全自动主着陆/着舰引导数据解算与融合算法

针对舰载机全自动自主着陆/着舰对飞机定位精确要求高的需求,提出了一种利用卫星导航和雷达联合进行信息融合精确定位算法。文章采用载波相位差分定位、野值剔除和序贯异类数据融合技术,有效提高了对飞机的定位引导精度和可靠性。     

A three-state Kalman tracker using position and rate measurements

A three-state Kalman tracker is described for tracking a moving target, such as an aircraft, making use of the position and rate measurements obtained by a track-white-scan radar sensor which employs pulsed Doppler processing, such as the moving target detector providing unambiguous Doppler data. The steady-state filter parameters have been analytically obtained under the assumption of white noise maneuver capability. The numerical computations of these parameters are in excellent agreement with those obtained from the recursive Kalman filter matrix equations. The solution for the case when only the range measurements are available is obtained as a special case of this model. Graphs of normalized covariances and gains are presented to illustrate how the solution depends on different parameters     

Reduction of Radar Tracking Errors with Frequency Agility

Frequency agility with random frequency in each pulse gives an improvement in radar angle tracking with a monopulse radar. With a conical-scan tracking radar, the glint error is reduced but fading error can be increased, and the net result must be studied in each case. A theory, usable for calculating angle tracking errors with a frequency agile radar, is given, and two examples showing the error reduction are presented. According to the theory, one part of the glint or fading spectra is ``smeared out' to half the pulse repetition frequency. Another part, the size of which depends on the degree of correlation between pulses, keeps the form of the original spectrum.     

Correlation between horizontal and vertical monopulse measurements

Many radar systems use the monopulse ratio to extract angle of arrival (AOA) measurements in both azimuth and elevation angles. The accuracies of each such measurement are reasonably well known: each measurement is, conditioned on the sum-signal return, Gaussian-distributed with calculable bias (relative to the true AOA), and variance. However, we note that the two monopulse ratios are functions of basic radar measurements that are not entirely independent, specifically in that the sum signal is common to both. The effect of this is that the monopulse ratios are dependent, and a simple explicit expression is given for their correlation; this is of considerable interest when the measurements are supplied to a tracking algorithm that requires a measurement covariance matrix. The system performance improvement when this is taken into account is quantified: while it makes little difference for a tracking radar with small pointing errors, there are more substantial gains when a target is allowed to stray within the beam, as with a rotating (track-while-scan) radar or when a single radar dwell interrogates two or more targets at different ranges. But in any case, the correct covariance expression is so simple that there is little reason not to use it. We additionally derive the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on joint azimuth/elevation angle estimation and discover that it differs only slightly from the covariance matrix corresponding to the individual monopulse ratios. Hence, using the individual monopulse ratios and their simple joint accuracy expression is an adequate and quick approximation of the optimal maximum likelihood procedure for single resolved targets.     

基于3DT的空时自适应单脉冲参数估计算法

空时自适应处理(STAP)是机载预警雷达抑制杂波和干扰的一项关键技术,而多普勒三通道联合自适应处理(3DT)是适合工程实现的降维(RD)STAP方法。STAP目标检测后还需进一步估计目标的角度参数,因此将自适应单脉冲(AM)技术引入3DT,提出了一种高精度联合估计目标速度与方位空间角的空时自适应单脉冲算法。理论分析与仿真实验结果表明,当目标多普勒频率偏离检测多普勒单元中心频率时,该算法能同时减少目标多普勒跨越损失和空时导引矢量失配损失,进而提高输出信杂噪比(SCNR),改善目标测角精度。     

主动雷达制导型空空导弹的火控算法

主动雷达制导型空空导弹是当今战斗飞机最重要的空战武器。一般均采用复合制导模式；具有多目标攻击能力；可以远距拦射，也可以近距格斗。主动雷达制导型空空导弹具有许多重要的特点和优点。本文讨论主动雷达制导型空空导弹的火控攻击算法，内容包括：攻击瞄准向量方程及其求解，主动末制导段起始点目标位置角验算等。     

反舰导弹末制导雷达最小方位搜索范围确定模型

针对目前各国日益重视电子干扰而反舰导弹末制导雷达搜索范围却呈现逐步扩大的趋势,进行了最小方位搜索范围确定模型的研究。把目标机动范围和目标指示精度误差作为圆分布来处理,按照捕捉概率不小于0.99的要求,利用解析算法,建立了反舰导弹末制导雷达最小搜索范围确定的基本模型,并在把主要误差综合为目标指示精度和侧向横移两类误差的基础上,对模型进行了修正。对开机距离为30 km,35 km和40 km时不同条件下高亚声速、超声速反舰导弹末制导雷达的最小方位搜索范围进行了仿真。结果显示,高亚声速反舰导弹末制导雷达的最小搜索范围在±40°之内,超声速反舰导弹在±27°之内,对应比某些现役反舰导弹末制导雷达的搜索范围要小。     

改进的特征匹配雷达视频运动目标跟踪算法

针对密集杂波和复杂多目标情况下,特征匹配跟踪算法定位跟踪精度较低的问题,提出一种改进的特征匹配雷达视频运动目标跟踪算法。首先,从单帧雷达图像检测结果中提取目标的面积、位置、不变矩信息,在运动目标得到判定后,利用卡尔曼滤波的预测位置以及上一帧特征信息进行目标匹配;然后,根据匹配位置和预测位置给出目标估计位置,并进行特征信息更新;最后,输出目标的特征信息、位置信息和运动参数。利用某型导航雷达上采集的实测数据验证了算法的有效性。     

Precision tracking algorithms for ISAR imaging

The simultaneous imaging and tracking of a moving target is one of the most difficult problems in inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) signal processing. The problem is addressed here using a two-antenna imaging radar. The target range shift is sensed with an exponentially averaged envelope correlation algorithm while the angle change is measured with a differential phase shift algorithm. The three state Kalman filters are used in range and azimuth dimensions to provide both a filtered estimate and a one-sample-ahead prediction for the purpose of target tracking. The filtered range shift provides an accurate information for range bin alignment, and the target angle change provides the angular positions of the synthetic array elements. Therefore, the ISAR imaging simply becomes processing of a circular-arc aperture. The algorithms are verified both by computer simulations and also with experimental data processing     

基于倾斜角的多目标测向无源定位技术

对多目标测向无源定位问题进行了研究。虽然无源观测站不同,针对同一目标的方位角和俯仰角数据也不同,但它们有共同的倾斜角。基于此,提出了基于倾斜角的多目标测向无源定位算法。该算法分别计算一组与多个目标对应的倾斜角,然后利用倾斜角最接近原则对这2组数据进行关联判断,解决多目标测向数据的关联和定位问题,并通过仿真实验,对算法的有效性和可行性进行了验证。     

Integrated precision SAR targeting: a SAR targeting simulation

Operational deficiencies exist in the current ability to perform high resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) targeting for precision strike missions in difficult electronic countermeasure (ECM) and anti-aircraft environments. Increasingly sophisticated enemy defenses require that fire control information be derived from highly maneuverable aircraft trajectories rather than traditional straight-and-level flight. In addition, target area aspect information is needed to determine optimal attack approaches. These imaging and targeting conditions impose severe performance requirements on the sensor aircraft motion compensation system (MCS), and dictate the need for sophisticated algorithms to counteract ECM threats. This paper describes the development of a user friendly “Design Tool” for modeling and analysis of airborne radar system performance for SAR imaging and Precision SAR Targeting     

Smuggling interdiction using an adaptation of the AN/APG-76multimode radar

The AN/APG-76 multimode radar was designed and developed for a multimode attack fighter application requiring rapid search, detection, identification, and precision location of both airborne and surface targets from long standoff ranges under adverse weather conditions. Unique is the radar's ability to generate SAR images of a selected area while simultaneously detecting and tracking all-speed moving objects located within that imaged region. Northrop Grumman Norden Systems has recently upgraded and adapted this radar to smuggling interdiction and related law enforcement missions. These adaptations have added an integrated GPS/INS subsystem for enhanced self-navigation and target location accuracy, a long range wide-band digital data link and ground station for mission control and data dissemination, a 3-D interferometric SAR imaging capability for detailed high resolution topographic mapping, and 1 meter and 0.3 meter resolution SAR modes for positive target identification. Additionally, the radar has been installed into wing-mounted pods and adapted for side-looking and 360 degree coverage applications. Automatic target detection and enhanced-range sea-surveillance and air-targeting modes are also now available through the use of open architecture commercial processors and non-proprietary transportable programming languages     

Automated Tracking for Aircraft Surveillance Radar Systems

An improved moving target detector (MTD) (a digital signal processor) has been designed, constructed, and tested which successfully rejects all forms of radar clutter while providing reliable detection of all aircraft within the coverage of the radar. The MTD is being tested on both terminal and enroute surveillance radars for the FAA. This processor has been integrated with automatic tracking algorithms to give complete rejection of ground clutter, heavy precipitation, and angels (birds).     

IMMPDAF for radar management and tracking benchmark with ECM

A framework is presented for controlling a phased array radar for tracking highly maneuvering targets in the presence of false alarms (FAs) and electronic countermeasures (ECMs). Algorithms are presented for track formation and maintenance; adaptive selection of target revisit interval, waveform and detection threshold; and neutralizing techniques for ECM, namely, against a standoff jammer (SOJ) and range gate pull off (RGPO). The interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator in combination with the probabilistic data association (PDA) technique is used for tracking. A constant false alarm rate (CFAR) approach is used to adaptively select the detection threshold and radar waveform, countering the effect of jammer-induced false measurements. The revisit interval is selected adaptively, based on the predicted angular innovation standard deviations. This tracker/radar-resource-allocator provides a complete solution to the benchmark problem for target tracking and radar control. Simulation results show an average sampling interval of about 2.5 s while maintaining a track loss less than the maximum allowed 4%     

Estimation of Aircraft Target Motion Using Orientation Measurements

A new approach to estimating motion of a highly maneuverable aircraft target in an air-to-air tracking scenario is presented. An interactive filter system is developed that provides an improved estimate of target motion states by conditioning kinematic filter estimates on target aspect angle data. Pattern recognition techniques used with an electrooptical tracker are presumed to provide this target aspect information. A target orientation filter processes the aspect angle measurements by statistically weighting measured aspect angles with the current best estimate of target kinematics. The aerodynamic lift equation is used to relate approximate angle of attack to target velocity and acceleration. A novel statistical model for aircraft target normal acceleration is also developed to represent better the unknown target accelerations. Simulation results of realistic three-dimensional scenarios are presented to evaluate the performance of the interactive filter system.     

多飞航导弹目标协同跟踪技术研究

针对多飞航导弹对目标协同跟踪精度较低的问题,提出了一种基于弹载雷达组网和GPS/INS组合导航的无偏不敏自适应融合跟踪算法。首先,通过领弹和攻击弹的优化布站,以有效提高多飞航导弹对目标的定位跟踪精度和突防能力;在时空协同的基础上,利用无偏不敏转换对各飞航导弹的目标量测进行预处理,以减小因旋转、平移和线性化误差所带来的影响;最后,结合统计双门限判决机制,利用自适应融合跟踪算法来有效实现多飞航导弹目标协同跟踪精度的提高。仿真结果表明,与现有的弹载雷达跟踪算法相比,该算法具有较高的定位跟踪精度。     

Knowledge-based system for multi-target tracking in a littoral environment

The paper addresses how to efficiently exploit the knowledge-base (KB), e.g. environmental maps and characteristics of the targets, in order to gain improved performance in the tracking of multiple targets via measurements provided by a ship-borne radar operating in a littoral environment. In this scenario, the nonhomogeneity of the surveillance region makes the conventional tracking systems (not using the KB) very sensitive to false alarms and/or missed detections. It is demonstrated that an effective use of the KB can be exploited at various levels of the tracking algorithms so as to significantly reduce the number of false alarms, missed detections, and false tracks and improve true target track life. The KB is exploited at two different levels. First, some key parameters of the tracking system are made dependent upon the track location, e.g., sea, land, coast, meteo zones (i.e., zones affected by meteorological phenomena) etc. Second, modifications are introduced to cope with a priori identified regions nit hi high clutter density (e.g. littoral areas, roads, meteo zones etc.). To evaluate the behavior of the proposed knowledge-based tracking systems, extensive results are presented using both simulated and real radar data     

基于聚类方法提高离场导航精度的可行性研究

为了提高终端区的空域利用效率,探讨提高终端区离场导航精度的可行性是具有重要意义的。通过将从雷达数据中获得的航空器航迹点的坐标信息进行处理、计算,建立了改进的航迹偏差相似度模型,并运用层次聚类法和正态分布参数分析法,分析了使用现有导航设备导航条件下的雷达航迹点数据,证实了在实际的离场飞行阶段,航空器飞行误差远小于现行的导航精度规范规定的导航误差要求,从而证明了提高现有的离场程序的导航精度在一定条件下具有可行性。     

Monopulse DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets

This paper provides for new approaches to the processing of unresolved measurements as two direction-of-arrival (DOA) measurements for tracking closely spaced targets rather than the conventional single DOA measurement of the centroid. The measurements of the two-closely spaced targets are merged when the target echoes are not resolved in angle, range, or radial velocity (i.e., Doppler processing). The conditional Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB) is developed for the DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets using a standard monopulse radar. Then the modified CRLB is used to give insight into the boresight pointing for monopulse DOA estimation of two unresolved targets. Monopulse processing is considered for DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets with known or estimated relative radar cross section (RCS). The performance of the DOA estimator is studied via Monte Carlo simulations and compared with the modified CRLB