Retrieval of crop variables with field-based X-band microwave remote sensing of ladyfinger

Modeling in agriculture has been widely used to retrieve and monitor various soil and crop growth variables. Remote sensing, especially radar sensors can be useful for temporal and spatial monitoring of the soil and plant variables. Therefore, in this paper field measurements of crop ladyfinger were carried out to examine the dependency of radar backscatter on crop–soil variables and to develop a method for monitoring and retrieving crop variables for ladyfinger. A crop-bed was prepared to observe scatterometer response in the angular range of incidence angle 20–70° at 9.89 GHz in the X-band for VV- and HH-polarization. At the same time, soil moisture, plant height, leaf area index and aboveground biomass were measured at various growth stages of crop ladyfinger. The angular variation of scattering coefficient decreases with the age of crop ladyfinger shows the dominance of crop effect on soil moisture effect at the older age. Thus, angular trends are more flat as the plant grows since the effects of soil is masked by developing vegetation. Scattering coefficient increases with the increase of leaf area index for both polarizations (i.e. VV- and HH-). It was found that leaf area index and aboveground biomass of crop ladyfinger are highly correlated with microwave frequency more than with plant height and soil moisture. Leaf area index and biomass of ladyfinger crop were retrieved by polarization based model and non-linear least square optimization model. These two models gave very good results for the retrieval of leaf area index and aboveground biomass.     

Autonomous satellite navigation using starlight refraction angle measurements

An on-board autonomous navigation capability is required to reduce the operation costs and enhance the navigation performance of future satellites. Autonomous navigation by stellar refraction is a type of autonomous celestial navigation method that uses high-accuracy star sensors instead of Earth sensors to provide information regarding Earth’s horizon. In previous studies, the refraction apparent height has typically been used for such navigation. However, the apparent height cannot be measured directly by a star sensor and can only be calculated by the refraction angle and an atmospheric refraction model. Therefore, additional errors are introduced by the uncertainty and nonlinearity of atmospheric refraction models, which result in reduced navigation accuracy and reliability. A new navigation method based on the direct measurement of the refraction angle is proposed to solve this problem. Techniques for the determination of the refraction angle are introduced, and a measurement model for the refraction angle is established. The method is tested and validated by simulations. When the starlight refraction height ranges from 20 to 50 km, a positioning accuracy of better than 100 m can be achieved for a low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite using the refraction angle, while the positioning accuracy of the traditional method using the apparent height is worse than 500 m under the same conditions. Furthermore, an analysis of the factors that affect navigation accuracy, including the measurement accuracy of the refraction angle, the number of visible refracted stars per orbit and the installation azimuth of star sensor, is presented. This method is highly recommended for small satellites in particular, as no additional hardware besides two star sensors is required.     

基于虚拟目标的导弹越肩发射初制导轨迹优化

摘要： 对具有攻角约束的空空导弹越肩发射轨迹优化问题做出研究.针对空空导弹越肩发射初制导段拐弯问题,设计了基于虚拟目标的程序指令. 基于最优控制的思想,利用高斯伪谱法求解最优程序指令,并根据所得指令的特点提出了三段式指令计算方法.在此基础上,比较了不同空域、速度以及虚拟目标位置条件对程序指令的影响.同时基于预测控制的思想,对程序指令进行在线修正,提高了导引指令的鲁棒性.三通道仿真结果表明,指令可以使导弹快速转弯并在转弯完成时指向虚拟目标.     

Comparison of RO tropopause height based on different tropopause determination methods

The tropopause is an important boundary in the Earth’s atmosphere, and has been the subject of close attention from atmosphere and climate researchers. To monitor the global tropopause using radio occultation (RO) data, there are two primary methods, one is the widely used temperature lapse rate method, and the other is the bending angle covariance transform method which is unique to RO data. We use FengYun3-C (FY3C) and Meteorological Operational Satellite Program (MetOp) RO data and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analysis data to determine differences in RO tropopause height calculated by these two methods. We compute biases of the RO lapse rate tropopause height (LRTH) and the RO bending angle tropopause height (BATH) relative to the ECMWF LRTH. The dependences of the tropopause height biases on tropopause height (TPH) retrieval method, latitude, season and RO mission are investigated. The results indicate that BATH show a consistent 0.8–1.2 km positive bias over the tropics and high latitude regions compared with LRTH, however, over 25° to 40° latitude in both hemisphere, BATH results are less stable. Furthermore, the mean bias between BATH and LRTH displayed a different symmetrical characteristic from 2017.12 to 2018.2 (DJF) compared to 2018.6–2018.8 (JJA). However, except for some bias over Antarctica, the mean value of both LRTH and BATH show a similar tropopause variation, indicating the consistency of both methods.     

A comparative analysis of SLR,MLR, ANN,XGBoost and CNN for crop height estimation of sunflower using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2

Sustainable monitoring and determining the biophysical characteristics of crops is of global importance due to the increase in demand for food. In this context, remote sensing data provide valuable information on crops. This study investigates the relationship between the variables determined from both Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and optical images and crop height. For this purpose, backscatter (σVH, σVV, σVH / σVV) and coherence (?VH, ?VV) of multi-temporal dual-polarized Sentinel-1 and vegetation indices of multi-temporal Sentinel-2 data are analyzed. Two indices, namely, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and NDVI with the red-edge band (NDVIred), are interpreted to identify the contribution of the red-edge band over the near-infrared band. The Zile District of Tokat province in Turkey where dominantly sunflower cultivation is carried out, was selected as the study area. In the analysis of the data, Simple Linear Regression (SLR), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), EXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) were used. In the results of the study, ANN showed the lowest RMSE = 3.083 cm (RMSE%= 11.284) in the stem elongation period. The CNN followed the lowest RMSE for the Inflorescence development and flowering stages 19.223 cm (RMSE%=15.458) and 8.731 cm (RMSE%=5.821), respectively. In the ripening period, XGBoost achieved the lowest RMSE = 8.731 cm (RMSE%=6.091). All the best models in four methods were created using common variables of σVH, σVV, ?VH, ?VV and NDVIred, except ANN which exclude coherence variables. The results concluded that NDVIred contributed more than NDVI which is widely interpreted in previous studies.     

星载InSAR空间基线指向优化与设计

分布式卫星SAR系统是近年来受到广泛重视的一种新的雷达成像手段,其中分布式InSAR充分利用编队星座卫星间构成的空间基线进行干涉测高,从而实现立体成像.在InSAR系统设计中,解决好编队星座的设计问题是实现高性能成像的前提和保证,合理的星座构形设计有助于提高测高精度,从而获得高品质的雷达成像效果.从InSAR测高精度分析结果入手,由飞行力学角度阐述星间相对运动对测高精度产生的影响,并基于分析结果给出了一种有别于现有星座的特色编队构形,并对其性能进行了初步分析.      

一氧化氮冷却率的变化及其作用

利用最新的NO经验公式,计算了近两个太阳活动周期100-200km间NO的冷却率,研究了太阳和地磁活动对NO和O冷却率的影响。进一步证明了NO冷却是120km以上热层的主要冷却过程。      

Polarization model for discrimination of broad and needle shaped leaves and estimation of LAI using polarization measurements

Method for estimation of Leaf Area Index (LAI) based on polarized radiance measurements is proposed. Leaf angle dependency on LAI estimation can be taken into account by considering polarization characteristics of leaves. Effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed with the polarized radiance from tealeaves and the other needle leaf types of grasses. Convenient way to monitor quality and amount of leaves with network camera with polarization film is also proposed.     

基于ADS-B的航空器测高系统误差评估方法

针对基于广播式自动相关监视(ADS-B)数据的航空器高度保持性能监控中测高系统误差准确评估问题,提出了基于核平滑和混合正态分布模型的数据平滑和拟合分析方法。提出了ADS-B信息低分辨率高度数据的核平滑方法,通过比较分析得到了数据平滑的最优窗宽,基于实测数据的分析证明了该方法对于航空器测高系统误差评价的有效性。针对航空器使用的2套独立的测高学设备具有不同的高度保持性能分布特征的问题,提出了基于混合正态分布模型的拟合分析方法,实测结果表明,该方法可以准确拟合航空器测高系统误差的双峰特征。本文所提出的方法已经在中国RVSM航空器高度保持性能的实际分析中使用,分析结果满足国际民航组织的相关要求。     

基于间接法在线能力评估和自主规划技术研究

针对运载火箭推力故障条件下的自主救援任务,研究了一种基于间接法的在线能力评估和自主规划方法。构建了以入轨点能量最大为最优性能指标的最优控制问题。通过数值方法探讨了在满足轨道倾角和入轨点路径角约束条件下,入轨点速度、远地点和近地点跟入轨高度之间的关系,设计了一种与入轨高度相关的特征量来对入轨能力进行评估。以近地点最高为救援轨道选取准则,结合能力评估,研究了一种自主在线规划策略,当判断能够进入圆轨道时,割线法求解最大圆轨道,否则采用牛顿法求解近地点最高的椭圆轨道。仿真结果表明,提出的自主规划方法在有效性、收敛性和实时性上均能满足在线制导需求。     

基于动态逆的BTT导弹自动驾驶仪设计

针对BTT(Bank-To-Turn)导弹的复杂非线性特性和冲压发动机带来的飞行姿态限制,在其自动驾驶仪设计问题上,指出了直接应用动态逆方法存在非最小相位特性,提出了基于动态逆的双阶段设计方法:第一阶段采用动态逆方法设计内环控制器实现攻角、侧滑角和滚转角的跟踪;第二阶段分别基于神经网络和动态逆构造攻角和滚转角速度指令生成器,实现外环对法向加速度、侧滑角和滚转角的良好跟踪效果.六自由度数学仿真验证了该方法的三通道的解耦控制能力和鲁棒性,为BTT导弹自动驾驶仪设计提供了一个可行的方案.      

一种基于自适应滤波的GPS滚转角估计方法

全球定位系统（GPS）测姿技术主要是利用GPS载波相位和信号功率2种方法，但是测量信息单一且独立，针对旋转载体的测姿问题，提出一种基于自适应滤波的GPS滚转角估计方法，通过融合GPS接收机天线信号功率和多普勒频率信息测量载体滚转角和滚转角速度。利用当前统计模型对滚转角和滚转角速度测量进行系统建模，根据滚转角预测估计值选取量测量，并提出自适应滤波，采用滚转角加速度估计自适应滤波算法，实现了对系统噪声方差阵的自适应调整，避免了滚转角加速度最值的选取问题，降低了噪声的影响。通过仿真验证了基于自适应滤波的GPS滚转角估计方法的可行性，结果表明该方法的测量精度高于无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）。      

基于月光偏振罗盘的载体自主定位方法

为了克服现有偏振定位技术无法全天时工作的缺陷，充分发挥偏振定位技术的自主性，提出一种夜间环境下基于月光偏振罗盘的载体自主定位方法。设计了仿生月光偏振罗盘传感器，改进了一种基于偏振度阈值检测的月亮高度角计算方法，通过实时更新月亮赤经、赤纬和格林时角，利用不同时刻的月亮高度角解算出载体经纬度信息。最后进行静态实验，验证了算法的可行性。实验结果表明，该方法可以稳定获取载体经纬度信息，且定位误差为42.34km。该方法增强了偏振定位技术的全天时性能，在夜间环境下的自主定位领域有着重要应用价值。     

基于试验气动力的飞机副翼效率优化

针对弹性后掠翼飞机在使用试验气动力分析时所出现的副翼反效问题,利用遗传算法对机翼结构进行优化.弹性飞机副翼效率计算采用试验气动力.重点针对一个发生副翼反效的严重飞行状态点进行了机翼结构优化,对比分析了优化前后副翼效率、相同副翼偏度下所产生的滚转率随飞行动压的变化及颤振特性的变化.并比较了基于试验气动力的情况下只针对单一飞行攻角的优化结果和同时考虑多个飞行攻角的优化结果,分析了飞行攻角对优化结果的影响.结果证明:利用结构优化方法可有效在详细设计阶段解决弹性飞机严重飞行状态点副翼反效问题,并且优化结果对飞机颤振特性基本无影响.     

五棱镜面形误差对中心入射光线的转向角影响

针对五棱镜面形误差引起出射光线转向角误差,进而影响空间光电跟瞄系统多光轴标校精度的问题,提出了一种研究五棱镜面形误差对出射光线转向角影响的新方法。首先,在五棱镜不规则度较小的前提下,利用最佳拟合球面矢高适当简化了五棱镜的工作面模型,推导出了出射光线转向角计算公式,并将影响出射光线转向角误差的因素限定在了6个非独立随机变量的共同作用上。然后,结合五棱镜的典型应用场景,提出了一种降维分析方法,去除了6个变量间的相互关联,推导出了降维后的转向角误差计算公式。计算结果表明,该公式计算主截面方向和垂直于主截面方向上转向角误差的最大相对误差分别仅为2.14%和0.31%,完全符合精度分析要求。最后,通过试验对五棱镜进行了技术测试,结果表明：主截面方向和垂直于主截面方向上转向角误差的试验测试平均值与降维公式计算结果的偏差分别在±0.25″和±0.15″以内,这是完全可以接受的。因此,提出的简化模型以及降维分析方法均是可行的,为五棱镜面形误差的相关研究提供了一种新的研究思路与分析方法。     

弹道导弹的捷联惯性/天文组合导航方法

针对传统的捷联惯性/天文(SINS/CNS)组合导航系统不能精确估计加速度计偏置而导致导航误差发散的问题,提出一种基于星光折射间接敏感地平的捷联惯性/天文(SINS/RCNS)组合导航方法。利用星敏感器测量星光折射角,结合大气折射模型得到的折射视高度来抑制位置误差的发散。推导了基于星光折射新的量测方程,分析了折射星数目与导航精度的关系,当使用多颗折射星时能够精确估计加速计偏置,从而能够完全抑制位置误差的发散,并对系统进行可观测性分析。通过卡尔曼滤波实现了状态估计。仿真结果表明:本文方法的导航精度优于传统方法,有效抑制了位置误差的发散,验证了本文方法的有效性。     

动力翼伞纵向四自由度动力学仿真

在考虑载荷物和伞体相对运动的前提下,研究了动力翼伞纵向运动过程.将伞体和伞绳作为一个平面运动刚体,载荷物具有绕系挂点的摆动自由度,建立纵向四自由度动力学模型.求解翼伞从平飞至爬升状态推力阶跃操纵的动力学响应,由状态量的变化曲线得出动力操纵初期伞体失速倾覆的主要原因是迎角剧烈变化而超过失速边界.获得推力操纵值和推力增加速率所形成的操纵包线,当推力操纵幅度较小时,增加速率并无限制;当推力增加幅度较大时,增加速率的限制值随着增幅变大而减小.此外从能量角度计算了大动力快速操纵前后载荷物的机械能变化,并提出动力翼伞新的雀降操纵方式.计算表明该方法可以有效减少接地前后的能量,即可以减少接地后载荷物翻转对正面动力系统的冲击.     

姿态异常下的星体自旋角速度确定方法

摘要： 针对在轨姿态异常后星体高速自旋情况,开展星体自旋角速度确定方法研究.提出一种基于太阳敏感器测量数据确定自旋角速度的方法,并对自旋角速率确定误差进行分析,得到各误差源对确定精度的影响关系;基于角速率确定误差分析结论,给出根据角速度大小选取不同时间间隔测量数据的策略,通过大时间间隔测量数据的选取,保证小角速度情况下的确定精度.所提出方法的有效性通过数学仿真验证,并在实际应用中基于太阳敏感器遥测数据获取在轨姿态异常卫星角速度.     

倾斜轨道小卫星太阳高度角分析与机动方案设计

针对倾斜轨道小卫星必然会面对的光学姿态敏感器受阳光干扰的问题,分析太阳高度角的变化规律,提出了计算太阳高度角的经验公式,并在此基础上提出了平台偏航姿态机动方案,可以使光学姿态敏感器规避阳光干扰,并可以简化整星热控和帆板驱动设计,提高了整星的可靠性.