磁控微小卫星速率阻尼和姿态捕获研究

针对非重力梯度稳定、偏置动量轮加三轴磁控的微小卫星初始姿态控制阶段，采用B-dot控制进行速率阻尼，设计了滑模控制律进行姿态捕获。除了磁控阻尼-捕获-动量轮起旋外，还首次提出了B-dot加动量轮常速起旋、磁控加动量轮姿态捕获的新方法。仿真结果表明，纯磁控的B-dot方法能有效得进行速率阻尼，滑模控制捕获姿态精度高、时间短；B-dot阻尼同时进行动量轮开环起旋，可以迅速使姿态稳定，滑模磁控律可以有效得对偏置动量卫星进行大角度姿态控制，尤其该新方法操作简捷，明显减少初态控制时间。     

用箭遥数据计算三轴稳定卫星初始姿态

在卫星发射中,利用星箭分离时刻的火箭遥测数据来确定卫星在入轨时的初始姿态,是主动段测控任务中准实时工作很重要的一环。文中从初始姿态确定的原理入手,对数据的选取和坐标系的定义进行描述,并对计算方法和步骤进行了讨论。通过实际应用,指出应注意的事项。     

基于主动磁控制的微小卫星姿态控制

针对偏置动量稳定的微小卫星,提出了一种仅利用磁强计作为定姿部件,磁力矩器作为主动控制部件的主动磁控制算法。在星箭分离初期,提出改进的B-dot速率阻尼方法使卫星姿态角速率快速减小,在卫星角速率较低时,设计了加低通滤波器的PD俯仰控制律,并设计了以地磁矢量B作为判断依据的滚动角、偏航角反馈的进动控制律及基于B-dot的章动控制律。数学仿真结果表明,所设计的主动磁控方法收敛、有效。该算法具有良好的工程应用前景,对于低成本微小卫星的研究是一个有益的探索。
     

三轴磁强计测量误差修正方法

三轴磁强计测量误差修正对卫星姿态确定和控制具有重要意义。文章针对三轴磁强计测量误差的来源进行理论分析,引入磁场输入引起的常值漂移,建立了三轴磁强计测量误差修正模型,并基于该模型在磁环境模拟器中对Honeywell公司的三轴磁强计（HMR2300R）进行标定。实验结果表明改进模型可以将测量误差控制在50 nT以内,满足低成本敏感器在微小卫星姿态确定中的应用要求。     

基于UKF的微小卫星姿态确定方法研究

围绕某日-地空间环境组网探测系统中三轴稳定微小卫星定姿分系统的设计需求,基于陀螺、太阳敏感器、磁强计和星敏感器4种敏感器,研究了微小卫星在速率阻尼模式、太阳捕获模式、对日对地定向及维持模式、试验模式下的系统建模方法,以及基于Unscented卡尔曼滤波(UKF)的组合定姿方法。数值仿真结果表明,本文定姿方法的姿态确定精度满足该系统中三轴稳定微小卫星在轨运行的定姿精度要求,为该微小卫星半物理仿真系统的研究及其在轨运行时的姿态确定提供了依据。     

仅有单个陀螺的Drag—free卫星初始速率阻尼模糊控制研究

研究了在仅有偏航姿态测量陀螺时,利用Drag—free卫星与其内部定向体间的相对状态观测值实现姿态确定的方法。针对Drag—free卫星的特点,建立了定向体的空间姿态观测模型和Drag—free卫星的姿态动力学方程,据此推导了用于姿态确定的Kalman滤波算法。为实现初始速率阻尼阶段Drag—free卫星的三轴姿态稳定,设计了模糊控制律。仿真结果验证了方法的有效性。     

微小卫星轨道姿态一体化确定算法研究

突破卫星轨道和姿态参数分别确定的传统模式,提出了以三轴磁强计和太阳敏感器为测量元件的轨道姿态一体化确定算法.由于地磁场是时间和位置的函数,而三轴磁强计指向又与卫星姿态相关,所以三轴磁强计的测量值既与轨道有关,又与姿态有关.充分利用磁强计和太阳敏感器的测量值中包含的轨道和姿态信息,推导出卫星轨道姿态一体化确定的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法.在太阳不可见区域,由于太阳敏感器没有输出信息,只采用磁强计为测量敏感器,按传统模式对卫星轨道和姿态分别确定.最后对2种模式下的滤波算法进行数学仿真验证,结果表明该算法的可行性与有效性.     

陀螺与磁强计组合定姿及漂移估计算法优化

针对陀螺长时间积分定姿精度受陀螺角速率漂移影响,单独利用磁强计不能连续确定三轴姿态的问题,提出了陀螺与磁强计组合定姿算法,利用磁强计估计的姿态误差校正陀螺积分姿态,并基于PI滤波估计陀螺漂移。仿真验证表明,基于陀螺与磁强计组合定姿的姿态确定精度为1°左右。陀螺与磁强计PI滤波组合定姿算法简单有效,适合在纳星、皮星等微小卫星上应用。     

上面级适应初始大偏差轨道在线规划策略研究

提出了一种上面级适应初始轨道大偏差的轨道在线规划策略,在上面级初始轨道参数存在较大偏差情况下,通过轨道在线规划,将规划后的控制诸元上传至上面级,使得上面级按照新的轨道飞行,将卫星送入目标轨道或大幅减小卫星入轨偏差,减小上面级由于入轨偏差修正过程中燃料的消耗。该策略可以广泛应用在上面级直接入轨发射MEO、GEO卫星等典型中高轨任务中。     

一种基于Madgwick-EKF融合算法的卫星姿态测量方法

针对低地球轨道卫星姿态测量时,传感器易受噪声干扰、陀螺仪漂移等问题,提出一种基于Madgwick扩展卡尔曼滤波合算法(EKF)的卫星姿态测量方法。该方法采用陀螺仪、加速度计、磁强计等多传感器数据进行融合,并结合Madgwick算法和EKF算法的优点,实现姿态测量。首先,通过Madgwick算法,利用多个传感器测量数据计算初始姿态。然后,基于初始姿态和实际测量数据,应用EKF算法进行数据融合和噪声滤除,以获得最终准确的姿态估计。实验结果表明:相较Madgwick算法,本算法在测量精度上提升了65.8%,且具有较高的鲁棒性,为低地球轨道卫星姿态测量提供了一种有效的方案。     

卫星正常模式姿态确定算法研究

针对太阳同步极轨卫星进行了正常模式姿态确定算法研究 ,采用四元数法建立了较完整和准确的姿态估计器模型 ,并进行了可观测性及观测度的分析。通过数学仿真证明此姿态确定算法能够对星体姿态进行较精确的估计或校正 ,满足卫星控制精度要求     

Overview of scientific payloads onboard the KSR-III rocket

The Korea Sounding Rocket-III (KSR-III) was successfully launched on November 28, 2002 from the west coast of the Korean Peninsula. The science payload onboard the KSR-III included an ozone detector and two magnetometers along with other various sensors installed to measure physical characteristics such as temperature, pressure, strain, and acceleration. The main objective of KSR-III was to evaluate the liquid propulsion engine system which has been newly adopted in the KSR series. In addition to this main objective, the science payload conducted atmospheric soundings. The payload data were transmitted to the ground station in real time by an onboard telemetry system. The UV radiometer measured the direct solar UV radiation and during the ascending phase the vertical ozone density profile was obtained. This result was compared with coincident measurements taken by other satellites, a ground station, and an ozonesonde. A fluxgate-type magnetometer was onboard the KSR-III to observe the Earth's DC magnetic field and for AC field measurements, a search-coil magnetometer was installed. This was the first Korean mission to use magnetometers on a rocket-borne platform to measure the Earth's magnetic field. Using the telemetry magnetometer data, a study on the rocket attitude was carried out. This paper will give an overview of the design, calibration, and test results of the science payload onboard the KSR-III.     

Attitude control schemes for the first recovery mission of India

This paper describes the attitude control schemes for the various phases such as acquisition, on-orbit, orbit maneuver, de-boost maneuvers and coast phases of the India's first recovery mission Space Capsule Recovery Experiment-I (SRE-1). During the on-orbit phase, the SRE was configured to point the negative roll axis to Sun. The attitude referencing of SRE-1 was based on dry tuned gyros with updates from the attitude determined using on-board Sun sensors and magnetometer. For attitude acquisition, attitude maneuvers and for providing the velocity corrections for de-orbiting operations; a set of eight thrusters grouped in functionally redundant blocks were used. The control scheme with thrusters was based on proportional derivative controller with a modulator. In order to ensure micro-gravity environment during the on-orbit payload operations a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) based control scheme was designed to drive an orthogonal configuration of magnetic torquers which in turn produced three-axis control torque with the interaction of Earth's magnetic field. Proportional derivative control scheme with modulator was designed to track the steering commands during the velocity reduction as well as during the coasting phase of the de-orbiting operations. A novel thruster failure detection, isolation and reconfiguration scheme implemented on-board for the de-orbiting phase is also discussed in this paper.     

Three-axis active control system for gravity gradient stabilised microsatellite

In this paper, the control system of the first Algerian microsatellite in orbit Alsat-1 is presented. Alsat-1 is a 3-axis stabilised microsatellite, using a pitch momentum wheel and yaw reaction wheel, with dual redundant 3-axis magnetorquers. A gravity gradient boom is employed to provide a high degree of platform stability. Two vector magnetometers and four dual sun sensors are carried in order to determine the attitude. This paper examines the low Earth orbit (LEO) control system requirements and design in the context of a real system, the Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL) advanced microsatellite platform and puts forward designs for the control system to match the advanced capability of the enhanced microsatellite platform. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the implementation. Comparison with in orbit results is presented to evaluate the performance of the control system during accurate Nadir pointing control.     

基于鲁棒控制方法的卫星姿态控制

针对卫星姿态控制系统 ,建立了简化的线性数学模型 ,利用鲁棒控制方法设计了卫星姿态控制律 ,由于在设计中考虑了建模过程中的简化而带来的不确定性 ,因而基于线性模型所设计的控制律能够应用于非线性卫星姿态系统的控制     

某卫星姿态角的确定和对测量部件的故障诊断

卫星三轴姿态的确定是对卫星进行姿态控制的基础,利用陀螺和红外敏感器互补的特性,并对测量所得到的数据进行处理,便可得到卫星姿态角的估计值。陀螺和红外地球敏感器是卫星姿态控制系统中关键的测量部件,两者的测量输出通过卫星运动学方程相关,有冗余关系,可以用于故障检测。本文对所设计的观测器进行了数值仿真,证实了其有效性,并直接利用所设计的观测器进行故障检测,首先得出陀螺和红外地球敏感器在各种故障下的输出残差曲线,然后分析陀螺和红外地球敏感器的不同故障对输出残差信号的不同影响,找出各种故障与不同输出残差的对应关系,从而确定发生故障的部件。     

Plastic Cubesat: An innovative and low-cost way to perform applied space research and hands-on education

This paper describes the design and the manufacturing of a Cubesat platform based on a plastic structure.The Cubesat structure has been realized in plastic material (ABS) using a “rapid prototyping” technique. The “rapid prototyping” technique has several advantages including fast implementation, accuracy in manufacturing small parts and low cost. Moreover, concerning the construction of a small satellite, this technique is very useful thanks to the accuracy achievable in details, which are sometimes difficult and expensive to realize with the use of tools machine. The structure must be able to withstand the launch loads. For this reason, several simulations using an FEM simulation and an intensive vibration test campaign have been performed in the system development and test phase. To demonstrate that this structure is suitable for hosting a complete satellite system, offering innovative integrated solutions, other subsystems have been developed and assembled.Despite its small size, this single unit (1U) Cubesat has a system for active attitude control, a redundant telecommunication system, a payload camera and a photovoltaic system based on high efficiency solar cells.The developed communication subsystem has small dimensions, low power consumption and low cost. An example of the innovations introduced is the antenna system, which has been manufactured inside the ABS structure. The communication protocol which has been implemented, the AX.25 protocol, is mainly used by radio amateurs. The communication system has the capability to transmit both telemetry and data from the payload, in this case a microcamera.The attitude control subsystem is based on an active magnetic system with magnetorquers for detumbling and momentum dumping and three reaction wheels for fine control. It has a total dimension of about 50×50×50 mm. A microcontroller implements the detumbling control law autonomously taking data from integrated magnetometers and executes pointing maneuvers on the basis of commands received in real time from ground.The subsystems developed for this Cubesat have also been designed to be scaled up for larger satellites such as 2U or 3U Cubesats. The additional volume can be used for more complex payloads. Thus the satellite can be used as a low cost platform for companies, institutions or universities to test components in space.     

System design and performance of the two-gyro science mode for the Hubble Space Telescope

For 15 years, the science mission of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) required using three of the six on-board rate gyros for attitude control. Failed gyros were eventually replaced through Space Shuttle Servicing Missions. To ensure the maximum science mission life, a two-gyro science (TGS) mode has been designed and implemented with performance comparable to three-gyro operations. The excellent performance has enabled a transition to operations with 2 gyros (by intentionally turning off a running gyro to save it for later use), and allows for an even greater science mission extension. Predictions show the gain in mission life approaching two years. In TGS mode, the rate information formerly provided by the third gyro is provided by another sensor. There are three submodes, each defined by the sensor used to provide the missing rate information (magnetometers, star trackers, and fine guidance sensors). Although each sensor has limitations, when used sequentially they provide the means to transition from relatively large, post-maneuver attitude errors of up to 10, to the arcsecond errors needed to transition to fine pointing required for science observing. Only small reductions in science productivity exist in TGS mode primarily due to more difficult target scheduling necessary to satisfy constraints imposed by the use of the star trackers. Scientists see no degradation in image quality due to the very low jitters levels that are nearly equivalent to three-gyro mode.     

受细胞膜放电模型启发的航天器姿态鲁棒控制

研究了具有模型参数不确定和受空间环境干扰影响的挠性航天器姿态大角度快速机动快速稳定控制问题,设计了一种受细胞膜放电模型启发的鲁棒姿态控制器。综合考虑挠性航天器的强非线性和强耦合特性,设计了对模型参数和环境干扰具有鲁棒性的姿态机动控制器。为了减小机动中姿态突变激发的挠性附件振动,基于细胞膜放电的动力学模型设计了一种改进的鲁棒控制器。当参数不确定范围和干扰有界时,所提鲁棒控制器可使闭环系统的解最终一致有界。最后,分析了控制器参数对姿态控制性能及所需能量的影响。数值仿真验证了所提鲁棒控制器用于姿态机动控制可以得到良好的效果。     

基于GPS及其与磁强计组合的姿态确定算法研究

提出了一种组合敏感器定姿算法，针对卫星上同时装备有磁强计与全球卫星定位系统（GPS）的情况，利用两者的测量信息，在卡尔曼滤波算法的基础上，对两者信息融合定姿算法进行了设计和仿真，旨在提高卫星自主定姿精度和可靠性，结果表明，组合定姿算法使姿态确定的精度得到提高。