting the hierarchical control strategy, the multi-quadrotor system is separated into two subsystems: the outer-loop cooperative subsystem and the inner-loop attitude subsystem. In the outer-loop subsystem, with the estimation of disturbing forces and uncertain dynamics from FTCESOs, an adaptive consensus theory based cooperative controller is exploited to ensure the multiple quadrotors form and maintain a time-varying pattern relying only on the positions of the neighboring aircrafts. In the inner-loop subsystem, the desired attitude generated by the cooperative control law is stably tracked under a FTCESO-based attitude controller in a finite time. Based on a detailed algorithm to specify the cooperative control protocol, the feasibility condition to achieve the time-varying anti-disturbance formation tracking is derived and the rigorous analysis of the whole closed-loop multi-quadrotor system is given. Some numerical examples are conducted to intuitively demonstrate the effectiveness and the improvements of the proposed control framework.     

有输入未建模动态的非线性系统自适应逆设计

对于一类存在输人未建模动态的非线性系统,提出了一种基于RBF神经网络的自适应逆补偿器设计方法。首先用两个神经网络设计了补偿器,一个用来估计输入未建模动态,另一个用来作为未建模动态的自适应逆补偿器。该设计放宽了对未建模动态的一些苛刻的要求,如相对度为零,满足小增益条件等。文中仅要求D(u)逆稳和连续光滑。然后应用反演设计技术设计了控制器,并应用Lyapunov稳定性理论推导出神经网络权重向量的调节律,同时证明了闭环系统的渐近稳定性。最后给出的仿真研究证明了该设计方法的有效性。     

Event-triggered control for containment maneuvering of second-order MIMO multi-agent systems with unmatched uncertainties and disturbances

This paper is concerned with distributed containment maneuvering of second-order Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) multi-agent systems with non-periodic communication and actuation. The agent is subject to unmatched nonlinear dynamics and external disturbances. Event-triggered containment maneuvering control methods is developed based on a modular design. Specifically, an estimator module is constructed based on neural networks and the non-periodic obtained follower information through event-triggered communication. Next, a controller module is designed by using the identified information from the estimator module and a third-order linear tracking differentiator. An event-triggered mechanism is introduced for updating the actuator. Then, a path update law is designed based on the non-periodic leader information through event-triggered communication. The closed-loop system cascaded by the estimation subsystem and control subsystem is proved to be input-to-state stable, and Zeno behavior is excluded in the control process. The proposed method is capable of reducing the consumption of communication and actuation. A simulation example is provided to substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed event-triggered control method for distributed containment maneuvering of second-order MIMO multi-agent systems.     

基于反步法的挠性航天器姿态镇定

利用反步法研究了一类挠性航天器的姿态镇定问题,提出一种基于模态观测器的反步控制设计方案.首先,构造挠性模态观测器对挠性模态变量及其变化率进行观测;其次,将角速度看成虚拟控制器,设计虚拟角速度镇定运动学模型与挠性模态变量组成的子系统;最后,利用反步法设计了一种非线性控制器使得角速度能够跟踪虚拟角速度,从而实现姿态镇定的目...     

Prescribed fast tracking control for flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicles: An event-triggered case

In this paper, a prescribed fast tracking control scheme is proposed for Flexible Air-breathing Hypersonic Vehicles (FAHV) subject to lumped disturbances and limited resources. To maintain tracking errors of velocity and altitude converge to a predefined region with a prescribed time and release the transient intense fluctuations encountered in classical Prescribed Performance Control (PPC) using a fast decaying rate, a tracking differentiator-based PPC is presented, where the reaching time and the maximum time differentiation of preselected envelopes can be regulated as a prior via fixing an acceleration factor, so that a guaranteed fast convergence speed can be realized with reduced oscillations. Besides, to avoid the excessive occupation of limited resources (energy and communication) and guarantee a remarkable tracking accuracy, switching event-triggered mechanisms are constructed for FAHV control realization, which provide a promising way to pursue a desired level of tracking performance with a low energy consumption. Subsequently, Uncertainty and Disturbance Estimators (UDE) and Sigmoid function-based Tracking Differentiators (STD) are employed to provide disturbance estimation and reference derivation with a low computational complexity. Finally, robust control laws are designed to compensate for the sampling error induced by event-triggered conditions, meanwhile Zeno phenomena can be effectively eliminated. The simulation results and comparisons validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Composite control method for stabilizing spacecraft attitude in terms of Rodrigues parameters

In this paper, the attitude stabilization problem of a rigid spacecraft described by Rodrigues parameters is investigated via a composite control strategy, which combines a feedback control law designed by a finite time control technique with a feedforward compensator based on a linear disturbance observer (DOB) method. By choosing a suitable coordinate transformation, the spacecraft dynamics can be divided into three second-order subsystems. Each subsystem includes a certain part and an uncertain part. By using the finite time control technique, a continuous finite time controller is designed for the certain part. The uncertain part is considered to be a lumped disturbance, which is estimated by a DOB, and a corresponding feedforward design is then implemented to compensate the disturbance. Simulation results are employed to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

ENGINE SENSOR FAULT DIAGNOSIS USING MAIN AND DECENTRALIZED NEURAL NET WORKS

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基于扩展状态观测器的电动负载模拟器反演滑模控制

针对电动负载模拟器中存在的强位置扰动、摩擦、间隙非线性以及参数时变等不确定干扰,提出了一种基于扩展状态观测器的反演滑模控制策略。基于反演设计的思想,将电动负载模拟器分解为负载力矩子系统和永磁同步电机驱动子系统。对负载力矩子系统,利用带有滤波器的扩展状态观测器,消除量测噪声对系统的影响,同时估计出系统中存在的干扰,而后采用比例趋近滑模控制律,得出负载力矩子系统所对应的虚拟控制量;对永磁同步电机驱动子系统,利用常规扩展状态观测器估计出子系统中的复合扰动,采用非奇异终端滑模控制律,消除观测误差以及干扰对系统的影响,并得出系统所需的最终控制量。最后,利用李雅普诺夫方法证明了电动负载模拟器的稳定性,并通过实验验证了所提方法的有效性。     

A New Hybrid Control Scheme for an Integrated Helicopter and Engine System

A new hybrid control scheme is presented with a robust multiple model fusion control(RMMFC) law for a UH-60 helicopter and an active disturbance rejection control(ADRC) controller for its engines.This scheme is a control design method with every subsystem designed separately but fully considering the couplings between them.With three subspaces with respect to forward flight velocity,a RMMFC is proposed to devise a four-loop reference signal tracing control for the helicopter,which escapes the closed-loop system from unstable state due to the extreme complexity of this integrated nonlinear system.The engines are controlled by the proposed ADRC decoupling controller,which fully takes advantage of a good compensation ability for unmodeled dynamics and extra disturbances,so as to compensate torque disturbance in power turbine speed loop.By simulating a forward acceleration flight task,the RMMFC for the helicopter is validated.It is apparent that the integrated helicopter and engine system(IHES) has much better dynamic performance under the new control scheme.Especially in the switching process,the large transient is significantly weakened,and smooth transition among candidate controllers is achieved.Over the entire simulation task,the droop of power turbine speed with the proposed ADRC controller is significantly slighter than with the conventional PID controller,and the response time of the former is much faster than the latter.By simulating a rapid climb and descent flight task,the results also show the feasibility for the application of the proposed multiple model fusion control.Although there is aggressive power demand in this maneuver,the droop of power turbine speed with an ADRC controller is smaller than using a PID controller.The control performance for helicopter and engine is enhanced by adopting this hybrid control scheme,and simulation results in other envelope state give proofs of robustness for this new scheme.     

卫星光通信粗瞄系统非线性摩擦的神经网络补偿

 为克服摩擦对卫星光通信(IOC)瞄准捕获跟踪（PAT）粗瞄子系统的精度控制的影响，首先利用PD控制器以获得稳定的轨迹；再用一种扩展的神经网络结构在线逼近摩擦函数，对摩擦力矩进行补偿；在此基础上，利用传统单层神经网络和自适应的鲁棒项消除神经网络的逼近误差及外部扰动。最后用李亚普诺夫函数方法证明在本文的控制策略下，可以保证系统的渐近稳定性和参数的有界性。     

基于ADAMS风洞柔壁喷管动力学仿真分析

基于刚柔耦合动力学理论,联合ADAMS和PATRAN/NASTRAN软件,对风洞柔壁喷管进行了动力学仿真,同时运用NASTRAN软件有限元分析了柔壁部件的非线性变形。比较两种计算结果发现,忽略柔壁变形的非线性,动力学仿真会存在较大误差。为此,采用分段线性化的方法,计入柔壁的非线性变形,改进柔壁喷管的动力学仿真模型。结果表明：改进后的动力学仿真准确度较高,可应用于柔壁喷管运动控制设计。最后,进一步分析了推杆驱动位移对柔壁结构强度的影响关系,为合理控制推杆驱动,确保柔壁无损伤提供必要的理论依据。     

基于跟踪微分器的高超声速飞行器Backstepping控制

针对存在模型参数不确定和外部干扰的高超声速飞行器（HFV）跟踪控制问题,提出一种基于Backstepping方法的抗饱和非线性控制器。将飞行器纵向动力学模型分为速度子系统和航迹倾角子系统,然后针对每个子系统单独设计控制器。设计跟踪微分器获得信号的一阶导数,用以估计系统中的不确定干扰项和避免"微分项膨胀"问题。控制器设计过程考虑了控制量发生饱和的情况。基于Lyapunov理论证明了闭环系统信号的稳定性。与传统高超声速飞行器Backstepping方法相比,所设计的控制器采用待跟踪状态与理想控制指令之间的实际误差作为反馈量,放宽了对系统干扰项的限制,提高了控制器对控制增益变化的适应性,进而提高了闭环系统的跟踪控制性能。对比仿真结果验证了所设计方法的有效性。     

Modeling and Backstepping-based Nonlinear Control Strategy for a 6 DOF Quadrotor Helicopter

In this article, a nonlinear model of an underactuated six degrees of freedom （6 DOF） quadrotor helicopter is derived on the basis of the Newton-Euler formalism. The derivation comprises determining equations of the motion of the quadrotor in three dimensions and approximating the actuation forces through the modeling of aerodynamic coefficients and electric motor dynamics. The derived model composed of translational and rotational subsystems is dynamically unstable, so a sequential nonlinear control strategy is used. The control strategy includes feedback linearization coupled with a PD controller for the translational subsystem and a backstepping-based PID nonlinear controller for the rotational subsystem of the quadrotor. The performances of the nonlinear control method are evaluated by nonlinear simulation and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the quadrotor helicopter in quasi-stationary flights.