FPGA-Based Independent Backup ControlSystem of Aero-Engine

An independent backup control system based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is used to ensure air safety when the master control system of aero-engine breaks down. It can realize a smooth transition from the master control system to the backup control system, control the fuel flow and airscrew speed by setting the programmable logic in FPGA. This system can improve the reliability and safety of aero-engine. This paper proposed the general plan, operating principle, control algorithm, switching logic, channel synchronization and Built-In Test (BIT) of the backup control system. The research has been applied in a certain type of aero-engine control system and passed the rig test. Speed control error is less than 0.2% and fuel flow control error is less than 0.35%. During the channel switching, the fluctuation of the fuel flow control is within 1.5%. It turns out that the system works stably and meets the design requirements.     

三次样条最佳地形跟随系统的研究

 本文用线性规划法取代二次规划法以实现三次样条最佳航迹的计算,简化了约束条件,且能在原有飞行自动控制系统基础上设计航迹自动跟踪系统,从而大大地减少计算工作量,使得原来无法实现的Funk及Kelly等人的三次样条最佳地形跟随方案十分接近于实时实现条件。混合仿真结果表明。6370m长的最佳航迹可于14.6 s内算完,而飞机飞过这段航迹要用20 s,且这种算法可以保证飞过高度变化范围达1000 m的地形,地形跟随系统的实际高度与参考值的误差不超过10 m,最大法向过载在0～3 g之闻,满足了当前地形跟随系统的基本技术要求。     

基于稀疏最小二乘支持向量机的航空发动机动态过程辨识

针对现有最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)稀疏性不足的难题,提出一种稀疏化策略,应用此方法建立了航空发动机动态过程模型.在对原始样本预求解过程中,该策略使用改进Gram-Schmidt正交化算法对非线性映射矩阵实施递归分解,同时以阈值监督输出向量的残差化过程,从而优选训练样本,降低样本规模,节省内存,提高LS-SVM学习速度.仿真表明,基于优选样本的学习模型较之其他训练样本学习模型提高了回归精度和速度,验证了方法的可行性;基于实际试验数据建立的航空发动机动态过程模型在类似过程参数预测以及性能递推预估仿真表明,高压转子相对转速误差低于0.2%,低压转子相对转速误差低于0.35%,涡轮后燃气温度误差小于3.5℃,满足控制与仿真的需要.      

History of Time-Frequency Technology

Present-day collision avoidance systems (CAS) of the time-frequency variety employ modes of operation similar to those of airborne equipment which has been operating in military aircraft since 1959. A fleet operational evaluation of these systems began in 1961 in aircraft of U. S. Navy Helicopter Squadron HS-4, based on the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Yorktown. This equipment utilized a local clock in each aircraft, a separate time slot for each aircraft's interrogation signal, air-to-air coarse synchronization of all stations, and sufficient free-drift stability for time slot keeping. Operational use of one-way ranging with elimination of propagation delay offsets, higher clock stability for open-loop time keeping in the SNS-64 ... AN/APN-169 family of systems began in 1964 in U. S. Air Force C-130E turboprop aircraft. In 1965, use of the EROS I collision avoidance system began during flight testing of F-4 Phantom supersonic aircraft.     

Interferometer Design for Elevation Angle Estimation

Radars that are developed for the purpose of monitoring aircraft landings in the terminal air traffic control system can be designed to exploit the relatively high signal-to-noise ratio that characterizes the power budgets calculated for such a link. An interferometer using a pair of low gain antennas can be used to obtain passive coverage over a targe azimuth and elevation sector. A large baseline can be used to obtain the desired elevation angle estimation accuracy. In this paper an optimal tradeoff between the width of the subarray aperture and the width of the interferometer baseline is performed that achieves a specified elevation angle estimation error while minimizing the overall height of the interferometer configuration. The algorithm searches through the class of antenna patterns that can be synthesized from so-called finite impulse response, linear phase digital filters. For the specific problem of designing an elevation sensor for monitoring landing aircraft on final approach, the elevation angle can be estimated with no more than 1-mrad rms error when the aircraft is within ± 60° azimuth, 2.5° to 40° elevation, using two 7-wavelength subarray antennas spaced 8 wave-lengths apart. The design of a separate sensor for resolving the interferometer ambiguities is formulated as a hypothesis testing problem and solved using statistical decision theory. A bound on the probability of an ambiguity error is derived that accounts for the effects of ground reflection multipath and receiver noise.     

Experimental Detection of Anomalous Mode-C Reports Using Radar Data

A new methodology to scan automated radar terminal system (ARTS-III) data for aircraft tracks exhibiting probable mode-C encoder/transponder faults is described. The tracks of more than 8000 climbing or descending aircraft, recorded at the Seattle-Tacoma terminal area, were analyzed using this method. Based on this sample, the probability of the previously recognized "stuck C-bit" error is estimated to be 0.44 percent (0.31-0.61 percent, 95 percent confidence). In addition, a new, more subtle error, here termed the "deficient response," was discovered which is estimated to occur with a probability of 0.77 percent (0.59-0.98 percent, 95 percent confidence). Subsequent tests found this new error to have much less impact on traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) performance than does the stuck C-bit error.     

基于张量的舰载机滑跃式起飞动力学建模

基于张量推导建立了舰载机起飞过程的一般数学模型。将航空母舰、飞机、飞机的前后起落架活动部分视为具有独立质量的实体,构成柔性连接的多刚体系统。用牛顿—欧拉法(N-E法)建立各个实体的动力学方程。利用张量的不变性对动力学和运动学方程进行变换,消除坐标系转换的影响,得到矩阵形式的微分方程组。这样动力学的全部计算均统一为矩阵形式。讨论了模型的封闭性,并给出了仿真结果。     

Ultra wideband technology for aircraft wireless intercommunications systems (AWICS) design

Current intercommunications system (ICS) designs for military, multicrew aircraft utilize lengthy, encumbering cords to physically attach the crewmember's helmet or headset to a distributed audio intercom system. Typical ICS long-cords are approximately 100 feet in length and allow crewmembers to maintain communications as they move about the aircraft while performing their mission duties. These cords also allow crewmembers to maintain communications with the aircraft when disembarked, as when they are controlling aircraft during engine start-up. Unfortunately, the current wired topology significantly reduces mission effectiveness, impedes crewmember movement, and greatly increases the crewmember's risk of injury. These drawbacks are more pronounced onboard military rotary winged aircraft (helicopters) where several crewmembers have been injured or killed during emergencies requiring the aircraft to ditch at sea. During ditching, crewmembers often became entangled in their lengthy ICS cord, preventing or delaying aircraft egress. This paper discusses the development of an aircraft wireless intercommunications system (AWICS) which utilizes ultra wideband (UWB) technology to address mission requirements for these multicrew, military aircraft. UWB offers unique advantages in this application - multipath mitigation, low probability of detection, low probability of interference to onboard legacy systems, and high throughput in a multiuser environment.     

基于高拟真度模型的高超声速飞行器静气动弹性优化

为解决基于计算流体动力学(CFD)和计算结构动力学(CSD)高拟真度模型的静气动弹性优化过程中模型更新自动化困难、求解速度慢的难点,提出了基于几何主模型技术的CFD/CSD一体化参数化建模方法和基于网格单元修正的常体积四面体(CVT)数据交换技术,并引入响应面模型来降低气动弹性优化求解难度.通过AGARD 445.6机翼静气动弹性分析对上述方法的可行性和有效性进行了验证;并以某高超声速飞行器为例,采用基于二次响应面的多目标优化算法进行了CFD/CSD气动弹性分析与优化,优化后飞行器升阻比增加16%,结构质量减少9%,且响应面模型精度拟合误差不超过1.5%.计算结果表明:所发展的CFD/CSD一体化参数化建模与优化方法能够有效地解决高拟真度模型的静气动弹性优化问题.      

High-Resolution, Radar Coherent Linear FM Microwave Source

The microwave CLFM study was directed to generating 14 ?s S-band pulses of 1000 MHz bandwidth and an rms phase error of a few degrees. Over 972 MHz bandwidth, the sampled phase error relative to the reference was 7 degrees rms and 17 degrees peak, with a maximum Fourier component of 4 degrees. The FM pulse train is generated by a gated BWO driven by a stable linearizing waveform. Phase coherency during each pulse is obtained by a sampling technique, where the phase is corrected at intervals of 1/6 ?s, the RF phase having changed an integral number of cycles in each interval. Multiplication of the BWO signal by the sampling pulse train results in band-limited phase error pulses which are applied in a feedback loop. Pulse-to-pulse coherency is obtained by phase lock of the BWO starting frequency to the crystal reference. Feedback leveling holds the output constant to 0.3 dB. The basic MITRE technique was originally demonstrated at 10 MHz in 1964. Range results measured with the X-band model radar using the CLFM generator are given and confirm the phase errors of the CLFM.     

Propagation and System Accuracy Impact of Major Sensor Errors on a Strapdown Aircraft Navigator

A strapdown system is considered as an unaided inertial navigator aboard an aircraft. Presented here are simulation results detailing the propagation of navigation errors (in nautical miles) due to strapdown sensor errors for four trajectories. They indicate the type of performance that can be expected from a strapdown system utilizing good ?off the shelf? gyros and accelerometers, and dramatically illustrate the improvements necessary in these components to obtain navigation performance comparable to that available from a good gimballed inertial system. The total navigation error for each trajectory is broken down to show the contribution from each of the various error sources. This breakdown quickly reveals which are the critical error sources for a given trajectory class, and also points up the relationship that exists between each individual error source, aircraft maneuvers, and the resulting navigation error. Several of the error mechanisms are discussed at length and a set of linearized differential equations which can be used to analyze error propagations is presented. These results should be of particular interest to the system designer who is faced with the problem of specifying the sensor error parameters necessary to meet mission performance requirements. With an analysis similar to the one presented here, but structured around his own expected mission trajectories, the designer should be able to confidently predict system accuracies and intelligently perform tradeoffs on the critical system parameters.     

Blind adaptive decision fusion for distributed detection

We consider the problem of decision fusion in a distributed detection system. In this system, each detector makes a binary decision based on its own observation, and then communicates its binary decision to a fusion center. The objective of the fusion center is to optimally fuse the local decisions in order to minimize the final error probability. To implement such an optimal fusion center, the performance parameters of each detector (i.e., its probabilities of false alarm and missed detection) as well as the a priori probabilities of the hypotheses must be known. However, in practical applications these statistics may be unknown or may vary with time. We develop a recursive algorithm that approximates these unknown values on-line. We then use these approximations to adapt the fusion center. Our algorithm is based on an explicit analytic relation between the unknown probabilities and the joint probabilities of the local decisions. Under the assumption that the local observations are conditionally independent, the estimates given by our algorithm are shown to be asymptotically unbiased and converge to their true values at the rate of O(1/k/sup 1/2/) in the rms error sense, where k is the number of iterations. Simulation results indicate that our algorithm is substantially more reliable than two existing (asymptotically biased) algorithms, and performs at least as well as those algorithms when they work.     

飞机单一产品数据源集成模型研究

根据对飞机产品构型及复杂历史状态的研究,给出了飞机产品单一产品数据源基本特点。设计了基于主/子模型集成的集成方法,并根据集合论关系原理,分析了单一产品数据源数据组织的约束关系。采用实体建模方法设计了数据库系统,并给出了满足状态管理要求的更改规则。根据集成模型开发了单一产品数据源原型系统,集成了工程数据及装配工艺数据,实现了由构型变化驱动的数据有效性传递,并支持了装配生产现场的无纸化操作和检验。     

机载供电系统双余度控制器的容错控制

介绍双发（Twin-engines）系统的战斗机的机载供电系统控制器的设计和实现。机载供电系统控制器是管理飞机的供电系统的航空电子设备,是飞机供电系统的核心设备,肩负飞机安全的使命。为了提高控制器的可靠性和灵活性,放弃传统的模拟方法,使用先进的数字化技术实现对飞机供电、配电系统的管理。在设计中为了提高可靠性,使用主动复制的容错技术,设计了双余度控制器,在发生单通道错误的情况下,整个系统能够正确工作。对机载供电系统控制器容错技术进行了研究,包括双余度系统的管理策略、同步控制机制、余度管理和故障综合、信号比较监控和通道切换逻辑。     

离散时间T-S动态故障树在民用飞机辅助动力装置系统安全性评估中的应用研究

辅助动力装置（APU）是安装于飞机上的、用于提供辅助动力源的、自成体系的小型发动机。在民用飞机APU系统安全性评估过程中,逐步采用动态故障树对传统故障树进行优化,使故障树分析结果能够更加精确地体现系统失效的动态特性。不同于传统故障树可以根据布尔逻辑求解,动态故障树一般需要转化为同构的状态空间模型才能求解。这种求解过程欠缺通用性,并且存在指数爆炸问题。采用离散时间T S动态故障树计算方法,计算了APU系统故障树中的一段子树的顶事件的失效概率,并与使用马尔可夫模型计算的结果进行比较。计算结果发现随着任务时间分段的增加,相对误差单调下降。当任务时间分段大于5时,相对误差小于1%,在计算精度满足要求的情况下能够显著降低计算成本。     

甲板变形测量技术研究

当舰上的主导航系统与载机子惯导之间进行传递对准时,船体的变形会引起对准误差。想消除船体变形的影响从理论上讲,挠曲变形可以通过卡尔曼滤波进行估计,但在实际上很难建立足够精确的模型。通过船体变形的测量与校正技术,在大型载舰存在复杂动态变化的情况下,可采用分布式姿态基准,在载舰上的不同部位安装有限套惯性测量单元（IMU）,与舰上主导航系统构建成一个惯导网络,为载机子惯导的传递对准提供更丰富、更准确的载舰状态信息,从而大大提高传递对准的精度的研究。     

基于虚拟地标的行人惯性SLAM算法

针对当前仅使用低成本惯性传感器的行人导航系统航向角存在较大累积误差的问题,研究了一种只使用惯性传感器信息的虚拟地标构建方法,并通过匹配虚拟地标点对位置和航向进行误差补偿.在此基础上,结合同时定位与建图(SLAM)方法的思想,实现了仅基于惯性传感器的SLAM,提高了行人导航的精度和可靠导航时间.试验结果表明,该方法能够有效消除纯惯性行人定位系统的累积误差,在2027m2的单层建筑物中空间位置误差小于10m.     

Damage-mitigating control of aircraft for enhanced structuraldurability

The concept and a design methodology for robust damage-mitigating control (DMC) of aircraft is presented. The goal of DMC is to simultaneously achieve high performance and structural durability and the design procedure is based on damage mitigation at critical structures and retention of the flight performance. An aeroelastic model of the wings has been formulated and is incorporated into a nonlinear rigid-body model of aircraft flight-dynamics. Robust damage-mitigating controllers are then designed using the H_∞-based structured singular value (μ) synthesis method based on a linearized model of the aircraft. In addition to penalizing the error between the ideal performance and the actual performance of the aircraft, frequency-dependent weights are placed on the strain amplitude at the root of each wing, Using each controller in turn, the control system is put through an identical sequence of maneuvers, and the resulting (varying amplitude cyclic) stress profiles are analyzed using a fatigue crack growth model that incorporates the effects of varying-amplitude cyclic loading. Comparisons are made to determine the impact of different strain-amplitude weights on the resulting flight performance and fatigue crack damage in the wings. The results of simulation experiments show significant savings in fatigue life of the wings while retaining the dynamic performance of the aircraft     

受限航路空域自主航迹规划与冲突管理技术

为了解决在基于航迹运行的空中交通管理自动化系统中人机意识同步的问题，以航路运行为对象，开展了面向受限空域的自主四维航迹（4DT）冲突探测与解脱（CD&R）技术研究。基于自由航线空域（FRA）环境，提出基于栅格的空域离散化处理与计算方法；在此基础上，提出受限空域自主航迹运行两阶段方法：阶段1运用可视图（VG）法和Dijkstra算法，实现了满足限制区约束的航空器期望航迹快速规划；阶段2提出航迹可达时空域模型及其图形化表达方法，并基于连续飞行动力学推导出了不同情况下的航空器位置更新模型，并采用局部冲突探测与解脱方法，以飞行距离最短为目标，实现航空器自主路径与速度联动规划，从而支撑空地、人机认知同步的无冲突四维航迹生成；最后，以中国西部典型空域为运行场景开展仿真实验，验证了所提方法的计算高效性和模型有效性，并对栅格尺寸和探测距离这2个关键参数进行了灵敏度分析。结果表明，所提方法能够支撑复杂空域高密度运行环境自主航迹运行，为推动自主空中交通系统发展提供了新思路和新方法。     

工序模型驱动的航空发动机零件机加夹具变型设计方法

航空发动机新机研制过程中设计更改频繁,导致机加夹具修改工作量大。为提高机加夹具设计对航空发动机零件设计变更的响应速度,基于产品主模型思想,提出了一种工序模型驱动的航空发动机零件机加夹具变型设计方法。通过分析航空发动机零件机加夹具的设计特点,明确航空发动机零件机加夹具结构与机加工序模型装夹特征之间的关联关系,在此基础上构建航空发动机零件机加夹具变型设计主模型;通过设计同构零件装夹特征映射算法,将工序模型与夹具变型设计主模型中的装夹特征自动关联,实现工序模型与夹具变型设计主模型之间的设计参数联动;针对夹具结构中各类元件的资源特性,给出了不同类型夹具元件的变型策略,以提高夹具变型设计中各类元件资源的重用水平。最后,以铣削机匣外型面的夹具为例,验证了本文所提方法的可行性。