不规则区域成像覆盖星座构型优化设计

近年来卫星对地观测需要呈现逐年上升趋势.从单个目标点的对地观测卫星星座构型设计方法入手,推广为设计满足不规则大范围成像区域重访时间需求的卫星星座.以卫星数目最少及满足重访时间要求为优化目标,采用改进的模拟退火算法,结合改进的等面积网格点覆盖法,提出了一种针对不规则区域成像全覆盖的卫星星座构型优化设计方法.分析了光照因素对重访时间、所需卫星数目以及星座构型的影响,并通过仿真分析验证了算法的可行性.      

基于有向无圈图的敏捷卫星姿态机动策略

针对敏捷卫星一次过境时间内的同轨拼幅观测和同轨多点连续观测模式的姿态机动策略问题,提出一种基于时间序有向无圈图的敏捷卫星姿态机动策略算法.该算法首先将区域目标和点目标转化为若干条带目标,然后通过将各个条带的观测时间窗口离散成一系列带有条带信息的时刻点,构造时间序有向无圈图,将敏捷卫星对地观测姿态机动策略问题转换为图论的寻找最优路径问题.仿真算例表明,该算法能够有效解决敏捷卫星同轨拼幅观测和多点连续观测的姿态机动策略问题,获得最大化观测覆盖收益同时机动时间消耗最小的姿态机动方案.      

Analysis and design of Cubesat constellation for the Mediterranean south costal monitoring against illegal immigration

Costal monitoring is focused on fast response to illegal immigration and illegal ship traffic. Especially, the illegal ship traffic has been present in media since April 2015, as the number of reported deaths of immigrants crossing the Mediterranean significantly increased. Satellite images provide a possibility to at least partially control both types of events. This paper defines the principal criteria to select the best satellite constellation architecture for maritime and coastal monitoring, filling the gaps of imagery techniques in term of real-time control. The primary purpose of a constellation is to obtain global measurement improving the temporal resolution. The small size and low-cost are the main factors, which make CubeSats ideal for use in constellations. We propose a constellation of 9 Cubesats distributed evenly in 3 different planes. This reduces the revisit time enhancing the coverage duration. In addition, it also allows observing fire, damage on building and similar disasters. In this analysis, the performance criteria were reported such as the revisit time, the vision duration and the area coverage.     

Assessment of the close approach frequency and collision probability for satellites in different configurations of large constellations

The Earth orbital environment is drastically changing due to an intensification of the space activities. In particular, several projects of large constellations, proposed for the next years for communications purpose like global internet access, Internet of Things, or for Earth observations, will lead to the deployment of several thousands of new satellites at an unprecedented rate. It is a crucial challenge for space traffic management, which will deal with a great number of satellite conjunctions, potentially causing a collision with damaging consequences for the constellation itself and the space environment sustainability.In this paper, we investigate the close approach frequency and the cumulative collision probability for each referenced constellation. For this purpose, we compute the orbital evolution of satellites in different constellations during the lifecycle, from the deployment to the decommissioning, and we apply the CUBE algorithm and the Foster method to assess the collision probability with the background space debris population assuming a constant uncertainty in position. We show the variation of risk defined by the close approach frequency and the cumulative collision probability as a function of the proposed configuration. In particular, satellites of the Iridium and Kuiper constellation, but also satellite of the Telesat constellation on polar orbits are the most exposed at a collision. Moreover, the decommissioning phase contribute for a major part to the final cumulative collision probability.     

The impact on tsunami detection from space using GNSS-reflectometry when combining GPS with GLONASS and Galileo

The devastating Sumatra tsunami in 2004 demonstrated the need for a tsunami early warning system in the Indian Ocean. Such a system has been installed within the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) project. Tsunamis are a global phenomenon and for global observations satellites are predestined. Within the GITEWS project a feasibility study on a future tsunami detection system from space has therefore been carried out. The Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an innovative way of using GNSS signals for remote sensing. It uses ocean reflected GNSS signals for sea surface altimetry. With a dedicated Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellation of satellites equipped with GNSS-R receivers, densely spaced sea surface height measurements could be established to detect tsunamis. Some general considerations on the geometry between LEO and GNSS are made in this simulation study. It exemplary analyzes the detection performance of a GNSS-R constellation at 900 km altitude and 60° inclination angle when applied to the Sumatra tsunami as it occurred in 2004. GPS is assumed as signal source and the combination with GLONASS and Galileo signals is investigated. It can be demonstrated, that the combination of GPS and Galileo is advantageous for constellations with few satellites while the combination with GLONASS is preferable for constellations with many satellites. If all three GNSS are combined, the best detection performance can be expected for all scenarios considered. In this case an 18 satellite constellation will detect the Sumatra tsunami within 17 min with certainty, while it takes 53 min if only GPS is considered.     

低轨Walker星座构型偏置维持控制方法分析

针对低轨（low earth orbit,LEO）Walker星座构型稳定性维持问题,分析了低轨卫星的轨道摄动和星座构型稳定性的影响因素。通过分析低轨Walker星座的轨道摄动和相对漂移特点,提出了两次偏置策略。首先,依据未偏置时星座相对漂移量拟合得出第一次偏置时的偏置量。然后利用第一次偏置后的相对漂移量拟合得出第二次偏置量,消除残余项影响。两次偏置量叠加,使相对漂移大大降低。结果表明,低轨Walker星座中各卫星的初始参数偏差造成了升交点赤经和沿迹角相对漂移的发散,两次偏置策略可将两种星座的相对漂移量降至0.1°以下,证明了策略的有效性,提高了星座构型稳定性。     

大规模卫星星群域管控策略设计

针对大规模卫星星群单节点管控带来的系统通联性差、地面资源依赖度高等问题,提出了分层管理、域内自治、动态维护的卫星星群分布式域管控策略。首先,设计了衡量卫星节点管控能力的静态指数及动态指数,并提出了多因素加权的星群簇首选择方法。其次,提出了通过逐层择优的方式进行域结构初始化的算法流程。最后,根据星群变化情形,提出了基于事件触发的动态时间片域管控方法,保证了大规模星群在全任务周期内能维持相对稳定的管控构型。仿真结果表明,所提出的域管控策略能够有效完成对目标星群的簇首选择、域初始化及动态维护过程,并保持域结构的稳定。实现了目标星群在空间中的域结构划分管理,使地面直接参与管理的卫星节点数目降至原管理模式的14%,有效解决了星群管控严重依赖地面资源的相关问题。     

Iridium/ORBCOMM机会信号融合定位技术

在全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)不可用情况下，低地球轨道(LEO)卫星机会信号(SOP)定位技术是一种有效的导航定位解决方案。单LEO星座机会信号定位技术面临星座构型不足或可见卫星偏少等问题，多LEO星座机会信号融合定位技术可有效解决该问题。通过分析瞬时多普勒定位原理，建立了Iridium/ORBCOMM机会信号融合定位模型，引入基于Helmert方差估计的加权最小二乘算法进一步提高定位精度。实测数据表明:基于Helmert方差估计的Iridium/ORBCOMM机会信号融合定位精度优于70 m，验证了多LEO星座机会信号融合定位的可行性和有效性。      

连续小推力条件下星座轨道机动方法研究

基于连续小推力条件下星座轨道机动的动力学特性分析，研究了其入轨的布局置入和离轨机动方法。地球轨道上的大型星座数量巨大，传统的轨迹优化方法较难应用。针对多星入轨的星座布局置入任务，求解了分时序抬轨的相位调整问题，并在轨道抬升过程中，利用轨道倾角偏置补偿升交点赤经漂移。针对星座中卫星的离轨任务，设计了半长轴和偏心率的联合调整方法。在保证卫星快速离轨的同时，能够有效减少燃料的消耗。考虑到连续小推力机动的弧段效应，控制策略需要围绕控制效应的曲线积分进行优化。     

基于TLE的Starlink星座第一阶段部署情况分析

近年来,随着卫星技术的快速发展和低轨（low earth orbit,LEO）卫星宽带互联网建设需求的不断增加,低轨大规模星座发展日新月异。针对Starlink星座初始化部署问题,首先论述了“星链”（Starlink）星座现状,分析在轨卫星高度变化。然后利用公开的两行轨道根数（two-line element,TLE）,从卫星发射入轨、轨道面分布两个方面,简要分析了Starlink星座的部署情况,给出升交点的变化规律;同时仿真分析了Starlink星座对地面的覆盖性能。最后,给出星座轨道面和相位分布、故障卫星处置以及可见卫星数量。所分析的结果以期为中国未来部署大规模LEO星座的建设提供借鉴。     

Towards the automated operations of large distributed satellite systems. Part 2: Classifications and tools

Recent developments have seen a trend towards larger constellations of spacecraft, with some proposals featuring constellations of more than 10.000 satellites. While similar concepts for large constellations already existed in the past, traditional satellite deployments hardly ever feature groups of more than 100 satellites. This trend towards considerably larger satellite numbers originates from non-traditional design and operations of spacecraft by non-traditional space companies. The evolution in the space sector, precipitated by new players, is often referred to as “Space 4.0” or “New Space”. It necessitates a rethinking of the way satellites and satellite constellations are planned, designed, and operated. New operational paradigms are needed to enable automatic, optimal task definition, and scheduling in a holistic approach.This is the second of two companion papers that investigate the operations of distributed satellite systems. This second article investigates the classification of distributed satellite systems and evaluates commercial tools for automated spacecraft operations, whereas the first article performed a survey of conventional and “new space”operations of spacecraft constellations.Classification metrics for constellations are derived and evaluated with respect to their informative value concerning the operation, the automation, and the scalability of the constellation. The proposed classification system is applied to the Dove and RapidEye constellation and allows for a comparison between the presented automation approaches. Commercial tools for automated spacecraft operations are evaluated for several mission task elements, such as orbit control, orbit maintenance, and collision avoidance. Subsequently, the trends, benefits, and standardization needs for operational automation are identified.     

基于改进MOPSO算法的区域侦察弹性星座重构方法

针对区域侦察弹性星座重构问题,提出了基于改进多目标粒子群优化算法(multi objective particle swarm optimization,MOPSO)的区域侦察弹性星座重构方法。该方法采用一箭多星发射和在轨卫星相位机动相结合的方式对受损星座重构。首先选取了星座覆盖、重构成本、重构时间和星座弹性四方面的指标;其次对一箭多星发射过程和卫星相位机动过程进行了分析,对失效轨道面内剩余正常卫星采取均匀相位的策略。以恢复原有星座性能为目的,考虑最大重访时间、重构成本、重构时间及弹性,建立了重构时间和重构成本最优的重构优化模型。最后对MOPSO算法进行了改进,提出了基于学习机制的种群更新策略,通过变量转化将离散变量转化为连续变量,解决了重构优化模型中混合变量优化问题。针对某一受损星座进行仿真,重构时间最优的重构方案为发射6颗新卫星结合在轨卫星均匀相位;重构成本最优的重构方案为发射4颗新卫星结合在轨卫星均匀相位。案例表明提出的重构方法有效,可为侦察星座的建设提供参考。     

一种双基站低轨道区域覆盖δ星座设计

在双基站理论研究基础上 ,进行了定倾角区域性覆盖双基站δ星座设计 ,采用倾角为 41°的回归轨道 ,用点覆盖数值仿真的方法设计了对地面站与空间站的一重覆盖与二重覆盖下的星座构型。且星座中各星之间 ,各星与空间站之间均可建立星际链路 ,保证数据在空间站、地面站及星座之间连续传递     

敏捷卫星快速姿态机动方法研究

针对敏捷卫星的三轴大角度机动控制要求,给出了一种基于轨迹规划的敏捷卫星姿态机动方法．根据目标姿态和当前姿态,按照欧拉轴-角方式,沿特征主轴设计了最小路径的机动轨迹,并采用四个单框架控制力矩陀螺（SGCMG）组成的“金字塔”构型的控制力矩陀螺群（CMGs）进行了大角度机动控制的数学仿真,验证了方法的可行性．     

微小卫星用微型控制力矩陀螺研究

摘要： 随着技术的发展,微小卫星已经成为一种功能强大的航天器.为了进一步拓展微小卫星的应用领域,提升其任务效益,高敏捷机动能力成为了微小卫星发展的重要方向.控制力矩陀螺（CMG）因其具有高转矩能量比和低重量力矩比,将成为实现微小卫星敏捷机动的重要执行机构.介绍一种新型的可应用于微小卫星的微型CMG,其角动量为0.1 N·m·s.经过实验室测试和环境试验,结果表明该型CMG可满足微小卫星的姿态控制需求.     

Low Earth orbit constellation design using a multi-objective genetic algorithm for GNSS reflectometry missions

Spaceborne global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an innovative bistatic radar remote sensing technique utilizing low Earth orbit (LEO) based GNSS-R instruments to acquire GNSS L-band opportunistic signals for measuring geophysical parameters. A GNSS-R LEO constellation with an optimization design for its specialized missions is very significant and necessary. However, the constellation design involves multi-parameter and multi-objective optimization, and the classical analytic solution is not capable of such a complicated issue. This study proposes a multi-objective LEO constellation design method with a genetic algorithm (GA) and presents a framework for designing two GNSS-R LEO constellations, termed “lower-latitude constellation” for typhoons and hurricanes observation in the tropics and “global constellation” for global geophysical parameter measurements. Then, the observation capability of both designed constellations is evaluated in terms of the number of reflection points, spatial coverage density, and revisit time to verify the GA efficiency in LEO constellation design. Results show that the two designed LEO constellations with high fitness function values possess optimal orbit parameter set configuration and outperform the existing CyGNSS constellations in observation performance. Compared with CyGNSS, the number of reflection points observed by the lower-latitude constellation and the global constellation increases by 38% and 45%, as well as the spatial coverage density increases by 28% and 36%. The revisit time for the lower-latitude constellation is reduced by 0.29 h, whereas the revisit time for the global constellation increases by one hour.     

应用变速控制力矩陀螺的微小卫星大角度姿态机动控制

研究了变速控制力矩陀螺(VSCMG)作为执行机构的微小卫星多目标快速姿态机动的控制问题.控制力矩陀螺(CMG)可以在不增加功耗、质量和体积的条件下为微小卫星提供独特的控制力矩、角动量和姿态机动能力,这有助于微小卫星变得更加机动灵活.首先建立了以变速控制力矩为执行机构的航天器姿态动力学模型,采用修正Rodrigues参数描述姿态.在考虑执行机构饱和、机动速率限制、控制带宽限制等情况下,设计了基于Lyapunov理论的非线性姿态反馈控制器.以采用VSCMG为执行机构的某微小卫星为例进行了数值仿真,结果表明卫星在机动中达到了快速和稳定的要求,提出的非线性姿态反馈控制器有很好的鲁棒性和有效性.      

多等级区域侦察弹性星座设计方法

针对传统侦察星座目标单一、弹性低的问题，提出了多等级区域侦察弹性星座的设计方法。该方法将星座设计过程按区域等级信息分为多个子星座逐步设计，直到整体星座对所有的区域性能满足设计要求。以区域被划分为3个等级为例，首先对星座设计需求、设计指标及设计步骤进行了分析。其次推导了地面最低分辨率和轨道高度的关系并确定了不同子星座的轨道高度。最后考虑轨道倾角、一箭多星发射、光照和升交点漂移同步约束，构建基础星座、子星座1和子星座2的优化模型。最终设计星座为3层混合星座，共8个轨道面和70颗卫星，星座对各等级区域的最大重访时间分别为10937s，12241s和17437s，弹性指数为2213%，2420%和6361%。结果表明该方法设计的星座可实现对区域覆盖和弹性分级的设计要求，证明了方法的有效性。对比Walker星座设计方法，在同等设计要求下，Walker星座所需卫星数为156颗，多等级区域侦察弹性星座所需卫星数远低于Walker星座，结果进一步证明了该星座设计方法的优越性。     

The influence of orbital maneuver on autonomous orbit determination of an extended satellite navigation constellation

The right ascension of the ascending node is unobservable if only the inter-satellite ranging is used for autonomous orbit determination (AOD) of an Earth navigation constellation. However, if an Earth-Moon libration point satellite is added to the Earth navigation constellation to construct an extended navigation constellation, all the orbital elements can be determined with only the inter-satellite ranging. Furthermore, the extended navigation constellation can provide navigation information for interplanetary probes. For such an extended navigation constellation, orbital control needs to be considered due to the instability of the libration-point satellite orbit. This study concerns the influence of satellite orbital maneuver on the AOD of the extended navigation constellation. An AOD method under orbital maneuver is proposed. A low thrust controller is designed to achieve libration point satellite autonomous orbit maintenance by using AOD results. A navigation constellation consisting of three GPS satellites and one libration point satellite are designed for simulation. The simulation results show that libration point satellites can achieve autonomous navigation and autonomous orbit maintenance by only using inter-satellite ranging information. The rotation drift error of the Earth navigation constellation is also suppressed.