国际空间站集成ECLSS/TCS试验综述

空间站集成ECLSS/TCS（环境控制与生命保障系统/热控系统）试验是一种系统级常压试验,用于单舱或多舱整体性能的鉴定和验收。文章介绍了国际空间站的环境试验标准,以及国际空间站计划中美国、欧洲及日本的集成ECLSS/TCS试验发展情况,主要包括试验项目、试验功能及试验平台组成等。根据国际空间站集成ECLSS/TCS试验的特点,提出了我国发展该项试验的建议。     

国际空间站哥伦布舱系统级环境控制系统试验

介绍了国际空间站哥伦布舱的系统级环境控制系统试验。该试验既没有使用大型真空设备也没有使用太阳模拟器或红外灯等外热流模拟设施,而是直接在总装大厅的大气环境下实施。试验工况包括发射、正常和故障运行等模式。试验有效验证了哥伦布舱集成全局热数学模型,以及主动热控系统和环境控制与生命保障系统的接口关系。     

国际空间站鉴定和验收环境试验要求与GJB 1027A对比及分析

文章介绍了国际空间站组件鉴定环境试验与验收环境试验的主要项目及内容,并且与GJB 1027A—2005组件鉴定环境试验与验收环境试验进行了比较与分析。     

基于一维稳态导热模型的多层组件常压隔热性能试验研究

为准确获取被多层组件包覆的空间站常压热试验之热边界,文章基于一维稳态传热模型,对15单元多层组件的等效隔热性能进行了常压环境下的试验测量。结果表明:该组件的热特性较稳定,且受环境温度影响较小,忽略相关测量误差可以近似认为其当量导热系数为0.02 W/(m·K),等效热阻为2.88℃/W。研究结果可用于空间站常压热试验的热边界分析,为常压热试验的准确开展提供数据支撑。     

密封舱常压热试验环境模拟技术

文章探讨了可用于载人航天器的常压热试验环境模拟技术,包括空间站的在轨漏热分析、多层常压隔热性能试验以及大型常压热试验验证系统试验能力分析,在此基础上完成了空间站某密封舱段的大型常压热试验,并基于试验结果进行漏热对比分析,验证所用常压热试验环境模拟技术的效果能达到预期。     

国际空间站内部主动热控系统

阐述了国际空间站内部主动热控系统工作原理.给出了命运号实验舱内部主动热控系统双回路系统的构成,以及内部主动热控系统的泵组、泵旁路组件、管路、三路混合阀、系统流量控制组件、机柜流量控制组件、手动流量控制阀、冷板、有效载荷/再生换热器、温度传感器、维修检测单元换热器、多路复用器/信号分离器等主要组件的功能.国际空间站内部主动热控系统集成度高,相互冗余,维护和更换易,其设计理念对空间流体回路设计有参考意义.     

ISO 21494《航天系统——磁试验》国际标准编制历程及其启示

ISO 21494《航天系统——磁试验》规定了实施系统级和分系统级航天器以及航天器部组件磁试验的方法。该标准的发布对于增强我国在航天系统环境试验领域的国际影响力和话语权具有重要意义。文章介绍了ISO航天标准的概况,ISO 21494标准的制定背景,总结了有关航天技术成果向国际标准转化的过程和标准编制的成功经验,以期为主导或参与其他国际标准的制定提供借鉴和指导。     

热控涂层搭载飞行试验进展综述

文章对国内外航天器热控涂层在轨搭载飞行试验进行了调研,综述了利用和平号空间站、＂国际空间站＂、美国航天飞机、＂长期暴露装置＂等航天器进行的相关试验工作及主要的研究成果等。在此基础上提出了我国开展热控涂层搭载飞行试验的建议。     

论航天器的热试验

论述了各种类型热试验(热平衡试验、热真空试验、热循环试验)在航天器研制中的重要性及它们的试验要点。针对当前试验实践中出现的问题,强调了组件级,尤其是电子电工产品热试验(热真空试验及热循环试验)和整星级发射星热真空试验对提高航天器可靠性所起的重要作用,并提出了相应的建议。     

试论航天器环境可靠性试验

文章从航天器特点、航天器试验的目的和重要性、一般武器装备的可靠性试验状况以及可靠性试验的发展史出发进行分析,从而得出了可靠性是航天器试验的目的、环境是航天器试验的手段的结论.从这个意义上讲,称航天器的研制试验、鉴定试验、验收试验、发射前的合格认证和运行试验的试验项目和要求与各类组件级设备、各分系统、系统级组成的试验矩阵为航天器环境可靠性试验矩阵.每一项试验都是航天器环境可靠性试验的不可或缺的组成部分;减少试验类别或项目、或降低要求,虽然可以得到减少经费、缩短研制周期的好处,但势必要冒失效或性能降低的风险而付出应有的代价.     

The International Space Station: a pathway to the future

Nearly six years after the launch of the first International Space Station element, and four years after its initial occupation, the United States and our 6 international partners have made great strides in operating this impressive Earth orbiting research facility. This past year we have done so in the face of the adversity of operating without the benefit of the Space Shuttle. In his January 14, 2004, speech announcing a new vision for America's space program, President Bush affirmed the United States' commitment to completing construction of the International Space Station by 2010. The President also stated that we would focus our future research aboard the Station on the long-term effects of space travel on human biology. This research will help enable human crews to venture through the vast voids of space for months at a time. In addition, ISS affords a unique opportunity to serve as an engineering test bed for hardware and operations critical to the exploration tasks. NASA looks forward to working with our partners on International Space Station research that will help open up new pathways for future exploration and discovery beyond low Earth orbit. This paper provides an overview of the International Space Station Program focusing on a review of the events of the past year, as well as plans for next year and the future.     

国外载人航天器热控技术发展分析

文章对国外载人航天器热控技术的发展进行了调研,介绍了国外典型载人航天器的主动热控系统组成,特别是国际空间站美国实验舱的主动热控系统,并对热控技术的发展进行了评述,旨在为我国空间站建设提供参考。     

Canada and the International Space Station program: overview and status

The twelve months since IAF 2000 have been perhaps the most exciting, challenging and rewarding months for Canada since the beginning of our participation in the International Space Station program in 1984. The highlight was the successful launch, on-orbit check out, and the first operational use of Canadarm2, the Space Station Remote Manipulator System, between April and July 2001. The anomalies encountered and the solutions found to achieve this success are described in the paper. The paper describes, also, the substantial progress that has been made, during the twelve months since IAF 2000, by Canada as it continues to complete work on all flight-elements of its contribution to the International Space Station and as we transition into real-time Space Station operations support and Canadian utilization. Canada's contribution to the International Space Station is the Mobile Servicing System (MSS), the external robotic system that is key to the successful assembly of the Space Station, the maintenance of its external systems, astronaut EVA support, and the servicing of external science payloads. The MSS ground segment that supports MSS operations, training, sustaining engineering, and logistics activities is reaching maturity. The MSS Engineering Support Center and the MSS Sustaining Engineering Facility are providing real-time support for on-orbit operations, and a Canadian Payloads Telescience Operations Center is now in place. Mission Controllers, astronauts and cosmonauts from all Space Station Partners continue to receive training at the Canadian Space Agency. The Remote Multi Purpose Room, one element of the MSS Operations Complex, will be ready to assume backroom support in 2002. Canada has completed work on identifying its Space Station utilization activities for the period 2000 through 2004. Also during the past twelve months the CSA drafted and is proceeding with the approval of a Canadian Space Station Commercialization Policy. Canadian astronauts have now participated in three ISS assembly missions--Julie Payette on STS-96, Marc Garneau on STS-97, and Chris Hadfield on STS-100 in April 2001 during which he performed Canada's first EVA and the successful installation of the Space Station Remote Manipulator System.     

Canada's role on space station

The paper addresses the evolution of the Canadian Space Station Program between 1981 and 2003. Discussions with potential international partners, aimed at jointly developing the current International Space Station program, were initiated by NASA in 1982. Canada chose, through the further development of the technologies of Canadarm on the space shuttle, to provide and operate an advanced and comprehensive external robotics system for space station, and to use the space station for scientific and commercial purposes. The program was to become a corner-stone of the new Canadian Space Agency. The development phase of the Canadian Space Station Program has been completed and two of the three major elements are currently operational in space.     

The Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) Systems Engineering Effort – A successful exercise in cheaper,faster and (hopefully) better systems engineering

The Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) is the latest Space Robot developed by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and McDonald Detwiller Space and Advanced Robotics (MD Robotics, previously Spar Aerospace) for the International Space Station (ISS). The SPDM has presented its designers with a number of new challenges in performing the Systems Engineering effort required for a complex robotic system:(1) The SPDM initial design was started and attained various levels of maturity for various components under the Space Station Freedom environment, then the Program was stopped and finally restarted under the harsher environment in which the International Space Station is being built.(2) The SPDM is the first space robot to utilize previously developed and space certified robotic components, as well as components with high-commonality to the previously developed ones (electronics, S/W).(3) New requirements levied by the Customer during the negotiations leading to the Program re-start necessitated significant architectural changes versus the SPDM configuration `frozen' when the Program was shut down.(4) The SPDM is the first robotic system of this complexity that is being built under a Firm Fixed Price contract, with the commonality assumptions as one of the cost drivers.This combination of components of various pedigree, coupled with the constraints imposed by an FFP contract have been addressed by the designers through the definition of a novel approach to integrated Systems and Design Engineering.     

Analytical and semi-analytical inverse kinematics of SSRMS-type manipulators with single joint locked failure

Redundant space manipulators, including Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS), Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) and European Robotic Arm (ERA), have been playing important roles in the construction and maintenance of International Space Station (ISS). They all have 7 revolute joints arranged in similar configurations, and are referred to as SSRMS-type manipulators.     

KIBO (Japanese Experiment Module in ISS) operations—2008/3–2009/10

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched its own first manned experiment facility in space called the KIBO (Japanese Experiment Module, JEM) in 2008 and 2009 and started operations as part of International Space Station (ISS). To accomplish this Operation, JAXA made its own ground facility in Tsukuba, Japan, called Space Station Integration and Promotion Center (SSIPC). Ground personnel at SSIPC called the JEM Flight Control Team (JFCT) operate the KIBO and have learnt many lessons during its operation. In this presentation, some topics are chosen and explained such as (1) crew/ground personnel interaction and (2) planning lessons learned for manned space activities.     

A tour of the ISS

The Commander of the International Space Station Expedition Three describes what the space station looks like. The tour includes the American communications link, the Express rack for science experiments, the Node with its collapsible water containers, the Airlock, the FGB, and living space in the Service Module.     

Microgravity research results and experiences from the NASA/MIR space station program

The Microgravity Research Program (MRP) participated aggressively in Phase 1 of the International Space Station Program using the Russian Mir Space Station. The Mir Station offered an otherwise unavailable opportunity to explore the advantages and challenges of long duration microgravity space research. Payloads with both National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and commercial backing were included as well as cooperative research with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). From this experience, much was learned about long-duration on-orbit science utilization and developing new working relationships with our Russian partner to promote efficient planning, operations, and integration to solve complexities associated with a multiple partner program.

This paper focuses on the microgravity research conducted onboard the Mir space station. It includes the Program preparation and planning necessary to support this type of cross increment research experience; the payloads which were flown; and summaries of significant microgravity science findings.