二氧化碳射流下孔型对气膜冷却特性影响的实验研究(英文)

This article presents the data about heat transfer coefficient ratios, film cooling effectiveness and heat loads for the injection through cylindrical holes, 3-in-1 holes and fanned holes in order to characterize the film cooling performance downstream of a row of holes with 45° inclination and 3 hole spacing apart. The trip wire is placed upstream at a distance of 10 times diameter of the cooling hole from the hole center to keep mainstream fully turbulent. Both inlet and outlet of 3-in-1 holes have a 15° lateral expansion. The outlet of fanned holes has a lateral expansion. CO2 is applied for secondary injection to obtain a density ratio of 1.5. Momentum flux ratio varies from 1 to 4. The results indicate that the increased momentum flux ratio significantly increases heat transfer coefficient and slightly improve film cooling effectiveness for the injection through cylindrical holes. A weak dependence of heat transfer coefficient and film cooling effectiveness, respectively, on momentum flux ratio has been identified for the injection through 3-in-1 holes. The in- crease of the momentum flux ratio decreases heat transfer coefficient and significantly increases film cooling effectiveness for the injection through fanned holes. In terms of the film cooling performance, the fanned holes are the best while the cylindrical holes are the worst among the three hole shapes under study.     

Experiments on film cooling with sonic injection into a supersonic flow

Film cooling experiments with sonic injection were conducted to investigate the effects of the number of the injection holes, the mass flow ratio, and the hole spacing on the film cooling effectiveness. The mainstream was obtained by the hydrogen-oxygen combustion, entering the experimental section at a Mach number of 2.0. The nitrogen with ambient temperature was injected into the experimental section at a sonic speed. The measured mainstream recovery temperature was approximately 910K. The mass flow ratio was regulated by varying the nitrogen injection pressure. The experimental results show that for the investigated cooling surface, the cooling effectiveness increases with the increase in the number of the injection holes with other parameters held constant. For a fixed cooling configuration, the cooling effectiveness increases with the increase in the mass flow ratio. Different from the subsonic film cooling, the optimal mass flow ratio is not observed. When the hole spacing is less than 4, no obvious difference is observed on the cooling effectiveness and lateral uniformity. With the mass flow ratio increasing further, this difference becomes much smaller. The shock wave also has an effect on the cooling effectiveness. Downstream the incident point of the shock wave, the cooling effectiveness is lower than that in the case without the shock wave.     

Film cooling performance and flow structure of single-hole and double-holes with swirling jet

This paper presents the results of a numerical study of the effects of swirling flow in coolant jets on film cooling performance. Some combined-hole designs with swirling coolant flow entering the delivery hole are proposed and analyzed. Adiabatic film cooling effectiveness values for cases with various blowing ratios are compared. Detailed flow structures and underlying mechanisms are discussed. The results show that film cooling effectiveness is improved with jet swirl at high blowing ratios, ...     

Design and experimental study of a micro-groove grinding wheel with spray cooling effect

The effectiveness of grinding fluid supply has a crucial impact on grinding quality and efficiency in high speed grinding. In order to improve the cooling and lubrication, through in-depth research of self-inhaling internal cooling method and intermittent grinding mechanism, a new spray cooling method used in high speed grinding is proposed. By referring to the structure of bowl- shaped dispersion disk, the grinding wheel matrix with atomization ability is designed; through studying heat transfer of droplet collision and the influence of micro-groove on the boiling heat transfer, grinding segment with micro-groove is designed to enhance the heat flux of coolant and achieve maximum heat transfer between droplets and grinding contact zone. High-speed grinding experiments on GH4169 with the developed grinding wheel are carried out. The results show that with the micro-groove grinding wheel just 5.4% of pump outlet flow rate and 0.5% of spindle energy is needed to reduce the grinding temperature to 200℃, which means the developed grinding wheel makes cooling high efficient and low energy consuming.     

Experiments of flow and heat transfer performances for air-cooling laminated turbine vane

Flow resistance and heat transfer coefficients of typical double wall laminated film cooling configuration within a turbine vane were experimentally studied.The specimen was in large scale,and made of transparent organic glass.Laminated configuration consisted of double wall laminates,pin-fins,staggered arrays of impingement and film holes.The number ratio of impingement holes,pin-fins and film holes was2∶1∶1.Five experiment vanes were installed in static cascade,and experiments were carried out under constant heat flux.Re of internal cooling air in the experiment was from 104 to 2×105,and Re of external fluid was from 105 to 3×105.The experiment results show that flow resistances of front channel and back channel of the vane are in the same level,and both of them decrease as Re of cooling air increases.Nuof front channel is slightly higher than that of back channel.Both of them increase as Re of cooling air increases.And experiment results were obtained from experiment vanes were compared with that obtained from laminated flat plates,and the tendency of the results agrees well.     

Ground experimental investigations into an ejected spray cooling system for space closed-loop application

Spray cooling has proved its superior heat transfer performance in removing high heat flux for ground applications.However,the dissipation of vapor–liquid mixture from the heat surface and the closed-loop circulation of the coolant are two challenges in reduced or zero gravity space environments.In this paper,an ejected spray cooling system for space closed-loop application was proposed and the negative pressure in the ejected condenser chamber was applied to sucking the two-phase mixture from the spray chamber.Its ground experimental setup was built and experimental investigations on the smooth circle heat surface with a diameter of 5 mm were conducted with distilled water as the coolant spraying from a nozzle of 0.51 mm orifice diameter at the inlet temperatures of 69.2 °C and 78.2 °C under the conditions of heat flux ranging from 69.76 W/cm~2 to 311.45 W/cm~2,volume flow through the spray nozzle varying from 11.22 L/h to 15.76 L/h.Work performance of the spray nozzle and heat transfer performance of the spray cooling system were analyzed;results show that this ejected spray cooling system has a good heat transfer performance and provides valid foundation for space closed-loop application in the near future.     

Influence of Multi-hole Arrangement on Cooling Film Development

A series of computations is conducted for many multi-hole arrangements at several blowing ratios to further investigate the evolution of the film from multi-holes. The influence of multi-hole arrangement on effusion film cooling is analyzed and a preliminary relationship evaluating the film development from developing state to developed state is brought forward. Results show that the coolant jets from front rows of multi-holes merge rapidly and the strength of the kidney vortices due to mainstream-coolant jet interaction in the downstream region are mitigated under super-long-diamond arrangement where the streamwise hole-to-hole pitch is bigger than spanwise hole-to-hole pitch. The holes array arranged in super-long-diamond mode is not only in favor of obtaining developed film layer, but also improving averaged adiabatic film cooling effectiveness.     

Heat transfer characteristics in a narrow confined channel with discrete impingement cooling

Heat transfer characteristics in a narrow confined channel with discrete impingement cooling were investigated using thermal infrared camera. Detailed heat transfer distributions and comparisons on three surfaces with three impact diameters were experimentally studied in the range of Reynolds number of 3000 to 30000. The experimental results indicated that the strong impingement jet leaded to a high strength heat transfer zone in the ΔX=±2.5D_j range of the impact center,which was 1.3–...     

Performance investigation of intercooler operating in wet condition using distributed parameter model

The performance of a marine gas turbine intercooler operating in wet condition was evaluated.The intercooler was a cross-flow plate-fin heat exchanger that used air and pure water as its working fluids at the hot and cold sides,respectively.The heat transfer performance and the water vapor condensation were investigated for a relative humidity of the inlet air that reached 100% during warship cruise.The condensation of the water vapors increased the hot side outlet temperature by a certain amount,which could in turn influence the performance of the compressor downstream.The condensate film thickness and the void fraction were calculated based on an annular two-phase flow model.It is found that water vapor condensation in hot flow channel increases the outlet temperature with a maximum value of 7.3℃ in the case of 100% relative humidity.The calculated liquid film thickness reaches a maximum value of 4μm,which indicates negligible thermal resistance to heat transfer.The results of liquid film thicknesses also provide a qualitative prediction of the diameter distribution of the condensate water droplets.     

Experimental investigation of aerodynamics of turbine blade trailing edge cooling

This paper presented an experimental investigation the effects of the trailing edge cooling on the aerodynamic performance. The experiments were conducted on the low-speed linear cascade tunnel at Northwestern Polytechnical University. The external aerodynamic characteristics in the 40 percent chord downstream of exit plane were measured using five-hole probe with the different ejection rates. The results showed that the total pressure loss coefficient at the middle spanwise plane increased at first and then it has a decreasing tendency with the increase of ejection ratio. The trailing edge cooling would influence the structure of the turbine cascade outlet flow field. When the ejection rate was 3%,the loss area near the blade endwall would become stronger,but it would become weaker with the 6% ejection ratio. On the whole,the trailing edge cooling had more influence on the profile loss than on the secondary loss.      

气动参数对后台阶三维缝隙气膜冷却效率的影响

针对涡轮叶片尾缘冷却结构特点,建立了后台阶三维缝隙结构气膜冷却特性试验台,测量了缝隙中心和肋中心下游气膜冷却效率的局部分布,研究了气动参数变化对冷却效率的影响,其中基于缝高的二次流雷诺数变化范围是5 000～15 000,吹风比变化范围是0.5～2.0。试验结果表明:（1）二次流雷诺数对下游冷却效率的影响较小,对三维掺混区域的范围影响也不大;（2）吹风比对冷却效率有较大影响,总体上冷却效率随吹风比增大而降低;（3）吹风比对三维掺混区的范围及三维掺混的特征均有较大影响,吹风比较低时,二次流向两侧肋后区域的流动扩散性较好,有利于提高整个被保护面的冷却效率,吹风比较高时,二次流向两侧肋后区域的流动扩散性较差,造成肋后区域冷却效率较低。      

几何结构对后台阶缝隙气膜冷却效率的影响

1引言在现代高性能航空发动机中,涡轮叶片的尾部往往是高温部位,也最容易受热腐蚀而损坏,主要原因是叶片后部燃气侧流动往往已发展为湍流,使该部位换热强度很大,同时也降低了上游喷出冷气的冷却效率,叶片内部冷气经途中吸热,到达尾部时温度也相对较高,冷却作用也相对较小。因此     

内冷通道横流条件下气膜冷却特性

为了研究内冷通道横流条件下气膜冷却的流动和换热特性,采用窄带瞬态液晶测量技术获得了内冷通道横流条件下吹风比分别为0.5,1,2时气膜孔下游冷却效率和表面传热系数云图,并通过数值模拟得到了气膜孔内及下游区域流场的详细信息.结果表明:内冷通道横流对气膜孔下游冷却效率和表面传热系数分布有重要的影响.横流增强了气膜孔射流的展向分布能力,增强了高吹风比时气膜冷却效果.另外,气膜孔下游涡的分布出现明显的不对称性,涡的结构更加复杂.      

气动参数对后台阶三维缝隙换热影响的研究

针对涡轮叶片尾缘冷却结构特点,建立了后台阶三维缝隙结构气膜冷却特性试验台,测量了缝隙中心和肋中心下游换热系数的局部分布,研究了不同雷诺数Re(5000~15000)与吹风比Br(0.5~2.0)对换热系数的影响规律,试验结果表明:(1)出口的换热系数总体呈下降趋势,但在肋后中心线略有起伏;(2)随着Re的增大,换热系数增大,随着Br的增大,换热系数减小;(3)在靠近出口位置,由于热边界层与三维掺混特性流场的影响,使得换热变得复杂。     

不同湍流度下吹风比对涡轮导向叶片吸力面气膜冷却的影响

采用基于窄带热色液晶测量的瞬态全表面传热测量技术,研究了不同主流湍流度下的吹风比对涡轮导向叶片气膜冷却的影响,获得了叶片吸力面侧圆柱形孔排气膜冷却效率和表面传热系数比的全表面分布数据。结果表明:由于气膜射流与主流掺混的相互作用会随着主流湍流度的变化而变化,因此在主流湍流度不同时,吹风比对气膜冷却效率和表面传热系数比的影响规律会有所不同;主流湍流度较小时,吹风比的增大会显著减弱气膜覆盖效果与气膜冷却效率,但是在大湍流度下,吹风比的影响较弱,尤其是在远下游区域;相同的主流湍流度条件下,吹风比的增大会使得表面传热系数提高,但是在大湍流度下,换热增强效果较弱;相同吹风比下,高湍流度下的表面传热系数比相对较小。      

V肋对尾缘劈缝气膜冷却特性的影响

采用压敏漆技术和瞬态热色液晶技术研究了V肋对尾缘劈缝表面气膜冷却特性的影响,获得了不同吹风比及V肋宽度下2种不同尾缘劈缝表面形状的气膜冷却效率和对流换热系数分布的试验数据,并采用净热流密度值评估对比了带有V肋的劈缝结构的综合冷却性能。试验结果表明：V肋的加入对未扩张型劈缝表面的气膜覆盖产生了不利影响,在小吹风比工况下,V肋宽度对面积平均气膜冷却效率无明显影响,相同V肋宽度结构下,未扩张型劈缝表面的气膜冷却效率始终高于扩张型劈缝表面的;V肋宽度对劈缝表面换热强度的影响不明显,V肋在未扩张劈缝表面结构上展现出的强换热性优于扩张型劈缝表面结构;带有V肋的尾缘劈缝冷却结构可有效增大6.9%~26.6%的净热流密度值,V肋宽度对其无明显影响,小吹风比工况下宜将V肋应用于未扩张的劈缝表面结构,大吹风比工况下无需考虑劈缝表面形状。     

平板孤立冷却孔下游换热特性实验

为了考察弯曲冷却孔通道对气膜冷却的影响,运用稳态液晶测温技术,对处于横向流中平板孤立圆形直孔和圆形弯曲孔下游的换热特性进行了实验研究。得到了吹风比为0.51、0.8、1.04、1.22下,冷却孔下游附近的冷却效率分布和传热系数的二维分布。实验结果证明:弯曲射流能够有效地提高下游的冷却效率,并且能使气膜具有较强的横向扩展能力,覆盖效果好。但由于其对主流有较强的扰动,所以会增加当地的局部传热系数。     

直肋对扩张型尾缘半劈缝气膜冷却特性影响的实验研究

为探究布置直肋扰流结构的尾缘半劈缝冷却结构的气膜冷却特性,分别采用压力敏感漆技术和瞬态热色液晶技术研究了直肋对扩张型尾缘半劈缝表面的绝热气膜效率和对流换热系数的影响,详细对比分析了吹风比及直肋宽度对三种不同扩张型半劈缝表面的气膜冷却特性。实验结果表明:直肋的加入对小扩张型半劈缝表面的气膜覆盖产生了不利影响,但仅限在小吹风比工况;而直肋对大扩张型半劈缝表面的气膜覆盖有略小的促进作用,但其绝热气膜效率始终低于小扩张型半劈缝表面。肋宽对半劈缝表面的换热增强大小受半劈缝表面形状影响,随着半劈缝表面扩张程度的增大,宽直肋结构的高换热优势逐渐超越窄直肋结构。直肋型尾缘半劈缝冷却结构可有效提升1.45～2倍的壁面热流密度,小吹风比工况时宜选用带有窄直肋的扩张程度较小的半劈缝表面结构,而大吹风比时宜选用带有宽直肋的扩张程度较大的半劈缝表面结构。     

旋转对弯扭涡轮叶片前缘气膜冷却的影响

基于热色液晶(TLC)测温技术,开展了转速(攻角)和吹风比对弯扭涡轮叶片前缘区域气膜冷却效率分布影响的实验研究。实验中涡轮转速分别为400 r/min(正攻角)、550 r/min(零攻角)和700 r/min(负攻角),平均吹风比为0.5~1.25。冷却工质采用氮气,对应的射流-主流密度比为1.04。基于涡轮动叶弦长的涡轮出口主流雷诺数为60 800。实验结果表明:转速是决定涡轮叶片前缘气膜冷却效率分布最重要的参数之一。随着转速的增大,滞止线的位置会从压力侧(PS)移动到吸力侧(SS)。当吹风比相同时,面平均气膜冷却效率随转速的增大而逐渐增大；当转速相同时,面平均气膜冷却效率随吹风比的增大而增大。      

带肋横流通道中气膜孔位置对气膜冷却特性的影响

采用数值模拟方法研究了横流通道中气膜孔与肋的相对位置对气膜冷却传热系数和冷却效率的影响.分析了吹风比为0.5,1,2,横流比为0.39,0.585,0.78时孔靠近上游肋、下游肋以及在两肋中间时对冷却效果的影响,研究结果表明:孔位于两肋中间时,气体进入孔时受的冲击较大,外表面传热系数和冷却效率较高;孔靠近上游肋时,气体孔内流动更加均匀,外表面传热系数和冷却效率均较低.