氮氧化物羽烟在电离层局部的光热效应

在航天器羽烟一次性抛出和呈球状近似情况下,模拟了电离层E层NO羽烟与周围大气压力平衡时的最大亮度及其随时间的变化．在110km抛出的5molNO羽烟可使它获得瞬时夜间中等偏强极光那样的亮度,在140km抛出的同样数量的NO羽烟亮度却急剧地减弱．还模拟了白天夜间温度为1000K的NO2羽烟在190km和250km两个高度、50mol和500mol两种抛出总量所造成的局部大气温度短时间内的下降．在F层下部,夜间较大抛出量所造成的冷却效应是显著的．     

平流层,中间层,低热层大气加热过程特性研究

本文计算了平流层、中间层和低热层大气中各种光化过程的加热率与大气的冷却率,并且给出了20—140km的大气净加热率的昼夜变化特征．为大气潮汐波的研究提供了基础．     

地磁暴恢复相中间层低热层高纬温度响应

利用TIMEGCM模拟了2005年9月10日至20日由日冕物质抛射引起的地磁暴事件，研究了此地磁暴恢复相高纬度中间层低热层（MLT）区域温度的变化，揭示了磁暴恢复相时温度、垂直风、总加热项和NO辐射冷却的内在联系.结果表明:地磁暴恢复相刚开始时，温度对磁暴的响应在晨侧为负扰动（降温），在其他地区都为正扰动（增温）；随着磁暴的恢复，整个北半球都变为正的温度扰动（增温）.这种高纬MLT区域的温度响应主要与垂直风密切相关.当垂直风为正时，总加热为负，增温减弱；当垂直风为负时，总加热为正，增温变强.辐射冷却特别是NO辐射冷却作用在热层被称为恒温器，降低了磁暴期间80%的热层增温.但是，在MLT区域NO辐射冷却作用不明显，一般比总加热项小一个量级，对温度响应造成的影响较小.      

低纬100—200km间电子数密度的变化

利用光化平衡模式计算了低纬100—200km间白天电子数密度的变化。求得E-F₁谷区的谷深,谷宽、谷高的变化特征。获得如下结果:a.太阳活动明显影响电子数密度随高度及太阳天顶角的变化,发现太阳活动指数与电子数密度间不仅存在正相关,而且存在负相关;b.太阳活动明显影响E-F₁谷区的形态。在一定太阳活动条件下,对同一太阳赤纬和地理纬度,谷深、谷宽与太阳天顶角的关系难以用一简单函数来表示;c.太阳耀斑、地磁活动对该区电子密度有明显影响;d.在讨论100—200km间电子密度时不能忽略O+（2P）和NO的光电离率。      

由大气密度的季变化所造成的中、低层大气电离率的季变化

本文对CIRA 1972 模式下的中、低层大气密度季变化所造成的电离率的季变化作了理论计算, 利用宇宙线电离源函数对全球中、低层大气的电离率作了数值计算.计算结果表明, 在70km以下的大气电离率的季变化幅度为百分之几十.在电离峰值高度(约15km)以下幅度为约百分之十, 高度越高变幅越大, 到70km处达35%.在20km以上电离率的季变化趋势与大气密度的季变化趋势大致相同, 夏季比冬季大, 20km以下变化稍为复杂.      

沉积环境下涡轮叶片前缘气膜冷却的实验研究

为研究沉积物对涡轮叶片前缘气膜冷却的影响，实验采用石蜡沉积模拟真实沉积。通过改变主流的温度、气膜孔射流角度及气膜孔孔径，观察了沉积环境下气膜冷却效率及沉积率的变化规律。实验结果表明:颗粒物沉积在障碍物表面的形貌受到主流温度的影响较大，当主流温度接近颗粒物熔点时，沉积覆盖最明显。在相同实验条件下，随着射流角度增大，单个气膜孔覆盖区域减小，气膜冷却效率下降，沉积前后，射流角度25°和65°的气膜冷却效率最大相差2%和5.6%，沉积率随射流角度的增大而升高；随着孔径增大，气膜冷却效率先降低后升高，其中4.5 mm孔径无论是否沉积，气膜冷却效率均最高，比3 mm孔径的气膜冷却效率高3.6%和3.2%。沉积率在孔径3 mm时最低。      

内冷却紧凑式固体除湿器实验研究

在叉流板翅式换热器结构基础上,研发制作了一种粘贴型内冷却紧凑式固体除湿器,并对这种新型除湿器的性能进行实验研究.除湿器使用硅胶作为吸湿剂,通过导热胶将硅胶颗粒粘贴在除湿器主边的气流通道壁面上.实验分为4组,分别在高湿度和低湿度环境工况下,测试本文研制的除湿器在有内冷却和无内冷却条件下的除湿运行效果以检验内冷却气流对除湿器性能的影响.实验表明,内冷却紧凑式固体除湿器工作性能优良,在除湿器有内冷却的条件下,工作周期内除湿器的平均除湿量显著提高.在高湿度条件下,硅胶在20min内的动态吸湿率可达12.4%,高于目前已知的常压下硅胶对水蒸汽的动态吸湿率.      

热处理对粉末冶金TiAl双态组织与性能的影响

对粉末冶金制备的Ti-46Al-2Cr-2Nb-(B,W)(at%)合金在1 280 ℃进行直接热处理,通过3种不同冷却速度获得了不同的双态组织.当冷却速度为50℃/min时,组织中的α晶粒通过析出γ片形成片层团,获得主要由片层团和γ相组成的双态组织,组织中过高片层体积分数导致拉伸延长率不高;而冷却速度为10℃/min 和5℃/min时,形成了主要由α₂晶粒和γ相组成的双相组织,α₂晶粒的存在进一步降低了材料室温延长率.     

由电离层电位所建立的大气电状态

本文在已知电离层电位分布下, 解析地计算了大气电位, 电场和电流强度的全球分布.结果表明, 在大气导电率随高度呈指数增加的情况下, 100km高度上的电离层电位, 几乎无衰减地扫到25km以下.大气电场较强的区域主要在20km以下的低层大气区, 其垂直分量比水平分量大4个数量级.而中高层大气电场较弱, 且两分量量级相当.本文还提出了一种考虑地面形状对大气电场影响的解析方法.      

可重复使用火箭发动机再生冷却槽失效分析

完成了可重复使用液体火箭发动机推力室再生冷却槽热力循环载荷下的蠕变非弹性热结构分析,对比研究了各向同性硬化和随动硬化定律对冷却槽结构分析的影响,并在多循环结构场基础上分析了冷却槽"狗窝"失效过程.结果表明可以通过选取热传导率差别小的内外壁材料、优化几何结构改善温度场及结构场;各向同性和随动硬化结构曲线变化趋势相似,但塑性应变有较大差别,残余应变相差约0.06%;多循环加载中每个循环的结构曲线形状相似并不断右移,硬化效应明显,低周疲劳损伤和蠕变损伤分别取决于循环载荷下的应变和应力值.     

Statistical analysis of the occurrence rate of geomagnetic storms during solar cycles 20–24

This study examines the occurrences rate of geomagnetic storms during the solar cycles (SCs) 20–24. It also investigates the solar sources at SCs 23 and 24. The Disturbed storm time (Dst) and Sunspot Number (SSN) data were used in the study. The study establishes that the magnitude of the rate of occurrences of geomagnetic storms is higher (lower) at the descending phases (minimum phases) of solar cycle. It as well reveals that severe and extreme geomagnetic storms (Dst < -250 nT) seldom occur at low solar activity but at very high solar activity and are mostly associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) when occurred. Storms caused by CME + CH-HSSW are more prominent during the descending phase than any other phase of the solar cycle. Solar minimum features more CH-HSSW- associated storms than any other phase. It was also revealed that all high intensity geomagnetic storms (strong, severe and extreme) are mostly associated with CMEs. However, CH-HSSW can occasionally generate strong storms during solar minimum. The results have proven that CMEs are the leading cause of geomagnetic storms at the ascending, maximum and the descending phases of the cycles 23 and 24 followed by CME + CH-HSSW. The results from this study indicate that the rate of occurrence of geomagnetic storms could be predicted in SC phases.     

基于IGS电离层TEC格网的扰动特征统计分析

电离层总电子含量（TEC）是研究空间天气特性的重要参量,通过分析电离层TEC,可以了解空间环境的变化特征.利用IGS提供的1999—2016年全球电离层TEC格网数据,按照地磁纬度将全球划分为高、中、中低、低磁纬四个区域,计算不同区域的电离层扰动;利用大量统计数据选取电离层扰动事件的判定阈值,分析电离层扰动与太阳活动、时空之间的关系;计算电离层扰动指数与地磁活动之间的相关系数.结果显示:电离层扰动与太阳活动变化具有较强的正相关特性.在太阳活动低年,电离层扰动事件发生的概率约为1.79%,在太阳活动高年发生扰动的概率约为10.18%.在空间分布上,无论是太阳活动高年还是低年,高磁纬地区发生扰动事件的概率均大于其他磁纬出现扰动事件的概率.计算得到的中磁纬和中低磁纬地区电离层扰动指数与全球地磁指数Ap的相关系数分别为0.57和0.56,说明电离层扰动指数与Ap具有较好的相关关系;高磁纬电离层扰动指数与Ap的相关系数为0.44;低磁纬扰动指数与Ap的相关系数为0.39.以上结果表明,不同区域电离层扰动与全球地磁指数Ap的相关性不同,测定区域地磁指数可能会提高与电离层扰动的相关性.      

太阳活动低年广州地区地磁扰动与电离层闪烁的统计特征分析

基于肇庆地磁台的地磁监测数据和广州气象卫星地面站建立的华南地区GPS电离层闪烁监测网的监测数据, 统计分析了2008年7月至2010年7月太阳活动低年期间广州地区地磁扰动与电离层闪烁的关系. 用肇庆台地磁水平分量H的变化量换算出肇庆地磁指数K, 以此来代表广州地区地磁扰动情况.分析结果表明, 磁暴/强地磁扰动对广州地区电离层闪烁的发生总体表现为抑制作用, 电离层闪烁主要发生在低K值期间, 而在K ≥ 4时电离层闪烁的发生呈下降趋势. 电离层闪烁发生率随季节和地磁活动的变化规律表现在, 春季的弱闪烁发生率、夜间中等以上闪烁发生率和夏季中等以上闪烁的发生率明显与地磁活动指数K相关, 即随$K$指数的增大而减小; 在秋季和冬季闪烁发生率与K指数变化无明显关系. 同时还综合分析了地磁与太阳活动的变化对电离层活动的影响, 广州地区闪烁主要发生在太阳活动较低的磁静日期间.      

磁暴数统计特性研究

Dst是一个表征磁暴强度的空间天气指数. 通过统计1957-2008年 发生的中等磁暴(-100<Dst≤ -50nT)和强磁暴(Dst ≤ -100nT)在太阳活动周上升年、极大年、下降年和极小年的时间分布情 况, 分析其随季节变化的统计特性, 进而讨论了引起磁暴的原因. 结果表明, 对于同一太阳活动周, 极大年地磁暴发生次数远大于极小年地磁暴的发生次数, 这与太阳黑子数的变化趋势是一致的; 通常太阳活动周强磁暴出现双峰结构, 而第23周中等磁暴出现双峰结构, 强磁暴则出现三峰结构, 这可能与1999 年强 磁暴发生次数异常少, 使1998年凸显出来的现象有关; 磁暴主要发生在分季, 随着Dst指数的增加, 磁暴发生次数明显增加.      

Possible influence of solar extreme events and related geomagnetic disturbances on human cardio-vascular state: Results of collaborative Bulgarian–Azerbaijani studies

This collaborative study is based on the analysis and comparison of results of coordinated experimental investigations conducted in Bulgaria and Azerbaijan for revealing a possible influence of solar activity changes and related geomagnetic activity variations on the human cardio-vascular state. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate of 86 healthy volunteers were measured on working days during a period of comparatively high solar and geomagnetic activity (2799 measurements in autumn 2001 and spring 2002) in Sofia. Daily experimental investigations of parameters of cardio-vascular health state were performed in Azerbaijan with a permanent group of examined persons. Heart rate and electrocardiograms were digitally registered (in total 1532 records) for seven functionally healthy persons on working days and Saturdays, in the Laboratory of Heliobiology at the Medical Center INAM in Baku, from 15.07.2006 to 13.11.2007. Obtained digital recordings were subjected to medical, statistical and spectral analyses. Special attention was paid to effects of solar extreme events, particularly those of November 2001 and December 2006. The statistical method of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis were applied to check the significance of the influence of geomagnetic activity on the cardio-vascular parameters under consideration. Results revealed statistically significant increments for the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values of the group with geomagnetic activity increase. Arterial blood pressure values started increasing two days prior to geomagnetic storms and kept their high values up to two days after the storms. Heart rate reaction was ambiguous and not significant for healthy persons examined (for both groups) under conditions with geomagnetic activity changes. It is concluded that heart rate for healthy persons at middle latitudes can be considered as a more stable physiological parameter which is not so sensitive to environmental changes while the dynamics of arterial blood pressure reveals a compensatory reaction of the human organism for adaptation.     

Aspects related to variability of radiative cooling by NO in lower thermosphere,TEC and O/N2 correlation,and diffusion of NO into mesosphere during the Halloween storms

Nitric Oxide is a very important trace species which plays a significant role acting as a natural thermostat in Earth’s thermosphere during strong geomagnetic activity. In this paper, we present various aspects related to the variation in the NO Infrared radiative flux (IRF) exiting the thermosphere by utilizing the TIMED/SABER (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/ Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) observational data during the Halloween storm which occurred in late October 2003. The Halloween storm comprised of three intense-geomagnetic storms. The variability of NO infrared flux during these storm events and its connection to the strength of the geomagnetic storms were found to be different in contrast to similar super storms. The connection between the quantum of energy outflux from the upper atmosphere into space in terms of NO IRF and the duration of storms is established. The NO radiative cooling, and the closely correlated depletion in O/N₂ ratio are controlled by the Joule heating intensity (proxied by AE-index). The collisional excitation rate of NO, calculated using the modelled datasets of WACCM-X (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension), correlates well with the observed pattern of radiative emission by NO. Observational datasets from TIMED/GUVI (Global Ultra-Violet Imager) and MIT Haystack observatory madrigal GNSS (Global navigation satellite system) total electron content (TEC) database shows that the TEC and O/N₂ enhancement in low-mid northern hemispheric latitudes are mainly controlled by the z-component of Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF-B_z). The penetration of eastward electric field during the storm events is found to be responsible for the overall enhancement of TEC. The contribution of enhanced day-side TEC in observed variation of O/N₂ ratio by GUVI is also reported. It is also seen that during substorms related events the night-time polar region experiences more cooling due to NO than the daytime polar region. The connections between the mid- and low-latitude enhancement in NO IRF with the propagation of LSTIDs (Large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances) in combination with the O/N₂ variability, and the altitudinal variation in NO flux with the progression of the storm is also investigated. This study presents the evidence on the role of diffusion processes in the large scale enhancement of NO in the mesospheric altitudes.     

Responses of ionospheric foF2 to geomagnetic activities in Hainan

Responses of low-latitude ionospheric critical frequency of F2 layer to geomagnetic activities in different seasons and under different levels of solar activity are investigated by analyzing the ionospheric foF2 data from DPS-4 Digisonde in Hainan Observatory during 2002–2005. The results are as follows: (1) the response of foF2 to geomagnetic activity in Hainan shows obvious diurnal variation except for the summer in low solar activity period. Generally, geomagnetic activity will cause foF2 to increase at daytime and decrease at nighttime. The intensity of response of foF2 is stronger at nighttime than that at daytime; (2) seasonal dependence of the response of foF2 to geomagnetic activity is very obvious. The negative ionospheric storm effect is the strongest in summer and the positive ionospheric storm effect is the strongest in winter; (3) the solar cycle has important effect on the response of foF2 to geomagnetic activity in Hainan. In high solar activity period, the diurnal variation of the response of foF2 is very pronounced in each season, and the strong ionospheric response can last several days. In low solar activity period, ionospheric response has very pronounced diurnal variation in winter only; (4) the local time of geomagnetic activities occurring also has important effect on the responses of foF2 in Hainan. Generally, geomagnetic activities occurred at nighttime can cause stronger and longer responses of foF2 in Hainan.     

Analysis of ionospheric TEC response to solar and geomagnetic activities at different solar activity stages

Studying the relationship of total electron content (TEC) to solar or geomagnetic activities at different solar activity stages can provide a reference for ionospheric modeling and prediction. On the basis of solar activity indices, geomagnetic activity parameters, and ionospheric TEC data at different solar activity stages, this study analyzes the overall variation relationships of solar and geomagnetic activities with ionospheric TEC, the characteristics of the quasi-27-day periodic oscillations of the three variables at different stages, and the delayed TEC response of solar activity by conducting correlation analysis, Butterworth band-pass filtering, Fourier transform, and time lag analysis. The following results are obtained. (1) TEC exhibits a significant linear relationship with solar activity at different solar activity stages. The correlation coefficients |R| are arranged as follows: |R|_EUV > |R|_F10.7 > |R|sunspot number. No significant linear relationship exists between TEC and geomagnetic activity parameters (|R| < 0.35). (2) TEC, solar activity indices, and geomagnetic activity parameters have a period of 10.5 years. The maximum amplitudes of the Fourier spectrum for TEC and solar activity indices are nearly 27 days and those of geomagnetic activity parameters are nearly 27 and 13.5 days. (3) The deviations of the quasi-27-day significant periodic oscillation of TEC and solar activity indices are consistent. (4) No evident relationship exists between the quasi-27-day periodic oscillation of TEC and geomagnetic activity parameters. (5) The delay time of TEC for the 10.7 cm solar radio flux and extreme ultraviolet is always consistent, whereas that for sunspot number varies at each stage.     

Interplanetary shocks and geomagnetic activity during solar maximum (2000) and solar minimum (1995–1996)

Plasma and magnetic field parameter variations through fast forward interplanetary shocks were correlated with the peak geomagnetic activity index Dst in a period from 0 to 3 days after the shock, during solar maximum (2000) and solar minimum (1995–1996). Solar wind speed (V) and total magnetic field (B_t) were the parameters with higher correlations with peak Dst index. The correlation coefficients were higher during solar minimum (r² = 56% for V and 39% for B_t) than during solar maximum (r² = 15% for V and 12% for B_t). A statistical distribution of geomagnetic activity levels following interplanetary shocks was obtained. It was observed that during solar maximum, 36% and 28% of interplanetary shocks were followed by intense (Dst  −100 nT) and moderate (−50  Dst < −100 nT) geomagnetic activity, whereas during solar minimum 13% and 33% of the shocks were followed by intense and moderate geomagnetic activity. It can be concluded that the upstream/downstream variations of V and B_t through the shocks were the parameters better correlated with geomagnetic activity level, and during solar maximum a higher relative number of interplanetary shocks can be followed by intense geomagnetic activity than during solar minimum. One can extrapolate, for forecasting goals, that during a whole solar cycle a shock has a probability of around 50% to be followed by intense/moderate geomagnetic activity.     

Geomagnetic activity associated with magnetic clouds,magnetic cloud-like structures and interplanetary shocks for the period 1995–2003

Using nine years (1995–2003) of solar wind plasma and magnetic field data, solar sunspot number, and geomagnetic activity data, we investigated the geomagnetic activity associated with magnetic clouds (MCs), magnetic cloud-like structures (MCLs), and interplanetary shock waves. Eighty-two MCs and one hundred and twenty-two MCLs were identified by using solar wind and magnetic field data from the WIND mission, and two hundred and sixty-one interplanetary shocks were identified over the period of 1995–2003 in the vicinity of Earth. It is found that MCs are typically more geoeffective than MCLs or interplanetary shocks. The occurrence frequency of MCs is not well correlated with sunspot number. By contrast, both occurrence frequency of MCLs and sudden storm commencements (SSCs) are well correlated with sunspot number.