陶瓷高温活性钎焊研究综述

就陶瓷高温活性钎料研制的一些基本原则和要求进行了分析和讨论，以Al2O3、Si3N4这两种典型陶瓷为研究对象，对其钎焊时的界面反应、润湿性能、接头强度等作了综述，并给出了相应高温活性钎料的成分配比、钎焊工艺、接头强度等参数，以供实际钎焊时参考。     

BNi-2钎料真空电子束钎焊

探讨了真空电子束钎焊过程中电子束钎焊工艺参数对钎料润湿性和试板温度场的影响作用,以及BNi-2钎料钎焊不锈钢时的接头组织。获得了真空电子束钎焊优化工艺参数,为不锈钢结构件的真空电子束钎焊工艺提供了理论依据。     

镍基三号高温钎焊合金钎焊性能研究

镍基三号高温钎焊合金是一种典型的镍基高温钎料,具有优良的钎焊工艺性能、耐高、低温性能和耐多种介质腐蚀的性能,广泛用于各类不锈钢、耐热钢和高温合金等材料的真空钎焊、气保护钎焊及高频感应钎焊。 本文简要地对该合金的钎焊性能及应用情况作了介绍。     

镍基非晶态及晶态钎料真空钎焊时母材在钎料中溶解特性的研究

以高温钎焊时液态钎料对母材溶解厚度的定量计算模型为基础，考察了采用Ｎｉ８２Ｃｒ７．５Ｓｉ４．５Ｂ３Ｆｅ３成分的镍基非晶态及晶态钎料真空高温钎焊１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢时钎料对母材的溶解特性，深入研究了钎焊温度、钎焊保温时间以及钎焊间隙等参数对母材溶解厚度的影响。结果表明，钎焊温度对母材溶蚀的影响比钎焊保温时间剧烈，而钎焊间隙增加明显促进了母材的溶解，采用母材溶解厚度计算模型可对溶蚀控制条件下的钎焊规范及钎焊间隙等参数进行优化匹配。     

BNi71CrSi钎料钎焊Hastelloy N合金的接头组织和性能

采用无硼BNi71CrSi钎料实现了Hastelloy N合金的高质量真空钎焊连接.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对不同钎焊温度和保温时间下获得接头的微观组织及成分进行了分析.结果表明:Hastelloy N合金接头组成为:母材/扩散区/等温凝固区/非等温凝固区/等温凝固区/扩散区/母材.非等温凝固区主...     

镍基非晶态及晶态钎料真空钎焊时母材溶解模型特性的研究

以楔形变钎焊间隙试样为对象，研究了采用Ｎｉ８２Ｃｒ７．５Ｓｉ４．５Ｂ３Ｆｅ３成分的镍基非晶态及晶态钎料真空钎焊１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢时液态钎料对固态母材的溶解，建立了高温钎焊时母材溶解厚度（溶解深度）定量计算的物理－数学模型。平行等间隙及楔形变间隙试样真空钎焊试验结果表明，钎焊温度钎焊保温时间及钎焊间隙等参数对母材溶解有重要影响，并表明该模型具有较高的准确性，能够用于研究高温钎焊时钎料对母材的溶解特性，并进行溶蚀性评价。     

用锡铅钎料钎焊H62黄铜的接头组织与性能

对HLSn60PbSbA钎料钎焊H62黄铜接头的组织和钎焊时间对接头组织及力学性能的影响进行了研究.结果表明,接头组织由铅基固溶体、锡铅基共晶、铜基固溶体、胞状与块状化合物相构成,当钎焊时间延长至120s时组织中出现片状化合物相.同时发现,片状化合物相是造成接头力学性能下降的主要原因,较短钎焊时间获得接头强度较高.     

中低碳钢的大间隙加填料真空钎焊

介绍了焊缝间隙为２ｍｍ的碳钢采用真空钎焊时，为了使焊缝与基体等强度所采用的填料，钎料及钎焊工艺。     

不锈钢及其板翅式换热器钎焊技术

对不锈钢及其板翅式换热器钎焊技术研究现状作简介，内容包括不锈钢软钎焊、硬钎焊的连接材料选择，不锈钢与陶瓷、钛、铝等异质材料的钎焊技术。阐述了新工艺方法的应用，包括钎焊-热处理一体化、PTLP（partial transient liquid phase）技术、加压钎焊、真空电弧钎焊、大间隙钎焊、真空电子束钎焊、辉光放电钎焊等。最后简要说明了计算机模拟技术在不锈钢钎焊中的应用，介绍了不锈钢板翅式换热器的钎焊现状和待解决的主要问题。     

用急冷Al基活性钎料钎焊Si3N4陶瓷的研究

研制了三种急冷Ａｌ基活性钎料。研究结果表明：急冷Ａｌ基活性钎料的组织明显细化，熔点明显下降，基体硬度升高。在较低的钎焊温度（７５０℃）下，下加Ｎｉ粉的接头的剪切强度较高（２０８．８ＭＰａ）。钎焊温度对接头强度影响较大。当超过一定钎焊温度后，接头强度明显下降；加Ｎｉ粉复合钎焊可明显提高接头的剪切强度，在钎焊温度为８００℃时接头的最高剪切强度为２２５ＭＰａ，加Ｎｉ粉的复合接头在界面两侧形成均匀分布富Ｎｉ带。这是接头强度提高的主要原因。     

AuNi9 导电环刷丝的钎料成分改进及性能分析

采用Sn Pb、In Pb和In Pb Ag三种钎料对航天器控制系统中的Au Ni9刷丝进行了钎焊试验,对钎焊接头的力学性能、断口形貌以及微观组织、化合物相成分进行对比分析,探讨改进后钎料对钎焊接头化合物层形成的影响。结果表明,Sn Pb钎料钎焊Au Ni9刷丝接头区域靠近金合金一侧产生了明显的化合物,主要包括:Au Sn4及Au Ni2Sn4和Ni3Sn4化合物相。In Pb钎料能明显降低钎焊接头脆性,接头区域未发现金属间化合物的产生。InPb Ag钎料不仅能保护铜导线的镀银层,而且钎焊接头还会产生细小的强化相Ag2In,增强接头剪切强度。     

无铅焊点的可靠性研究

基于环保和可持续发展,各国开始限制电子封装中铅的应用,而无铅焊料的研究是目前发展的重要趋势,随着钎焊材料和工艺的改变,给无铅钎焊焊点可靠性的评估带来一系列的相关问题,焊点的破坏往往导致整个封装结构的失效,本研究就无铅焊料焊点的力学测试方法和焊点寿命预测进行了讨论。     

Temperature Cycling Effects on Solar Panels

Temperature cycling for more than 300 cycles and for temperatures down to - 175°C performed on soldered silicon cell assemblies with copper, Kovar, and molybdenum interconnectors showed a wide range in failures depending both upon the materials used and on interconnector thickness and substrate material. The solder fatigue failure rate is strongly dependent on stress level in agreement with analytical predictions.     

短引脚PGA选择性波峰焊工艺技术

文摘针对装联过程中,PGA封装器件引脚过短的问题,分析了三种主要焊接工艺方法,采用选择性波峰焊接对短引脚PGA进行焊接试验,进而优化焊接工艺参数,并通过外观、X射线、金相剖切对焊接质量进行分析。结果表明:经过目视和X射线检测,选择性波峰焊接的短引脚PGA焊点无明显缺陷,金相图中焊锡与器件引脚、焊盘孔壁结合处良好,符合合格焊点要求。选择性波峰焊工艺方法具备焊接短引脚PGA的能力,有一定的应用价值。     

无铅焊点热疲劳状态估计

为获取元器件焊点的热疲劳状态信息,采用了焊点剪切力测试方法和非线性最小二乘数据拟合法。以1210片式电阻器件无铅焊点为研究对象,开展了剪切力-热疲劳状态试验研究工作。依据0、300、600、900、1200、1 500个周期温度冲击下的焊点剪切力试验数据,采用非线性最小二乘的Gauss-Newton法,并利用Matlab编程的手段获取了剪切力数据的拟合曲线。以"剪切力值下降30%"的失效标准划定失效界线,利用拟合曲线推算出焊点失效时的循环周期数为1 439.04。试验证明焊点剪切力能够反映出焊点的热疲劳状态,该方法可用于焊点的疲劳状态监测、估计,满足对于焊点疲劳状态的监测需要,同样适用于其他类型焊点的疲劳状态估计。     

多种形式插板的压气机进气总压畸变实验研究

为了弄清国军标GJB/Z64-2004采用简单的单个弦月形插板作为进口总压畸变评定实验用的标准插板的缘由,在双级低速轴流压气机试验器上开展了四种不同形式插板的进气总压畸变实验验证研究,并详细比较了各插板的综合畸变指数特性。结果表明：单个弦月形插板作为进口总压畸变评定实验的标准插板,其结果是偏保守、严格的,动态畸变指数和稳态畸变指数在综合畸变指数中所占比例相当,并且插板实验能够产生足够大的动态畸变。     

应用应变测试的航电产品组装工艺优化研究

新一代航电产品的印制板组件互连密度高,微小封装片式器件及高密度细间距芯片大量应用,在产 品组装过程中印制板受到机械应力翘曲而引起器件焊点失效成为痛点问题。本文提出应用应变测试识别组装工 艺风险点,针对性采取工艺优化措施,并采用应变测试量化验证优化效果。试验结果表明,提出的方法能够有 效量化工艺风险,并将组装过程中的产品应变数值降为原来的三分之一,满足了IPC 9704A 标准的要求。     

An assessment of the Qualified Manufacturer List (QML)

The Qualified Manufacturer List (QML) approach, detailed in MIL-I-38535, General Specification for Integrated Circuits (Microcircuit) Manufacturing, embraces many of the commercial practices employed by high volume microcircuit suppliers. Nevertheless, with the availability of highly reliable and lower cost commercial parts, the QML approach becomes unnecessary and undesirable. In this paper we attempt to show why US government support of the QML program is leading the military and government to unaffordable access to out-dated technologies, damaging our country's military and avionics position. We will present information to show why we support the retraction of MIL-PRF-38535 and any other documents which imply that QML parts are superior to commercial parts, including those of QPL, MIL-STD-454, and MIL-HDBK-217 (now prohibited from use in all new Army programs)     

Flight safety performance of the microwave landing system

The microwave landing system (MLS), which is scheduled to be implemented progressively over the next 10 years, is intended to supply the instrument landing system (ILS) as the international standard landing aid. MLS has been demonstrated to be superior to ILS from both performance and reliability standpoints, yet considerable debate persists on its relative merits. Although tolerance criteria for flight safety are embedded in these comparisons, flight safety has not been a major component of these discussions. The reasons why flight safety has not been an issue are addressed, and observations on the flight safety of MLS are related from a systems point of view. The effect of MLS on airport capacity is identified as a central issue. Observations are derived from a review of available documentation and operational results to date as well as discussions with the participants     

Overview of the self-sustaining mechanisms of wall turbulence

This paper reviews the ideas about why wall turbulence is self-sustaining. The paper is to distribute this information to fluid dynamists who are nonspecialists in turbulence. The production of turbulence and Reynolds stress centers on vortices and “streaks” of low speed fluid near the wall. There are two main categories of self-sustaining mechanisms. In one category, parent vortices interact with the wall and produce offspring vortices. In the second category, workers view the mechanisms as instabilities. Streak velocity profiles, profiles where low velocity fluid has accumulated in long streamwise regions of small spanwise extent, are unstable. These regions are caused by streamwise vortices in the near-wall region. The most dangerous perturbation is a sinuous streamwise mode. The mode may be a normal mode or a transient-growth mode. Ultimately the nonlinear development produces a streamwise vortex. In turn, the vortex can reproduce the streak profile. A third category is based on a common mathematical approach. The goal is to construct a low-order dynamical system of differential equations that display the elemental processes of turbulence.