舰载机惯导系统大方位失准角传递对准建模与仿真

为解决舰载机惯导系统在大方位失准角条件下的初始对准问题,建立舰载机惯导系统传递对准误差模型。该模型通过载舰坐标系与舰载机标称坐标系之间方向余弦矩阵,将载舰坐标系与实际舰载机坐标系之间的大方位失准角问题．转化为舰载机标称坐标系与实际舰载机坐标系间的小方位失准角问题,建立了舰载机传递对准的线性化数学模型,并采用“速度”匹配法建立了传递对准滤波器模型,利用轨迹发生器对模型进行仿真验证。     

The Effect of Ground Reflections and Scattering on an Interferometer Direction Finder

The azimuth and elevation angles of an airborne beacon transmitter can be determined using a direction finder comprised of two orthogonal interferometers located near the earth's surface. In this paper we consider the reflection of the incident electromagnetic field by the earth's surface and the resultant effect on the direction-finding system. The analysis yields an upper bound or limit to the interferometer phase error and the corresponding error in bearing angle that can result because of specular reflection and diffuse scattering.     

基于非全向天线的无人机MIMO信道模型研究

为研究无人机信道特性,针对地面控制站( GCS)环境特点和非全向多天线系统,建立并分析了基于散射体三维几何分布的单跳同心圆筒散射(GBSBCCS)宽带传播模型,根据方位角非全向散射和俯仰角非对称分布的特性,结合无人机实际飞行参数特点,推导出简洁的空时频联合相关函数.通过仿真进行了验证,并对相关特性影响因素进行分析,结果...     

基于超短基线声传感器阵的高速目标轨迹估计

针对低空高速飞行目标跟踪问题，首先研究了某典型目标噪声信号的时频特性，发现其信号呈现宽带低频特征，难以从频域对目标轨迹进行估计。在此基础上，从各路接收信号的到达时延量入手，考虑到声基阵只能布设于有限空间内的制约，提出了一种基于超短基线阵时延估计的目标跟踪方法。该方法利用各个超短基线阵接收声强极值点分别估计目标运动轨迹垂线方向，计算多个垂线的叉乘向量实现对目标运动方向的估计，再利用多面交汇的方式获估计得到目标运动轨迹。分别对目标俯仰角、方位角及运动轨迹估计的理论误差进行了推导，根据理论估计误差，为能够实现对目标运动轨迹的估计，各个超短基线阵应尽量保证与目标运动轨迹不在同一平面上。根据仿真结果，在采用4个传感器基阵时，角度估计平均误差在4°以内，位置估计相对误差在5%左右。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

陆用惯性导航系统非线性对准方法

以某型自行火炮炮载惯性导航系统为研究对象。为解决大方位失准角造成的系统非线性问题,在对大失准角误差模型进行详细分析的基础上,提出了基于快速正交搜索（FOS）和卡尔曼滤波（KF）的非线性参数估计方法。利用事先训练好的非线性误差模型进行对准,既能消除线性姿态误差,又可以对非线性姿态误差起到良好的抑制作用。仿真结果表明,FOS/KF方法的对准精度和实时性远优于扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）。对比试验结果表明,单独使用EKF时的方位角误差最大达到14.99°,而FOS/KF可以使方位角误差保持在0.8°以内。FOS/KF方法的估计精度不随系统非线性程度的变化而变化,并且不需要进行粗对准,简化了对准过程,提高了载体机动性。     

传递对准中载舰挠曲变形和杆臂效应一体化建模与仿真

 针对舰载机惯导系统大方位失准角传递对准的非线性问题,根据舰载机在载舰上的实际停放情况,引入舰载机标称坐标系,并综合考虑载舰挠曲变形和杆臂效应的影响,建立挠曲变形和杆臂效应加速度一体化模型,完善舰载机惯导系统大方位失准角传递对准线性化模型。采用“速度+角速度”组合匹配算法的滤波模型,对固定安装失准角和挠曲变形角进行了估计。结果表明,该模型在舰载机大方位失准角传递对准时可以满足对准精度和时间的要求。     

ATS-6 Interferometer

The Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6) RF interferometer is utilized primarily as a precision 3-axis attitude sensor having an unambiguous field of view of 350°. This function requires two separated ground transmitters, each using one of the two available frequency channels or sharing a single channel by time multiplexing. For 3-axis control, one uplink transmitter can provide 2-axis attitude (pitch and roll) with other sensors (e.g., a Polaris tracker) providing yaw attitude. By utilizing two uplink transmitters and the Earth sensor or three time multiplexed uplink transmitters, the interferometer can also provide measurements of ATS-6 spacecraft orbit position. Uplink frequencies are 6.150 and 6.155 GHz. The receiving antennas are spaced at 19.95 wavelengths (?) for the vernier baseline and 1.66 ? for the coarse baseline. Spacecraft system weight is 8.39 kg (18.5 lb) and power requirement is 15.5 W. Flight evaluation results are given for the interferometer including R F link budgets, modulation of uplink carrier, signal-to-noise ratio, and dropout behavior. A hardware calibration model is described, containing major biases in the phase measurements. Techniques for flight calibration as both an attitude and spacecraft position sensor are outlined . Flight testing has shown that on-line calibration of receiver/converter biases must be performed on a short term routine basis. Interferometer resolution was found to be 0.00140 space angle with negligible noise (jitter) at transmitted power levels above 72 dBW. As an attitude sensor, the interferometer has demonstrated the ability to provide stabilization to better than 0.     

Microwave Azimuth Measuring System

A breadboard microwave pointing device (ElectroTransit) has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The device and accompanying RF sources comprise a portable, battery-operated, azimuth angle measuring system with application in surveying, mapping, and geodesy, and for conducting basic research in tropospheric propagation and turbulence studies. The angle measuring sensor combines a Ka-band interferometer with an optical theodolite to provide two modes of pointing. Azimuth angle can be read directly to 0.1 arc-second. Preliminary tests on the interferometer show a pointing repeatability on the order of two arc-seconds, three sigma, when tropospheric turbulence is minimum and a mean absolute error of less than 10 arc-seconds, three sigma, compared with first-order optical standards. This paper describes the design, fabrication, and testing of this extremely precise instrumentation.     

基于均匀圆阵的信号二维方向角高精度估计

基于均匀圆阵(UCA),提出一种信号二维方向角的高精度估计方法。首先,充分利用了信号的空、时域信息,构造时空旋转矩阵,从而达到多个信源分离的目的。其次,直接利用UCA的阵列流形,采用最小二乘法估计信号二维方向角。最后,给出解相位整周期性模糊的方法。计算机仿真表明了此方法具有估计精度高,对阵元的幅相误差鲁棒性强等特点。     

High Range-Resolution Monopulse Tracking Radar

High range-resolution monopulse (HRRM) tracking radar which maintains wide instantaneous bandwidth through both range and angle error sensing channels provides range, azimuth, elevation, and amplitude for each resolved part of the target. The three-dimensional target detail can be used to improve and extend radar performance in several ways: for improved precision of target location, for target classification and recognition, to counter repeater-type ECM, to improve low-angle multipath tracking, to resolve multiple targets, as a miss-distance measurement capability, and for improved tracking in chaff and clutter. These have been demonstrated qualitatively except for the ECCM to repeater ECM and low-altitude tracking improvement. Initial results from an experimental HRRM radar with 3-ns pulse length show resolution of aircraft into its major parts and precise location of each resolved part accurately in range and angle. Realtime closed-loop tracking is performed on aircraft in flight using high-speed sampled, digitized, and processed HRRM range and angle video data. Clutter rejection capability is also demonstrated.     

缝隙目标电磁散射特性试验

 通过对目标结构进行合理设计,可以在一定角域内显著减小雷达散射截面(RCS)。对飞行器表面常见锯齿缝隙的散射特性进行了研究。在微波暗室内对锯齿缝隙分别沿俯仰角变化、方位角变化的减缩效果进行测试。俯仰角变化时,锯齿缝隙有较好的减缩作用,以114°锯齿缝隙在试验中减缩效果最好。方位角变化时,对114°锯齿缝隙进行了多频段测试,并与相应直缝隙进行了对比研究,结果表明,通过选取合适的方位角角域,锯齿缝隙的减缩作用会随入射波频率的升高和仰角的增大而显著增强。结论可为高性能隐身飞行器外形隐身设计提供参考。     

Novel wideband multimode hybrid interferometer system

In this paper, a novel hybrid of a three-element interferometer comprised of multimode antennas is analyzed. The phase ambiguities associated with the long baselines of the interferometer are resolved using the "coarse" angle estimates provided by the multimode antenna. This results in the elimination of the short baseline interferometers of the conventional five-element interferometer. It is shown here that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) must be above a threshold value to resolve the phase ambiguities with a high degree of probability. An expression that shows the dependence of this threshold SNR on the interferometer spacing and the variance of the angle estimates provided by the multimode antenna is derived. A single three-element wideband multimode antenna interferometer can replace several five-element conventional interferometers, each covering a separate frequency band.     

基于圆锥向角和相位差变化率的运动单平台无源定位算法和精度分析

 以往的相位差变化率定位技术中需要利用二维相位干涉仪获取方位角和俯仰角信息,出于降低平台载荷负担的需求,考虑到一维相位干涉仪系统仅能获取圆锥向角的性质,针对地面固定目标提出了一种联合利用圆锥向角和相位差变化率的一维干涉仪体制瞬时定位算法,计算和分析了定位误差的几何分布(GDOP),并给出了蒙特卡罗仿真实验结果,并指出了干涉仪安装方向和平台姿态变化的基本原则。研究表明,这样的无源定位系统设备相对简单,但同样具有对目标的定位能力。这些有益结论可以为系统的设计和应用提供理论依据。     

一种雷达模拟器天线系统设计

该系统采用角锥喇叭天线组成比幅测角系统,介绍了一种用于雷达模拟器的天线系统设计,解决了方位波束宽度大和天线增益高之间的矛盾,具有结构简单、易于实现、天线增益和测角精度高等特点。经测角误差分析和电磁仿真,证明天线系统的增益系数、测角范围和测角精度等主要技术指标满足雷达模拟器设计要求,具有推广应用价值。     

舰载机惯导系统快速传递对准方法建模与仿真

为解决舰载机惯导系统在大方位失准角条件下的快速传递对准问题,提出了一种新的线性化方法.通过舰船坐标系与舰载机标称坐标系之间的方向余弦矩阵,将舰船坐标系与舰载机实际坐标系之间的大方位失准角问题,转化为舰载机标称坐标系与舰载机实际坐标系之间的小方位失准角问题,建立了舰载机传递对准的线性化数学模型,采用"速度+姿态"匹配法对传递对准滤波器进行仿真.结果表明在20 s时间以内曲线即收敛,使得水平失准角误差和方位失准角误差在1以内,满足了对准速度和精度的要求,克服了传统方法对准时间较长的缺点.     

空天飞行器星敏感器安装误差在线标定方法

空天飞行器高动态、长航时的运动特性可能导致一体化安装的惯性/天文组合导航系统中星敏感器与惯导间产生安装误差角。设计了一种星敏感器安装误差角动态辨识方法,建立了星敏感器安装误差角模型,设计了基于天文角度观测的星敏感器安装误差角动态辨识方案,分析了不同机动飞行方式下星敏感器安装误差角的可观测度。仿真结果表明,所设计的基于卡尔曼滤波的动态辨识方法能够在飞行器机动过程中快速地对星敏感器安装误差角进行在线标定,对安装误差角的标定值可以达到实际误差值的85%以上,有效地提高了组合导航系统的精度。     

空天飞行器星敏感器安装误差在线标定方法

空天飞行器高动态、长航时的运动特性可能导致一体化安装的惯性/天文组合导航系统中星敏感器与惯导间产生安装误差角。设计了一种星敏感器安装误差角动态辨识方法,建立了星敏感器安装误差角模型,设计了基于天文角度观测的星敏感器安装误差角动态辨识方案,分析了不同机动飞行方式下星敏感器安装误差角的可观测度。仿真结果表明,所设计的基于卡尔曼滤波的动态辨识方法能够在飞行器机动过程中快速地对星敏感器安装误差角进行在线标定,对安装误差角的标定值可以达到实际误差值的85%以上,有效地提高了组合导航系统的精度。     

Polarization Mismatch Errors in Radio Phase Interferometers

An analysis is presented which deals with the effects of polarization mismatch errors on the accuracy of a phase interferometer used for position location of unknown emitters relative to known calibration emitters. Closed-form expressions for the induced phase difference between interferometer antennas are derived for several combinations of receiving and transmitting antenna polarizations. Errors contributed by mechanical misalignment between antennas, as well as effects of power loss attributable to polarization mismatch, are also considered. The analysis leads to the conclusion that circularly polarized interferometer and transmitter antennas are best suited for the position location application, if it is assumed that polarization tracking of the interferometer antennas is not available. It is shown that a reasonable amount of ellipticity can be tolerated before the phase error becomes significant.     

Doppler Radar Error Equations for Damped Inertial Navigation System Analysis

The use of Doppler radar measurements to provide velocity damping for an aircraft inertial navigation system is considered. Three different Doppler antenna configurations are examined: two-axis stabilized, azimuth stabilized, and data stabilized antennas. A general reference velocity error equation is presented and appropriately evaluated for each of the Doppler configurations. Specific elements of the error equations are examined and physically interpreted for both local-level and space-stable inertial systems. Detailed examination of the interaction of Doppler radar and inertial navigation velocity error mechanisms is provided.     

Real Time Satellite Position Determination for TDMA Systems

A real time satellite position determination method using a single reference station is presented. The satellite position is determined from these three parameters: the distance between the reference station and the satellite that can be obtained by a single-hop measurement, the elevation angle, and the azimuth angle obtained from the antenna encoder. The error of the transmit frame delay is determined from the position equations, together with other possible errors. The accuracy is about ± 42 symbols for a 90 Mbit/s timedivision multiple access (TDMA) system using an encoder with a ± 0.001 ? resolution.