隔热层厚度和数量对太空多层光学窗口温度分布的影响

 航天器上常安装有用于科学观察的多层光学窗口,其温度分布的均匀性会影响成像质量。运用射线踪迹-节点分析法的任意多层镜反射辐射与导热耦合换热模型,研究了隔热层厚度及数量对太空中多层光学窗口温度分布的影响。光学窗口的吸收系数、折射率随波长的变化用一组矩形谱带来近似。研究显示太空中热辐射在光学窗口的冷却过程中起着非常重要的作用,在离玻璃层表面附近很薄的一层玻璃介质内,辐射与导热存在强烈的耦合作用。隔热层厚度越薄,其内的温度分布越均匀,有利于提高成像质量。隔热层数量越多,光学窗口各层玻璃的温度分布越均匀,有利于提高成像质量,但是隔热层最佳数量的确定还需综合考虑其它因素。     

激光驱动微小碎片对石英玻璃撞击损伤效应试验研究

空间碎片撞击对航天器表面材料性能具有很重要的影响。文章从碎片对材料撞击作用角度出发,使用激光驱动飞片技术对光学玻璃进行了撞击试验研究。为了便于对撞击损伤机理的研究和效应评价,开展了单次撞击试验和多次撞击试验,并对这些试验进行了测试分析。试验表明:高速飞片与撞击靶损伤处有很好的对应关系,且高速飞片撞击对石英玻璃表面造成了损伤结构,进而导致光透过率下降。     

空间微小碎片对光学玻璃的污染效应研究

航天器在轨服役期间会遭受到大量空间微小碎片撞击作用。这些微陨石和空间微小碎片可能在光学玻璃表面碰撞产生陷坑,也可能吸附在航天器光学玻璃表面造成污染。文章介绍了采用静电式粉尘加速器使微米级铝粉末低速撞击K8光学玻璃,在玻璃表面吸附大量的粉尘粒子。研究结果表明,被铝粒子污染的光学玻璃透过率明显下降。透过率下降与污染程度成比例。对光学玻璃表面单个粒子陷坑计算分析表明,粒子吸附在玻璃表面时,比粒子陷入一定深度造成的光线衰减更大。     

多尺度大视场十亿像素成像技术

十亿像素相机可以获取信息量较大的图像,在天文观测、航空航天遥感等领域具有广泛的应用前景。受探测器和光学设计水平的限制,传统的大视场十亿像素成像通过小视场相机扫描和图像拼接实现。为解决传统十亿像素相机实时性不高的问题,文章研究一种新型多尺度大视场十亿像素成像技术,从实现十亿像素成像的条件出发,阐述该技术的原理、优势及应用领域;分析系统独特的技术指标,包括物理锥角、重叠率等,梳理和归纳新型多尺度大视场十亿像素成像系统走向实用化过程中必须克服的关键技术。研究结果表明,该技术可在不提高系统复杂性的情况下大幅提高监视实时性。     

光学器件的空间粉尘高速撞击效应研究

文章利用静电加速器模拟研究了微小空间碎片及微流星体(空间粉尘)高速撞击镀膜石英玻璃,光学透镜和反射镜的撞击效应与累积损伤特性.扫描电镜观察结果表明,被撞击试样表面的损伤形式为不连续的点缺陷,可发现撞击坑、机械破裂、局部熔化和粉尘微粒子附着;分光光度计测试结果显示,经粉尘累积撞击后,光学透镜的透射率和反射镜的反射率均发生...     

Preservation of martian organic and environmental records: final report of the Mars biosignature working group

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) has an instrument package capable of making measurements of past and present environmental conditions. The data generated may tell us if Mars is, or ever was, able to support life. However, the knowledge of Mars' past history and the geological processes most likely to preserve a record of that history remain sparse and, in some instances, ambiguous. Physical, chemical, and geological processes relevant to biosignature preservation on Earth, especially under conditions early in its history when microbial life predominated, are also imperfectly known. Here, we present the report of a working group chartered by the Co-Chairs of NASA's MSL Project Science Group, John P. Grotzinger and Michael A. Meyer, to review and evaluate potential for biosignature formation and preservation on Mars. Orbital images confirm that layered rocks achieved kilometer-scale thicknesses in some regions of ancient Mars. Clearly, interplays of sedimentation and erosional processes govern present-day exposures, and our understanding of these processes is incomplete. MSL can document and evaluate patterns of stratigraphic development as well as the sources of layered materials and their subsequent diagenesis. It can also document other potential biosignature repositories such as hydrothermal environments. These capabilities offer an unprecedented opportunity to decipher key aspects of the environmental evolution of Mars' early surface and aspects of the diagenetic processes that have operated since that time. Considering the MSL instrument payload package, we identified the following classes of biosignatures as within the MSL detection window: organism morphologies (cells, body fossils, casts), biofabrics (including microbial mats), diagnostic organic molecules, isotopic signatures, evidence of biomineralization and bioalteration, spatial patterns in chemistry, and biogenic gases. Of these, biogenic organic molecules and biogenic atmospheric gases are considered the most definitive and most readily detectable by MSL.     

The microbial habitability of weathered volcanic glass inferred from continuous sensing techniques

Basaltic glasses (hyaloclastite) are a widespread habitat for life in volcanic environments, yet their interior physical conditions are poorly characterized. We investigated the characteristics of exposed weathered basaltic glass from a surface outcrop in Iceland, using microprobes capable of continuous sensing, to determine whether the physical conditions in the rock interior are hospitable to microbial life. The material provided thermal protection from freeze-thaw and rapid temperature fluctuations, similar to data reported for other rock types. Water activity experiments showed that at moisture contents less than 13% wet weight, the glass and its weathering product, palagonite, had a water activity below levels suitable for bacterial growth. In pore spaces, however, these higher moisture conditions might be maintained for many days after a precipitation event. Gas exchange between the rock interior and exterior was rapid (< 10 min) when the rocks were dry, but when saturated with water, equilibration took many hours. During this period, we demonstrated the potential for low oxygen conditions within the rock caused by respiratory stimulation of the heterotrophic community within. These conditions might exist within subglacial environments during the formation of the rocks or in micro-environments in the interior of exposed rocks. The experiments showed that microbial communities at the site studied here could potentially be active for 39% of the year, if the depth of the community within the outcrop maintains a balance between access to liquid water and adequate protection from freezing. In the absence of precipitation, the interior of weathered basaltic glass is an extreme and life-limiting environment for microorganisms on Earth and other planets.     

Ultrastructural and geochemical characterization of Archean-Paleoproterozoic graphite particles: implications for recognizing traces of life in highly metamorphosed rocks

Abundant graphite particles occur in amphibolite-grade quartzite of the Archean-Paleoproterozoic Wutai Metamorphic Complex in the Wutaishan area of North China. Petrographic thin section observations suggest that the graphite particles occur within and between quartzite clasts and are heterogeneous in origin. Using HF maceration techniques, the Wutai graphite particles were extracted for further investigation. Laser Raman spectroscopic analysis of a population of extracted graphite discs indicated that they experienced a maximum metamorphic temperature of 513 +/- 50 degrees C, which is consistent with the metamorphic grade of the host rock and supports their indigenicity. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the particles bear morphological features (such as hexagonal sheets of graphite crystals) related to metamorphism and crystal growth, but a small fraction of them (graphite discs) are characterized by a circular morphology, distinct marginal concentric folds, surficial wrinkles, and complex nanostructures. Ion microprobe analysis of individual graphite discs showed that their carbon isotope compositions range from -7.4 per thousand to -35.9 per thousand V-PDB (Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite), with an average of -20.3 per thousand, which is comparable to bulk analysis of extracted carbonaceous material. The range of their size, ultrastructures, and isotopic signatures suggests that the morphology and geochemistry of the Wutai graphite discs were overprinted by metamorphism and their ultimate carbon source probably had diverse origins that included abiotic processes. We considered both biotic and abiotic origins of the carbon source and graphite disc morphologies and cannot falsify the possibility that some circular graphite discs characterized by marginal folds and surficial wrinkles represent deflated, compressed, and subsequently graphitized organic-walled vesicles. Together with reports by other authors of acanthomorphic acritarchs from greenschist-amphibolite-grade metamorphic rocks, this study suggests that it is worthwhile to examine carbonaceous materials preserved in highly metamorphosed rocks for possible evidence of ancient life.     

Meteoroid and technogenic particle impact on spacecraft solar panels

This paper presents calculated models and the results of estimates of meteoroid and technogenic particle impact on spacecraft solar panels. It is shown that optical losses resulting from the formation of microcraters on the surface of protective glasses of semiconductor photoconverters (PC) are negligible (less than 0.01%). Significantly greater losses can occur as a result of shunting the PC p–n junction. In high and medium orbits, these losses are 0.1–0.2%/year for the glass thickness of 150 μm and the area of one PC of 30 cm². Decreasing the glass thickness up to 100 μm can lead to increasing power losses up to 0.6%/year.     

γ射线辐射对空间光学玻璃透射率的影响

利用60Co γ-射线对钡冕玻璃（BaK3）、镧冕玻璃（LaK3）、火石玻璃（F10）、镧火石玻璃（LaF3）、轻火石玻璃（QF3）和重火石玻璃（ZF4）进行辐照,研究不同辐照剂量对光学透射率的影响及这些玻璃在空间光学系统中的适应性。光学透射率测试范围为400~1 100 nm。结果表明所有玻璃在辐照后可见光透射率都下降了,而在近红外波段下降不明显（除了QF3和LaF3）。尽管F10和QF3光学透射率在辐照前相似,但是辐照后F10衰减是所有玻璃中最小的,而QF3衰减最为严重。研究发现,当达到一定辐照剂量后,玻璃材料的透射率不再继续衰减,而是趋于稳定。这些结果为空间光学系统针对辐射进行冗余设计提供了依据。     

空间带电粒子辐照效应的地面加速试验研究

空间带电粒子辐照下空间材料的损伤与失效是空间材料学研究的重要组成内容,地面模拟加速试验是研究材料辐照损伤效应的重要方法和技术途径。文章阐述了地面辐照加速试验的方法及相关概念,以光学石英玻璃为例验证辐照加速试验与模拟等效区间的概念,为当前研究材料在空间带电粒子辐照环境条件下的行为与航天器设计、选材提供科学依据。     

一种基于图像的星体表面撞击坑自动提取方法

以星体表面的图像数据为基础,根据撞击坑的向阳面呈亮色调而背阳面呈暗色调的原理,提出了一种基于图像的星体表面撞击坑自动提取方法。该方法先用自适应双阈值分割法对星体表面的光学图像进行分割处理,获取图像中明暗区域的形状和位置信息;再用统计学原理分析明暗区域组成结构、像平面上光照方向,结合相关的约束条件来匹配同一撞击坑的明暗区域,同时拟合出撞击坑的外边缘并确定其半径、位置等信息。实验结果表明,该方法能够从常见的星体表面光学图像中快速、可靠地提取出撞击坑的中心位置和半径大小,具有较宽的普适应性和一定的应用价值。     

HTPB/TDI衬层与NEPE推进剂的界面反应机理

采用富立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和全反射红外光谱(FTIR/ATR),研究了半固化的HTPB/TDI衬层表面的活性基团以及不同的—NCO基团与不同羟基的反应速率。结果表明,半固化的HTPB/TDI衬层表面含有大量的—NCO基团;HTPB/TDI衬层和NEPE推进剂粘合剂相的—NCO基与—OH的交叉反应速度较NEPE推进剂的固化反应速度快得多。HTPB/TDI衬层与NEPE推进剂界面的化学反应机理是粘合剂相中—OH基和—NCO基的交叉反应,其中衬层中TDI分子的—NCO基与PEG分子的—OH基的反应速度稍快于NEPE推进剂中N100分子的—NCO基与HTPB分子的—OH基的反应;在界面区域,HTPB/TDI衬层与NEPE推进剂通过氨基甲酸酯键形成化学粘接。     

Potential fossil endoliths in vesicular pillow basalt, Coral Patch Seamount, eastern North Atlantic Ocean

The chilled rinds of pillow basalt from the Ampère-Coral Patch Seamounts in the eastern North Atlantic were studied as a potential habitat of microbial life. A variety of putative biogenic structures, which include filamentous and spherical microfossil-like structures, were detected in K-phillipsite-filled amygdules within the chilled rinds. The filamentous structures (～2.5 μm in diameter) occur as K-phillipsite tubules surrounded by an Fe-oxyhydroxide (lepidocrocite) rich membranous structure, whereas the spherical structures (from 4 to 2 μm in diameter) are associated with Ti oxide (anatase) and carbonaceous matter. Several lines of evidence indicate that the microfossil-like structures in the pillow basalt are the fossilized remains of microorganisms. Possible biosignatures include the carbonaceous nature of the spherical structures, their size distributions and morphology, the presence and distribution of native fluorescence, mineralogical and chemical composition, and environmental context. When taken together, the suite of possible biosignatures supports the hypothesis that the fossil-like structures are of biological origin. The vesicular microhabitat of the rock matrix is likely to have hosted a cryptoendolithic microbial community. This study documents a variety of evidence for past microbial life in a hitherto poorly investigated and underestimated microenvironment, as represented by the amygdules in the chilled pillow basalt rinds. This kind of endolithic volcanic habitat would have been common on the early rocky planets in our Solar System, such as Earth and Mars. This study provides a framework for evaluating traces of past life in vesicular pillow basalts, regardless of whether they occur on early Earth or Mars.     

光学遥感器微晶玻璃镜头组件空间低温模拟试验技术

文章介绍了光学遥感器微晶玻璃镜头组件在空间环境下的低温模拟试验技术与试验方法。分别从试验设备的开发、试验技术指标的实现进行了分析和阐述;对关键参数进行了详细的计算;重点解决了低温实现过程中的低温传导、低温辐射下试件温度水平的控制问题,为空间低温热试验提供了具有参考价值的新型手段。     

抗光轴扰动的双目视觉测量方法

针对交会对接过程中双目测量相机受空间环境影响其光轴指向发生扰动的问题,提出一种抗光轴扰动的双目视觉测量方法。通过辅助光路将固定于卫星本体的参考标志分别成像于两侧像面的边缘,根据其图像变化估计光轴扰动变换矩阵,补偿因光轴扰动而产生的像面变化,从而实现抗扰动测量。理论推导表明：只要参考标志位于两侧相机视场内,便能够校正相机光轴扰动。利用地面试验平台进行了光轴扰动校正的仿真试验,试验结果表明：当两侧相机光轴存在扰动时,该方法能够有效校正光轴扰动,极大地提高了三维位置的测量精度。     

天基激光告警设备的极低虚警率技术研究

造成天基激光告警设备虚警的外部因素包括空间电磁辐射和高能带电粒子辐射,内部因素是探测和放大电路的噪声。而通过合理的光学滤波设计、检测和放大电路设计、信号处理设计和各种抗辐照设计等措施,可实现天基激光告警设备的极低虚警率指标。     

FOX-7的热分解机理

采用热原位红外、热裂解色谱-质谱、热重分析(TG)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了FOX-7的热分解过程,通过测定程序升温过程中凝聚相的化学结构变化和生成的气相产物,研究了FOX-7的热分解机理。研究结果表明,FOX-7在转晶后可能发生了缩合反应,使其处于缩合产物的平衡状态,随着温度的升高该平衡被打破,FOX-7开始分解成一些小官能团产物和小分子产物;气相产物中首先检测到NO,说明热分解的"脱硝"过程存在硝基与亚硝基互变反应过程。     

新型含硅芳基乙炔的固化及成炭机理研究

通过FTIR、DSC、TG和XRD等分析了新型含硅芳基乙炔树脂的组成、固化反应、炭化过程、炭化机理及热分解动力学.结果表明,树脂主链上含有Si元素,在222 ℃发生Diels-Alder固化反应;固化树脂的起始热分解温度为380 ℃,900 ℃的残留率为89.5%.热解动力学分析表明,树脂的炭化分为几个阶段,在250～445 ℃阶段,为引发阶段,结构变化小;450～725 ℃为热分解阶段,聚合物的主链破坏并转变为玻璃态炭结构;在830～855 ℃是芳环发生脱氢交联反应引起的放热阶段;860～895 ℃为碳化物逐渐向乱层石墨结构转变,此阶段以后热稳定性高.XRD和拉曼光谱表明, 1 500 ℃处理后出现SiC峰,2 200 ℃处理后出现石墨峰,表明材料在高温处理时可发生部分石墨化.     

大尺寸轻型SiC光学反射镜研究进展

本文比较了光学玻璃、硅、铍，碳化硅等太空反向镜片材料的物理性能和机械性能，着重介绍了新型光学反向镜片材料碳化硅的种类、制造和应用，并讨论了碳化硅作为太空反向镜片材料目前存在的问题及发展方向。