嵌入式微处理器浮点执行部件EMFPU的设计

 浮点执行部件是微处理器的重要组成部分。重点论述了基于MIL-STD-1 75 0 A标准的嵌入式微处理器浮点执行部件 EMFPU (Embedded Floating Point Unit)采用的独特数据通路和控制机制。设计给出的 FPU是由指数部件和尾数部件两套数据通路组成,通过一套特殊的控制机制控制其协作完成各项功能。着重讨论了 FPU的算法、数据通路、控制通路和时序;并分析了整个电路的实现和瓶颈的解决。     

SAR极坐标格式成像算法对运动目标响应特性

运动目标的合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像特征是SAR地面运动目标指示（SAR/GMTI）系统进行运动目标检测、成像和重定位的基础。为此,从信号二维解耦合校正距离徙动角度推导和分析了极坐标格式算法（PFA）对运动目标的响应特性,揭示了极坐标格式转换过程中的距离插值和方位插值对运动目标距离徙动的校正原理。理论分析表明：PFA在完成对静止目标成像的同时,还能够自动校正所有运动目标的线性距离徒动,且校正过程无需目标运动信息,因此对于径向运动目标,在忽略波前弯曲条件下PFA也能够对其进行完全聚焦。最后,通过仿真数据处理对理论分析结果进行了验证,表明PFA作为一种运动目标成像预处理方法具有很大的应用前景。     

Radar sensor using low probability of interception SS-FH signals

One of the best known weakness of radar sensors in defense and security applications is the necessity to radiate a signal, which can be detected by the target, so being possible (easy in fact) that the target is alerted about the presence of a radar before the radar is alerted about the presence of a target. In this context, Low Probability of Interception (LPI) Radars try to use signals that are difficult to intercept and/or identify. Spread spectrum signals are strong candidates for this application, and systems using special frequency or polyphase modulation schemes are being exploited. Frequency hopping, however, has not received much attention. The typical LPI radar at this moment of the technology is a CW-LFM radar. The simplicity of the technology is its best point. Polyphase codes, on the other hand have the inherent advantage of high instantaneous bandwidth regardless of observation time. But the complexity of the hardware is also higher. FH signals have traditionally been considered of lower performance but higher complexity, due to the difficulties to compensate the individual dopplers for the individual range cells in the receiver. One important point is that an FH radar must be clearly distinguished from an agile frequency radar. In the latter, a pulsed signal is transmitted using different frequencies from pulse to pulse. In an FH radar the frequency changes must be during the pulse. In fact, in an LPI FH radar, a CW frequency hopped signal is used. A radar system concept is proposed in which it shows how these problems can be overcome in a tracking application. Also, the signal format is analyzed under the scope of future decade digital interceptors, showing that, in fact, this kind of signal exhibits improvement in some performances and requires a hardware that is only slightly more complex than that needed for CW-LFM systems     

Depth of Field for SAR with Aircraft Acceleration

Processing synthetic array radar (SAR) data is difficult if the depth of field is small. Aircraft acceleration can severely reduce the depth of field and thereby increase the processing. The effects of aircraft acceleration on the depth of field for three types of SAR processing are analyzed: (1) conventional processing (range-Dopper processing), (2) variable pulse-repetition frequency (PRF) (PRF changes to compensate for aircraft acceleration), and (3) polar format. Polar format is a technique for processing high resolution SAR which has a much larger depth of field in the ground plane than conventional processing. On the other hand, aircraft acceleration will limit the vertical depth of field for polar format to about the same value as for conventional processing. In addition, for polar format, the only component of aircraft acceleration that limits the vertical depth of field is the component normal to the slant plane containing the velocity and range vectors. Vector notation is used to graphically show the effects of aircraft acceleration. In addition to better insight, the vector notation gives equations for SAR compensation that do not depend on a specific coordinate system.     

Variable Format Radar Receiver Using a SAW Convolver

A technique for receiving radar pulse trains is presented [which can be of a variable format in the sense that they vary from pulse to pulse]. The heart of the receiver is a sufrace ascoustic wave (SAW) convolver. In addition to prsenting experimental results for variable format waveform reception, it is shown that the convolver can easily generate ambiguity functions for virtually any waveform, and specific results for signals such as Barker codes and linear FM (chirp) waveforms are presented.     

Extended PGA for range migration algorithms

The phase gradient autofocus (PGA) algorithm is extended to work for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) spotlight images processed with range migration (w-k) algorithms. Several pre-processing steps are proposed for aligning the range-compressed phase-history data needed for successful autofocusing of the data. The proposed algorithm gave good results for both data with large point targets and data without point targets.     

方位扫描SAR区域成像研究

研究在SAR区域成像中,通过天线波束方位扫描扩大成像区方位宽度的机理以及信号处理方法。首先描述天线波束扫描的几何关系,推导出为达到要求的成像分辨率以及成像区方位宽度所需的天线波束扫描角速度和扫描角度的计算公式。分析了成像区位置与载机航迹的几何关系。然后讨论方位扫描SAR区域成像信号处理方法,并给出系统点目标响应仿真结果。最后,用试飞实测数据成像做了验证。     

Programmable ultrawideband signal generator for electromagnetic susceptibility testing

Under Phase I of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Networking in Extreme Environments (NETEX) initiative, Multispectral Solutions, Inc. (MSSI) was tasked with the development of a general-purpose, ultrawideband hardware simulator capable of reproducing a wide variety of ultrawideband (UWB) waveforms. The simulator, with UWB outputs from baseband through millimeter wave, was to be used for the purpose of electromagnetic susceptibility testing of legacy military radio, radar, and positioning systems. The ultimate goal of this portion of the Phase I program was the quantitative determination of those UWB parameters (e.g., frequency, power, pulse rate, pulse shape, dithering, etc.) which had the least impact on the operational performance of legacy designs. This describes the development of the MSSI NETEX UWB simulator (BFP1000).     

Sequential Piecewise Recursive Filter for GPS Low-Dynamics Navigation

The design, implementation, and performance of a real-time estimation algorithm, referred to in this paper as the sequential piecewise recursive (SPWR) algorithm, for the global-positioning system (GPS) low-dynamics navigation system is described. The SPWR algorithm for this application was implemented in single precision arithmetic (32 bit, floating point). Numerical results are presented covariance and filter gains at a slower rate than the state measurement update, and it uses U-D factor formulation to perform covariance computations. The SPWR algorithm saves real-time processing requirements without appreciable degradation of filter performance. Another important feature of the SPWR algorithm is that it incorporates pseudorange and delta-range data from each GPS satellite sequentially for navigation solution. The SPWR algorithm, for this application, was implemented in single precision arithmetic (32 bit, floating point). Numerical results are presented.     

Polar format algorithm for bistatic SAR

Matched filtering (MF) of phase history data is a mathematically ideal but computationally expensive approach to bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image formation. Fast backprojection algorithms (BPAs) for image formation have recently been shown to give improved O(N/sup 2/ log/sub 2/N) performance. An O(N/sup 2/ log/sub 2/N) bistatic polar format algorithm (PFA) based on a bistatic far-field assumption is derived. This algorithm is a generalization of the popular PFA for monostatic SAR image formation and is highly amenable to implementation with existing monostatic image formation processors. Limits on the size of an imaged scene, analogous to those in monostatic systems, are derived for the bistatic PFA.     

SPRI: simulator of polarimetric radar images

Simulator of polarimetric radar images (SPRI) consists of a suite of image processing programs for producing realistic millimeter-wave (MMW) radar images artificially on a workstation. The heart of the simulation approach is a polarimetric Rayleigh clutter simulator coupled to a clutter database. The simulator produces high resolution single-look polarimetric images. Hard targets can then be embedded into this clutter map, and the resultant image can be degraded in resolution, number of looks, polarization, etc. to match that which would be observed by a real sensor. Examples of simulated images, and comparisons of these simulations to actual images, are presented. The MMW Clutter Database is the most comprehensive to-date database of over 3500 Mueller matrices for many kinds of terrestrial clutter measured at 35 and 95 GHz, many of which are at incidence angles close to grazing. The database can be accessed via a World Wide Web flexible interface that enables data to be combined in new and unique ways specified by the user, and displayed in either tabular or graphical format. The structure and access procedure to the database are described     

Radar Partial Coherence Theory: An Introduction

The nature of physical phenomena is such that scattering from portions of an object, a number of objects, or clutter, is not completely unrelated; the underlying environment causes some degree of order in the phenomenon. Radar partial coherence theory describes a structure for the general target, or clutter, and its relationship to radar cross section, waveform coding, and the radar output signal. The clutter ambiguity function is introduced for extended bodies and embraces the (Woodward) ambiguity function for a point target. Due to nonlinear effects caused by partial coherence within the general target, radar signals and targets are formulated in terms of mutual coherence functions. The basic quantities describing the radar output are 1) the radar mutual coherence function (formulated in terms of the radar waveform) and 2) the target mutual coherence function which depends upon target properties, physical environment, and viewing aspect. Random noise (independent point scatterers) and partially coherent portions of reflecting bodies are made accountable in the theory. Partial coherence effects are treated as patches of reflected energy: self-coherent energy patches plus mutually coherent energy among the patches.     

Iterative MMSE method and recurrent Kalman procedure for ISAR imagereconstruction

This work presents a novel approximate iterative and recurrent approach for image reconstruction from inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) data. Mathematical models of the quadrature components of the ISAR signal, reflected by an object with a complex geometry, are devised. Approximation matrix functions are used to describe deterministic signals reflected by point scatterers located at nodes of the uniform grid (model) during inverse aperture synthesis. Minimum mean square error (MMSE) equations and Kalman equations are derived. To prove the validity and correctness of the developed iterative MMSE method and recurrent Kalman procedure, numerical experiments were performed. The computational results demonstrate high resolution images, unambiguous and convergent estimates of the point scatterers' intensities of a target from simulated ISAR data     

复杂航迹和起伏地形条件下机载聚束SAR 空变运动补偿

 运动补偿是雷达平台机动飞行条件下合成孔径雷达(SAR)实现精确聚焦成像的前提,而如何精确实现运动误差的空变补偿(误差补偿随目标距离、方位和高度位置的变化而变化)目前还存在很大的挑战。本文提出了一种新的三阶运动补偿方法,能够有效解决复杂雷达航迹和地形起伏条件下运动误差的空变补偿问题。该方法首先以场景中心为参考进行空不变运动补偿,然后以多个子场景中心为参考进行空变运动补偿,最后再利用极坐标格式算法(PFA)统一补偿每个像素的空变误差。仿真数据处理结果验证了本文方法的有效性。     

Wingtip generated wake vortices as radar target

Previous radar wake vortex detection experiments have resulted in measured beam averaged values of radar reflectivity from wake vortices in clear air. We have employed average wind and thermodynamic variable output from a two dimensional wake vortex model in clear air and fog to predict radar reflectivity in a wake vortex on a one meter grid. The results agree well, compared to data in the literature. In the clear air case, scales of turbulence were analyzed at each grid point to determine the appropriate maximum radar frequency for detection, initial wake structure, transport, and vortex persistence are related to atmospheric winds, atmospheric stability, and generating aircraft characteristics     

Dominant scatterer identification testing with an integrated X-bandradar system

Radar return data from airborne jet aircraft were collected and analyzed to determine the presence of consistent, dominant radar returns of point scatterers on aircraft simulating landing conditions. These measurements were performed by integrating two separate X-band radars into one system with the ability to simultaneously track and image aircraft. Selected processed data from both radar systems were analyzed and are presented for the airborne jet aircraft     

Imaging of point scatterers from step-frequency ISAR data

A high-resolution method for imaging of point scatterers from step-frequency inverse synthetic-aperture radar (ISAR) data is presented. An analysis of the noise sensitivity of the method is provided to show the high performance of the method. Simulation results are given to show the robustness of the method against model errors     

基于CZT的机载并行双站斜视SAR成像算法

建立了机载并行双站斜视合成孔径雷达(SAR)的几何模型,给出了雷达回波的数学表达式,推导了它的二维频谱并对其特点做了分析。在二维频域内,先用聚焦函数对观测场景中心的点目标做精确成像,然后用Chirp-Z变换(CZT)校正中心点两侧目标回波的距离徙动,再通过方位向逆傅里叶变换得到了雷达图像。该算法利用了CZT能够处理非线性调频信号的特点,简化了处理过程,提高了计算效率和成像精度。仿真实验验证了这种基于CZT的新算法在处理并行双站斜视SAR数据时的有效性。     

一种超高分辨率机载聚束SAR两维自聚焦算法

受运动参数测量误差和大气扰动等因素影响,合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像通常会发生散焦,利用自聚焦对散焦的SAR图像进行后处理是一种有效的重聚焦手段。传统的自聚焦算法都只是针对方位一维相位误差的估计和补偿。随着成像分辨率的提高,自聚焦时残留距离徙动的校正成为SAR成像面临的一个新挑战。本文推导得到了极坐标格式算法处理后残留距离徙动和方位相位误差的解析表达式,分析了两者之间的内在关系,并利用该关系,提出了一种能够同时进行残留距离徙动和方位相位误差补偿的两维自聚焦算法。实测数据处理结果表明,在残留距离徙动效应不可忽略的条件下,该方法能够极大地改善原有自聚焦算法的聚焦性能。     

基于Hausdorff距离的反舰导弹目标选择方法

如何从舰艇编队中选择预定目标,是超视距反舰导弹亟待解决的一个问题。文章基于Hausdorff距离的部分匹配理论研究了这一问题。火控雷达探测到的编队信息和末制导雷达探测到的编队信息都用点集来描述,通过点集形状匹配获取这两个点集的对应点,从而实现对预定目标的选择。重点提出了一种新的部分匹配途径,能够自适应地逐个剔除引起形状不相似的外部点而同时保留两个形状的相似部分。仿真试验表明,相比以往基于编队相互位置关系的方法,论文所研究的预定目标选择方法具有更好的抗干扰能力。