ATC系统中STCA性能评估指标研究

针对空管系统中短期冲突告警性能评估指标技术展开研究,通常的评价指标包括漏警率、虚警率等,这些指标在一定程度上能够反映短期冲突告警的性能优劣,但还存在一定的评价缺陷,基于短期冲突告警的实际情况,提出了不当告警率的概念和计算方法,在保留虚警概率、检测概率指标的情况下,引入不当告警率,更加科学和真实地完成了对短期冲突告警性能的评价,通过对模拟仿真系统和真实使用系统的评价分析,论证了所提出的评价指标的有效性和合理性。     

A model of air traffic controllers' conflict detection and conflict resolution

A model of the mental activities of en route controllers in air traffic control (ATC) is outlined. As an example of the psychological research rendering the basis for this model, the methods and results of an experiment with experienced controllers is sketched which is concerned with conflict detection in ATC. Further, a procedure for conflict resolution is described, supplementing the general model. This procedure is designed to be transformed into a computer based assisting system in ATC. Problems and functions of operator models in the development of new technologies in air traffic management are discussed.     

Firedass

FIREDASS was an EU funded research project concerned with the development of fine water mist systems as possible replacements for halon fire suppression systems currently used in aircraft cargo holds. This paper gives an overview of the results of computational modelling and fire test validation, highlights the benefits of European Research collaboration, and examines the successes of the programme.     

基于贡献度模型方法对空中交通管制中心系统的效能评估

 空中交通管制(ATC)中心系统的效能变化,直接影响到管制员的工作负荷和管制中心所辖空域的交通容量,是ATC系统的关键运行指标。基于系统行为表现的效能概念框架,采用系统效能分析的贡献度模型方法,对ATC中心系统的运行环境和工作过程进行了建模分析,构建了一个由9个外部环境变量和50个内部单元变量构成的ATC中心系统行为关系模型。通过采集系统专家和管制人员对外部信息贡献度和内部功能关键度的等级判断,计算生成了反映系统内外因素变化对系统效能影响的系统效能贡献度模型,并利用该模型对一个实际运行的ATC中心系统进行了效能分析评估,初步揭示了ATC中心系统效能变化的特点和规律。评估结果与运行专家对系统效能的经验判断具有较高的吻合度,验证了所创建的ATC中心系统效能贡献度模型及其分析方法的合理性。     

Numerical simulation of flows around helicopters at DLR and ONERA

This paper presents an overview of recent activities in CFD research conducted within cooperations between DLR and ONERA for the simulation of helicopter arerodynamics. These activities are mainly illustrated by two topics in the framework of a previous 3-year bilateral cooperation on `Rotorcraft CFD code Development', the objective of which was the assessement, comparison and further improvement of the DLR and ONERA Euler/Navier–Stokes methods for the prediction of the flow around isolated helicopter rotors. The first topic is devoted to a comparison of two different grid strategies for time-accurate inviscid flow computations of multibladed rotors in forward flight from the solution of Euler equations: the moving grid approach by ONERA and the overlapping grid technique by DLR. The second topic is concerned with a comparison of respective Euler/Kirchhoff aeroacoustic methods for the prediction of High Speed Impulsive noise of rotors. For the assessment and improvement of Navier–Stokes methods for fuselage drag prediction, a comparison between DLR and ONERA Navier–Stokes solutions achieved within the prediction phase of the Brite/EuRam European project `HELIFUSE' is also presented. The paper is concluded by a summary of ongoing DLR and ONERA research activities in the framework of the new long-term project `CHANCE' (Complete Helicopter AdvaNced Computational Environment) for the development and assessment of common Franco-German CFD tools for the complete helicopter accounting for trim and dynamics.     

Design and experimental testing of a control system for a morphing wing model actuated with miniature BLDC motors

The paper deals with the design and experimental validation of the actuation mechanism control system for a morphing wing model. The experimental morphable wing model manufactured in this project is a full-size scale wing tip for a real aircraft equipped with an aileron. The morphing actuation of the model is based on a mechanism with four similar in house designed and manufactured actuators, positioned inside the wing on two parallel lines. Each of the four actuators used a BrushLess Direct Current (BLDC) electric motor integrated with a mechanical part performing the conversion of the angular displacements into linear displacements. The following have been chosen as successive steps in the design of the actuator control system: (A) Mathematical and software modelling of the actuator; (B) Design of the control system architecture and tuning using Internal Model Control (IMC) methodology; (C) Numerical simulation of the controlled actuator and its testing on bench and wind tunnel. The morphing wing experimental model is tested both at the laboratory level, with no airflow, to evaluate the components integration and the whole system functioning, but also in the wind tunnel, in the presence of airflow, to evaluate its behavior and the aerodynamic gain.     

中国民航航管卫星通信网TES／PES系统特点分析

概述民航航管卫星通信网发展，着重分析和归纳了其主要设备—ＴＥＳ／ＰＥＳ系统的概念、组成和特点。特别是从用户使用的角度，介绍了ＴＥＳ／ＰＥＳ的功能特点     

Digital air/ground communications for air traffic control

The early 1990's communications for air traffic control (ATC) uses analog single channel radios with conventional amplitude modulation (AM) in the very high frequency (VHF) band. To overcome eventual saturation of the current system, a sample “next generation” ATC communications system has been designed to increase capabilities and provide a graceful transition from the current system. The new ATC communication system must address problems with the modulation format and a balance between increased channel capacity and overall cost. The controller/pilot workloads can be reduced in that the information segments allow for either semi-automatic or fully automatic handoff or frequency change. The principal performance factor is the addition of data, fully integrated with voice, while offering an increase in throughput. The architecture is structured to put priority on the uplink voice messages while offering significant information capacity capabilities for external data sources. When digital data and voice communication systems mature in the ATC environment, a natural evolution to more data traffic and less voice will occur. At that time, a simple restructuring of the channel assignments and priorities could offer increased throughput for connection to ground based data sources such as high capacity routers     

Automatic target classification of slow moving ground targets in clutter

A new approach is proposed which will allow air-to-ground target classification of slow moving vehicles in clutter. A wideband space-time adaptive (STAP) filter architecture, based on subbanding, is developed and coupled with a one dimensional template-based minimum mean squared error (MMSE) classifier. The performance of this STAP/ATC (automatic target classification) algorithm is quantified using an extensive simulation. The level of residual clutter afforded by various filter configurations and the associated incremental improvement in ATC performance is quantified, revealing the potential for realizable hardware and software implementations to achieve acceptable ATC performance.     

CFD评估框架的进展及其最佳实践: QNET-CFD知识库

QNET—CFD是欧盟R＆D项目开发的一个主题网络，该网络讨论了计算流体力学（CFD）供工业应用应具有的品质和可信度，其主要目的是以系统和质量控制的方式收集CFD和实验数据，建立两者相容的知识库（KB），以此为基础，支持对CFD进行指导和评估。QNET—CFD围绕覆盖下述工业部门的6个主题（TA）组成：外流空气动力学；燃烧和传热；化学过程、热水力学和核安全：土木建筑和HVAC；环境；涡轮机内流。其主要成果是建立了具有面向用户界面及丰富的实验和CFD数据的知识库，这些数据来自于大量实验数据，分为53种应用挑战（AC）和43种基本流动状态（UFR）。除对上述6个主题领域中每一个的科学发展动态给出述评外，KB还包含了对大多数应用挑战如何利用CFD的最实际的建议，这被视为QNET—CFD最有意义的贡献，CFD的可信度和质量水平将因此得以进一步提高。     

机场管制系统运行的危险源识别研究

风险管理对于机场管制系统运行的安全具有重要作用,危险源识别是风险管理的关键环节,所以需要研究机场管制系统运行中的危险源识别问题。利用过程方法的思想,考虑机场管制系统的运行过程构造出机场管制过程中的危险源集合,根据机场管制的特点对作业条件危险性评价法(LEC法)进行了改进,并结合灰色关联分析法和离差最大化法建立了危险源的危险程度评估模型。算例中,对机场管制过程危险源的危险程度进行了验证分析,表明了方法的可行性和有效性。     

Data communications concept for a SATS scenario

The small aircraft transportation system (SATS) concept envisions doorstop to destination transportation in a safe and timely manner. Data communications are a key component in achieving the aviation-related operational performance improvements that are sought. However, data communication doesn't start when you get into the aircraft; it starts back at the location where the flight is planned. In fact, data communications support the pilot in all phases of the flight: flight planning, pre-flight, departure, en route, transition, approach, landing, and rollout as well as for a missed approach. The Internet is being used to perform flight planning activities, and the mobile communications available today support Internet access en route to the departure airfield. On-board the aircraft, data communications provide surveillance and air traffic control (ATC) support to the pilot. The location of other aircraft is available to the pilot and ATC system through automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) and traffic information service-broadcast (TIS-B) applications that transmit the location of other aircraft in the vicinity. Other aircraft locations are used to forecast potential conflicts and, thus, enhance flight safety. As the aircraft nears a SATS-equipped airfield, the pilot uses data link messages to request a landing sequence. The airport management module (AMM) provides a landing sequence assignment to the aircraft. As the pilot maneuvers the aircraft for a landing, he/she is using data-linked surveillance data to determine the location of other aircraft and maintain a safe separation distance between aircraft even in a low visibility environment.     

空管人因失效概率的THERP-CREAM预测方法

管制员的人为差错是导致航空器空中相撞的主要诱因,对空管人因失效概率进行有效预测是一个难题。为此,提出一种基于人误率预测技术（THERP）与认知可靠性和失误率分析模型CREAM）的组合空管人因失效概率预测方法,基于THERP 技术二叉树模型构建事故发展基本脉络,再基于CREAM 方法对各个人误行为触发概率进行修正,从而得出更为准确的概率预测结果。通过相似事故的对比分析,结果表明：本文提出的预测方法可识别关键性的事故影响因子,以便制定有针对性的管控措施,从而为研究预测空管人因失效概率提供了一种有效的分析手段。     

Is the need for a new ATM operational concept a strategic necessity?

We must face the fact that conventional methods of air traffic management (ATM) that have served us well cannot continue to cope indefinitely. We need-therefore, to decide what the new operational concept should be and agree on the transition path. Air traffic management is the term we apply today to the totality of the activities involved in the handling of air traffic. The quest for a new concept led to what was first called "free flight," an idea that has, in the meantime, acquired some notoriety and is today more commonly referred to in Europe as "air/ground cooperative ATS." Simply put, the original free flight concept, stipulated that given the right on-board equipment (display of traffic information, conflict detection, and resolution tools) aircraft could navigate and avoid each other completely on their own, without the need for ATC. That a new ATM operational concept will be needed to take the industry further by the time traditional methods run out of potential is difficult to question. Equally clear is that the only new concept available is free flight a.k.a. air/ground cooperative ATS.     

Overall presentation of the ENHANCE project

The Euopean project, ENHANCE, coordinated by EADS Airbus, is a large, single and cohesive R&D initiative in the field Concurrent Engineering aimed at improving European Aeronautical industry competitiveness. It addressed the joint call ‘Concurrent Engineering in Aeronautics’ issued by the European Commission. The project duration is 3 years. ENHANCE started in February 1999. Its total budget is 38.2 million, half funded by the European Commission. ENHANCE first results are presented here.     

数值空气动力学在DLR(德国宇航研究院)

德国在若干年前启动的国家CFD项目MEGAFLOW集中了DLR、大学以及航空工业界的许多CFD研究开发工作,目的是开发并验证能满足工业实践所要求的可靠并有效的数值工具,以对全机进行空气动力模拟.MEGAFLOW软件系统包括多区结构网格中求解N-S方程的软件FLOWer和在非结构网格中的软件TAU.两软件均已达到很高的成熟度并为DLR和德国航空工业广泛地应用于新飞机的设计过程.最近又启动了其后续项目MEGADESIGN和MegaOpt,旨在开发和增强外形设计及优化的有效数值方法.着重介绍了软件最近的改进及其计算粘性流动绕复杂飞机外形的能力.     

空管自动化的人因素考虑

人因素问题直接影响着空管系统的安全和效率，系统中不断引用的自动化将会带来新的人因素问题。该文探讨了空管自动化的开发和实验中可能出现的一些人因素问题和一些自动化的人因素要求。     

Cryogenic rocket engine research within the National Technology Program TEKAN at the German Aerospace Center

The paper presents the highlights and a summary report of the research activities on cryogenic propulsion at the German Aerospace Center in Lampoldshausen within the National Technology Program. The research is conducted in cooperation with European industries and research establishments. The German National Technology Programme on Cryogenic Rocket Engines TEKAN, which is presented here, is a joint DLR/Astrium GmbH project with the aim to provide key technologies for future cryogenic rocket engines. The research work at the German Aerospace Center is focused on the injector, combustor, and nozzle technology and related topics.     

空中交通管制员技能评估主成分分析方法

为改善空中交通管制员技能评估方法,以管制员作业结果评估为立足点,建立了涵盖空中交通流密度、管制运行安全性能、管制运行效率性能及管制员工作负荷等4类因子的管制员技能定量评估指标体系,并给出了基于主成分分析法的管制员技能定量评估方法。经各等级管制员雷达模拟机多场景测试验证,采用新方法对100个测试样本的评估结果符合实际;相比通过管制教员观察管制员作业过程得出人工评定结果的传统方法,新方法的科学性、客观性及适用性更优。