超大型复合材料机体部件应用技术的新进展——飞机制造技术的新跨越

从超大型复合材料部件在军/民用飞机上的应用进展入手,重点介绍了复合材料在波音787机体主要结构上的应用,给出了机身复合材料部件应用的特殊性及空客公司对其所持的争议。分析了波音和空客公司在复合材料应用方面的竞争,分别以波音787和空客A380为例介绍了两公司相应的技术策略：机体整体复合材料部件制造技术和大型复合材料壁板组装成机体技术,以及迫于竞争的压力,空客公司新的应对措施,即采用全复合材料机身壁板结构,将复合材料在A350-XWB上的用量提高到52％。最后总结了复合材料部件设计制造的独特性和复杂性,并得到对中国研制大型飞机的启示。     

基于参数化模型的大型民用飞机设计航程研究

航程和座级直接反映民用客机的市场定位,是飞机产品能否被市场广泛接受的关键因素。目前全球大型客机市场由波音和空客两家公司垄断,又细分为窄体客机、宽体客机和超大型客机等市场。其中,宽体客机的航程跨度较大,是否发展中、短程宽体客机的争论从未终止。伴随空客公司推出A330区域型客机,中短程宽体客机是否有利可图的争论更加炙手可热。有鉴于此,基于全参数化飞机模型,研究了特定座级下设计航程与机翼、发动机、特征重量、气动特性以及燃油经济性之间的关系,分析了设计航程对民用飞机总体设计带来的影响,从技术层面阐述了设计航程变化带来的收益及代价。     

Modern cockpit complexity challenges pilot interfaces

Advances in the use of automated cockpits are examined. Crashes at Nagoya and Toulouse in 1994 and incidents at Manchester, England, and Paris Orly are used as examples of cockpit automation versus manual operation of aircraft. Human factors researchers conclude that flight management systems (FMS) should have fewer modes and less authority. Reducing complexity and authority override systems of FMS can provide pilots with greater flexibility during crises. Aircraft discussed include Boeing 737-300 and 757-200, Airbus A300-600 and A310, McDonnell Douglas MD-11, and Tarom A310-300.     

On the competition between Airbus and Boeing

The recent launch of the A380 is the culmination of the competition with Boeing, as Airbus completes its family of aircraft, in all classes from 100 seats up. This is a good occasion to review the preceding stages of the competition, up to the current A380, before presenting some short conclusions. It will be apparent in this exposition that Airbus has increased its market share at each stage because it has outperformed Boeing in incorporating technology advances in superior designs.     

Overview on airbus fly-by-wire status

Airbus fly-by-wire is now a wide and rapidly growing family of transport aircraft, which share from the shorter A318 to the larger A380 the same flight control philosophy. The purpose of this paper is to show that Airbus flight control system is not frozen, new and mature technologies being progressively introduced on new products while maintaining the basic main common features of the family.     

电传操纵运输机操稳适航性问题分析

电传操纵系统已经成为民用运输类飞机操纵系统的主流.现行适航规章与操稳特性相关的要求主要是基于机械操纵飞机制定的,而电传操纵系统可以设计成与机械操纵不同的操纵性和稳定性,使得适航规章要求与电传操纵飞机之间存在不一致.对波音和空客公司的电传操纵系统操稳设计特征进行了分析,对与适航性密切相关的几个关键问题进行了对比研究,包括主操纵装置型式、响应类型、稳定性特征、大迎角保护、操纵品质评价以及飞行控制律需求捕获与确认等问题,为电传操纵运输机的设计与适航审定提供了借鉴.     

民机电传飞控系统故障检测与容错技术

现代民机广泛采用数字式电传飞控系统,它有利于飞机减重、飞行品质改善、飞机维护性改善等。民机电传飞控系统需满足严格的安全性与可用性要求,保证飞机取证与运营可靠性。故障检测与容错技术是实现高度安全可靠电传飞控系统的关键。该文阐述了已应用于现代民机的故障检测与容错技术,重点介绍了波音、空客公司故障检测与容错技术应用于民机设计的成功案例,对未来民机容错技术发展进行了探讨与展望。     

面向维修的现代大飞机设计

提出了面向维修的设计（DFM）概念。论述了面向维修的设计在现代飞机研制与发展中的重要地位和作用。通过空客、波音和巴航等重视DFM的典型案例，说明了DFM是现代大飞机成功与否的关键性技术。简要分析了DFM的世界先进水平与中国的差距，阐明DFM对于中国发展大飞机有着至关重要的意义。根据国内外工程实践，提出了中国大飞机的DMMH／FH指标门限值（threshold）应不高于10，目标值（goal）应不大于8，以建立大飞机DMMH／FH指标体系为核心的定量化分析的DFM工程化思路。     

非相似余度飞控计算机

从容错的角度介绍了Boeing777和A320的数字飞行控制计算机系统。Boeing777和A320的飞控计算机都采用了非相似的余度技术,能容忍软件和硬件的共态故障,但在每个计算机的功能分配和整个飞控计算机系统的余度结构编排等方面体现了各自的特点。用广义随机Petri网描述了Boeing777余度结构和容错动态过程,并进行了系统的可靠性计算和容错度分析。针对中国"大型飞机"容错飞控系统的设计作了分析和建议。     

大型客机目录价格预测研究

大型客机作为一种昂贵的商品,其价格是非常重要的信息,定价合理与否直接关系到市场前景和商业成功。目录价格是大型客机售价的基础,直接影响客户购买意愿以及后续合同谈判。以波音公司和空客公司的主力干线飞机为样本,基于最小二乘回归法(Ordinary Least Squares Regression,OLSR)建立了大型客机目录价格预测模型,模型对价格的解释能力好,预测误差小,为大型客机的目录价格制定提供了相关的理论依据。     

基于H∞模型匹配的应急飞行控制研究

研究发当飞机常规操纵舵面失效时，通过飞机发动机推力大小来操纵飞机的飞行问题，采用H∞模型匹配的方法，设计动态补偿器，使只调节发动机推力的飞机所表现的特性与在常规舵面操纵下的飞机所表现的特性相近似,从而使飞行员能在操纵舵面失效的情况下，按常规操纵的方法通过控制飞机发动机推力来操纵飞机，实现应急控制，仿真验证了这种方法的有效性。     

波音与空客专利布局分析及其启示研究

在国际竞争中,欧美跨国企业通过设置知识产权壁垒,对我国企业进行阻击,薄弱的技术积累和知识产权的欠缺,使我国许多企业在融入经济全球化的过程中处于明显劣势。通过深入分析波音公司和空客公司这两家国际民机制造行业垄断企业的专利申请年度分布、申请地区分布和申请技术主题分布,从时间、空间及技术三维的角度勾勒出这两家公司的专利布局特点,并在总结波音公司和空客公司的专利策略基础上,对我国大飞机项目提出启示及建议。     

浅谈民机客户服务专业技术人才队伍建设

民机客户服务人才对我国民机产业发展具有重要影响,其发展建设已纳入国家“十二五冶人才建设规划。介绍了全球顶尖民机制造商波音与空客的客户服务人力资源现状,总结了其客户服务人才队伍的培养措施,最后结合中国商飞公司实际,从招聘、培养、激励及管理等方面提出了培养公司客户服务人才队伍的建议。     

突破技术趋同，波音再现竞争优势

 波音公司面临着来自空客公司的巨大挑战,企业战略性创新才是公司成功的关键。为此波音公司的全部战略性研究集中在扩大产品的差异性上,体现在3个方面：电子化（e-Enabled）运营环境、整体复合材料机身部件的制造技术和支持波音787客机的全球协同环境（GCE）。     

单通道窄体客机气动力设计技术分析

气动力设计是单通道窄体客机的重大关键技术,对飞机性能影响重大。初步梳理和简要分析窄体客机的气动力设计技术,主要方法是典型机型的实例研究和相关数据统计分析和对比,内容包括机翼气动力设计、增升装置、翼梢小翼、CFD技术应用等。机翼气动力设计分析部分首先概述设计重要性和要求;之后给出典型飞机机翼气动力设计实例及主要参数统计数据,包括翼型、平面形状、飞机性能参数等;列出机翼内段-翼根区域气动设计、短舱-吊挂-机翼一体化设计等设计研究课题并简析。增升装置部分首先分析设计难点和问题,之后统计分析波音737和A320各代机型的增升装置设计,包括前缘后缘增升装置类型和主要参数等。翼梢小翼部分给出融合式小翼、双羽小翼减阻数据和展向升力分布改善图。最后简要介绍了波音公司、空中客车公司和我国CFD技术发展应用情况。     

突破技术趋同,波音再现竞争优势——对大型飞机研制技术的战略性分析

波音公司面临着来自空客公司的巨大挑战,企业战略性创新才是公司成功的关键.为此波音公司的全部战略性研究集中在扩大产品的差异性上,体现在3个方面:电子化(e-Enabled)运营环境、整体复合材料机身部件的制造技术和支持波音787客机的全球协同环境(GCE).     

ASPS-American suborbital passenger system 2005

With the evaporation of funding support for the National Aero Space Plane (NASP), realization of a single stage to orbit night system has been deferred. With the resource down sizing of the NASP management and technical team, development of the NASP concept appears to be delayed beyond the year 2030. To fill this gap for shorter flight times to remote destinations over 8,000 km, it is now proposed to convert the existing NASA shuttle to a passenger configuration and air launch horizontally from a Boeing 747 aircraft as the first stage carrier after climb to launch altitude. This US Shuttle concept may permit the transport of 100 passengers to destinations 10,000 km distant during a flight duration of 90 minutes, and during flight durations of about 120 minutes to any commercial destination on the planet Earth. This long distance system takes advantage of the existing shuttle and Boeing 747 airframe and propulsion technology, and can be implemented within the next decade     

Multipoint optimization on fuel efficiency in conceptual design of wide-body aircraft

Aircraft conceptual design optimizations that maximize the performance at a design condition (single-point) may result in designs with unsatisfying off-design performance. To further improve aircraft efficiency under actual flight operations, there is a need to consider multiple flight conditions (multipoint) in aircraft conceptual design and optimization. A new strategy for multipoint optimizations in aircraft conceptual design is proposed in this paper. A wide-body aircraft is taken as an example for both single-point and multipoint optimizations with the objective of maximizing the specific hourly productivity. Boeing 787-8 flight data was used in the multipoint optimization to reflect the true objective function. The results show that the optimal design from the multipoint optimization has a 7.72% total specific hourly productivity increase of entire flight missions compared with that of the baseline aircraft, while the increase in the total specific hourly productivity from the single-point optimal design is only 5.73%. The differences between the results of single-point and multipoint optimizations indicate that there is a good option to further improve aircraft efficiency by considering actual flight conditions in aircraft conceptual design and optimization.     

Modeling of reliability and performance assessment of a dissimilar redundancy actuation system with failure monitoring

Actuation system is a vital system in an aircraft, providing the force necessary to move flight control surfaces. The system has a significant influence on the overall aircraft performance and its safety. In order to further increase already high reliability and safety, Airbus has imple-mented a dissimilar redundancy actuation system (DRAS) in its aircraft. The DRAS consists of a hydraulic actuation system (HAS) and an electro-hydrostatic actuation system (EHAS), in which the HAS utilizes a hydraulic source (HS) to move the control surface and the EHAS utilizes an elec-trical supply (ES) to provide the motion force. This paper focuses on the performance degradation processes and fault monitoring strategies of the DRAS, establishes its reliability model based on the generalized stochastic Petri nets (GSPN), and carries out a reliability assessment considering the fault monitoring coverage rate and the false alarm rate. The results indicate that the proposed reli-ability model of the DRAS, considering the fault monitoring, can express its fault logical relation and redundancy degradation process and identify potential safety hazards.