基于MME/KF的电推进器推力在轨标定算法

为了确保小推力量级电推进器在轨工作的有效性,提出了一种基于MME/KF（Minimum Model Error/Kalman Filter）的电推进器推力在轨标定算法。该算法对推力标定过程为:首先使用飞轮产生一个已知的周期性力矩作用于卫星上,同时姿态控制器发送指令给电推进器来保持卫星的稳定;然后将陀螺仪数据代入MME算法中估计出卫星的角加速度,并利用KF算法实现电推进器在轨标定;最后进行数学仿真。结果表明该算法在常规推力下可以提高在轨标定精度,并且可以实现小推力条件下的在轨标定。     

一种用于快速跟踪视线的空间拦截器姿态控制方法

以空间拦截器的纵轴在中、末制导段要求指向目标的视线，按最小空间角距旋转，作为跟踪目标的姿态定向的假想坐标系，形成本体坐标系相对假想坐标系的误差四元数。由拦截器的转动角速度分量与误差四元数作为状态反馈构造稳态姿态控制的数学模型。为了得到姿态控制所需的变控制力矩，运用PWPF调制器对常值推力姿控发动机的稳态和脉冲工作状态进行调制，构造所谓的“数字变力矩”控制器，实现对姿态的连续控制。仿真计算结果表明，该方法是实际可行的。     

基于星上动态指令调度的卫星使用效能提升技术

针对传统任务管理模式采用静态约束指令序列导致卫星使用效能的不足,提出一种基于有向图模型的动态约束自适应任务管理方案。采用面向用户的星地任务控制接口,利用地面仿真和星上实时遥测获取任务运行过程的动态约束参数,星载计算机据此动态生成任务指令序列。针对某高性能光学卫星的仿真试验表明,与传统任务管理模式相比,卫星操作接口复杂度减少88.5%,任务注入效率提升699%,有效载荷数据传输效率提升10%,全球数据获取能力提升11%,对我国区域的实时数据获取能力提升100%。方案对遥感卫星在轨运行管理具有借鉴意义。     

Rosetta enters hibernation

The International Rosetta Mission was launched on 2nd March 2004 on its 10 years journey to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Rosetta will reach the comet in 2014, orbit it for about 1.5 years down to distances of a few kilometres and deliver the Lander Philae onto its surface.Following the fly-by of Asteroid (21-)Lutetia in 2010, Rosetta continued its travel towards the planned comet encounter in 2014. In this phase Rosetta became the solar-powered spacecraft that reached the largest Sun distances in history of spaceflight, up to an aphelion at 5.3 AU in October 2012. At distances above 4.5 AU the spacecraft's solar generator power is not sufficient to keep all spacecraft systems active. Therefore in June 2011 the spacecraft was spun up to provide gyroscopic stabilisation, and most of its on-board units, including those used for attitude control and communications, were switched off. Over this “hibernation” phase of about 2.5 years the spacecraft will keep a minimum of autonomy active to ensure maintenance of safe thermal conditions.After Lutetia fly-by, flight controllers had to tackle two anomalies that had significant impacts on the mission operations. A leak in the reaction control subsystem was confirmed and led to the re-definition of the operational strategy to perform the comet rendezvous manoeuvres planned for 2011 and 2014. Anomalous jumps detected in the estimated friction torque of two of the four reaction wheels used for attitude control forced the rapid adoption of measures to slow down the wheels degradation. This included in-flight re-lubrication activities and changes in the wheels operational speed regime.Once the troubleshooting of the two anomalies was completed, and the related operational scenarios were implemented, the first large (790 m/s) comet rendezvous manoeuvre was executed, split into several long burns in January and February 2011. The second burn was unexpectedly interrupted due to the anomalous behaviour of two thrusters, causing attitude off-pointing. Flight controllers modified the thrusters operation parameters in the on-board software and managed to re-start the sequence of burns and successfully complete the manoeuvre. After the manoeuvre, preparation for the critical spin-up and hibernation entry activities, planned for June 2011, began.This paper presents the activities carried out on Rosetta in the final year before hibernation entry. The major anomalies and the related troubleshooting and workaround solutions are detailed. Lessons learned from the operation of the first spacecraft operating with solar power at Jupiter-like distances from the Sun are presented and discussed.     

Application of SDRE technique to orbital and attitude control of spacecraft formation flying

This paper proposes the application of a nonlinear control technique for coupled orbital and attitude relative motion of formation flying. Recently, mission concepts based on the formations of spacecraft that require an increased performance level for in-space maneuvers and operations, have been proposed. In order to guarantee the required performance level, those missions will be characterized by very low inter-satellite distance and demanding relative pointing requirements. Therefore, an autonomous control with high accuracy will be required, both for the control of relative distance and relative attitude. The control system proposed in this work is based on the solution of the State-Dependent Riccati Equation (SDRE), which is one of the more promising nonlinear techniques for regulating nonlinear systems in all the major branches of engineering. The coupling of the relative orbital and attitude motion is obtained considering the same set of thrusters for the control of both orbital and attitude relative dynamics. In addition, the SDRE algorithm is implemented with a timing update strategy both for the controller and the proposed nonlinear filter. The proposed control system approach has been applied to the design of a nonlinear controller for an up-to-date formation mission, which is ESA Proba-3. Numerical simulations considering a tracking signal for both orbital and attitude relative maneuver during an operative orbit of the mission are presented.     

无陀螺磁控小卫星的大角度姿态捕获研究

为了解决无陀螺磁控小卫星的姿态稳定和捕获问题,本文针对偏置稳定的主动磁控小卫星姿态控制平台,基于磁控力矩的时间累积作用效果等效卫星角动量增量的规律,设计了一种仅利用角度反馈的卫星大角度磁捕获控制律。通过仿真和卫星在轨实测的验证,证明该方法具有良好的收敛效果和鲁棒性,工程实现简单,可靠性高,适用于中低轨道的通信小卫星。     

拦截器模糊姿态控制律研究

针对带有姿控发动机、在大气层外飞行的拦截器,提出了一种模糊姿态控制律。根据姿控发动机布局,给出了发动机开关逻辑表,考虑到姿控机构具有多级控制能力,基于模糊控制的思想,设计了发动机开启方向和数量的切换策略。随后,利用相平面方法分析了该控制律和PD控制律的相似之处,并指出了前者的优越性。最后,对该控制律的控制效果进行了数字仿真。仿真结果表明,该控制律具有抗干扰、动态品质优良、稳态精度高的特点。     

Attitude controller design for orbital target tracking of geostationary satellite under avoidance constraint

A coordinated attitude control problem is addressed for which a geostationary satellite should maintain communication with a ground station while simultaneously tracking space objects. The coordinated attitude control discussed in this study is related to the attitude maneuvers of a tracking satellite and to the orbital motion of targets placed in orbits of lower altitudes. Modified Rodrigues parameters are employed to avoid singularities even in the presence of large attitude maneuvers. The initial attitude error is calculated based upon an arbitrary initial configuration for the target tracking, so that a sequential tracking from one to another target can be achieved easily. Additionally, avoidance maneuvers aimed at protecting sensitive onboard sensors from the Sun and the Moon are designed using the so-called navigation function. When the avoidance areas are on the transient path due to the coordinated attitude maneuver command, the maneuver is performed with no violation against the given constraint areas by adopting the navigation function.     

Control system design of the Korean lunar lander demonstrator

In preparation for the lunar exploration program scheduled to be launched during the early 2020s in Korea, a lunar lander demonstrator, which will be used for developing and demonstrating lunar landing technologies, is being developed. The control configuration of the lunar lander demonstrator is determined with the consideration of available technologies and flight requirements. It is suggested that altitude control be achieved by clustering five 200 N monopropellant thrusters and attitude control with eight 3 N thrusters. A control algorithm designed to follow a predefined trajectory is developed using quaternion feedback. Control system configuration and control logic are verified by using computer simulations. Simulation results show that a soft landing with a touchdown velocity of less than 3 m/s is achieved. Attitude control performance is also verified using computer simulations. The developed control configuration will be further tested by hardware in the loop simulations and ground based firing tests during the next phase of the study.     

变锥角SGCMG系统的奇异躲避路径规划策略

将锥体上五个单框架控制力矩陀螺（SGCMG）框架轴与底面的锥角视为姿态机动任务前的调整变量,建立了锥角可调的五棱锥构型SGCMG模型。通过锥角可调SGCMG系统的复杂奇异性分析,推导了陀螺奇异测度对时间的导数与陀螺框架角速度的关系,进而提出考虑奇异躲避的路径规划策略。基于Gauss伪谱法的路径规划结果表明：锥角可调的五棱锥构型SGCMG系统可有效提高特定机动方向的控制能力,显著减少空间站姿态机动所需时间;所提出的考虑奇异躲避的路径规划策略可有效避免陀螺奇异。     

System test results from the GNC experiments on the PRISMA in-orbit test bed

The PRISMA in-orbit test bed will demonstrate guidance, navigation, and control strategies for spacecraft formation flying and rendezvous. The project is funded by the Swedish National Space Board and the prime contractor is the Swedish Space Corporation. The project is further supported by the German Aerospace Center, the Technical University of Denmark, and the French Space Agency. PRISMA was launched on June 15, 2010 and after three weeks of operations, all on-board systems and units have passed an initial commissioning phase. Separation of the two PRISMA satellites from each other is expected by mid-August 2010.PRISMA consists of two spacecraft: MAIN and TARGET. The MAIN spacecraft has full orbit control capability while TARGET is attitude controlled only.The Swedish Space Corporation is responsible for three groups of guidance, navigation, and control experiments. These experiments include GPS- and vision-based formation flying during which the spacecraft will fly in passive as well as forced motion. The three experiments are: autonomous formation flying, proximity operations with final approach/recede maneuvers, and autonomous rendezvous. This paper presents system test results from two of these experiments as obtained with the flight-ready system. The system tests consist of a series of simulations performed on the flight model spacecraft with a large amount of hardware in the loop.     

微型固体推进器阵列与磁力矩器联合姿态控制方法

针对传统皮纳卫星姿态控制系统中磁力矩器输出力矩小、姿态控制响应慢等问题，提出一种微型固体推进器阵列与磁力矩器联合姿态控制方法，提高了控制精度，缩短了控制周期，并利用Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了算法的稳定性。首先建立微型固体推进器阵列优化点火模型，然后给出其补偿控制时间设置方法，并推导出大角速度阻尼控制律和辅助速度阻尼控制律，同时设计了基于混合系统模型的姿态捕获联合控制律，最后通过仿真验证了速度阻尼联合控制律和姿态捕获联合控制律的有效性。仿真结果表明，相较于传统的纯磁控方法，联合控制方法能够有效提高控制精度，大幅度缩短控制周期。     

Control analysis of an underactuated spacecraft under disturbance

Based on the nonlinear controllability theory, this paper analyzes the attitude controllability for an underactuated spacecraft using two or one thrusters in sequence. In order to provide a preconditional guide on designing the control law for the underactuated attitude control system in the actual case, the underactuated spacecraft with respect to the orbit frame is investigated in the presence of periodical oscillation disturbance. First, attitude dynamic model was established for an underactuated spacecraft actuated by three thrusters, one or two of which has failed separately, and the special orthogonal group (SO(3)) is deployed to describe the attitude motions. Second, Liouville theorem and Poincaré’s recurrence theorem were used to confirm that the drift field is Weakly Positively Poisson Stable (WPPS). Furthermore, the sufficient and necessary condition of controllability was obtained on the basis of Lie Algebra Rank Condition (LARC). Finally, according to the case of two available thrusters, angular velocity stabilization and three-axis attitude stabilization control laws are designed, and proved by Lyapunov stability theory and LaSalle invariant theorem. The analysis and simulation results illustrate the feasibility of the proposed control law.     

Image based control of the “PINOCCHIO” experimental free flying platform

A free floating platform is realized with a pneumatic suspension system which enables a two-dimensional test of complex space operations, such as rendezvous and docking. The platform is equipped with a IMU and actuated via cold gas thrusters. In addition, an on-board camera is used to acquire a target and its image is processed for evaluating the control actions needed to reach it. A technique for determining the relative position and velocity with respect to target using the same visual device is proposed and realized. The novel algorithms and relevant experimental results are presented. The tested accuracy of the relative navigation system is not very high, but the guidance algorithm, which is image based and has just a weak dependence on the position information, is robust enough to perform a successful maneuver. The error between the final acquired target image and the desired final target image is of the order of one pixel, notwithstanding all the testbed disturbances.     

小型固体运载器起飞段姿态控制方法研究

针对控制系统,采用侧喷流发动机和栅格舵的新型小型多级固体运载火箭开展了起飞段姿态控制方法研究。给出了在低马赫数条件下侧喷流发动机的力放大因子和栅格舵的控制力矩,建立了运载器姿态控制模型。根据侧喷流和栅格舵的特点,设计了PID控制器与智能开关控制器相结合的新型控制器,运用神经网络算法实现了开关控制器参数的在线选择。仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器满足控制精度、稳定度和鲁棒性的要求,算法简便,具有工程可实现性,以侧喷流发动机和栅格舵为执行机构的控制系统能满足运载火箭起飞段姿态控制要求,为陆基或空射小型固体运载火箭姿态控制方法提供了一种新思路。     

一种海洋测高卫星质心在轨估计算法

为了满足海洋测高卫星在轨质心位置精度的要求,提出了一种使用陀螺仪测量数据在轨估算卫星质心位置的算法。该算法利用推力器工作产生外力矩,采用总体最小二乘法,综合考虑了实际推力器推力的误差及陀螺仪的测量误差,由卫星的姿态动力学方程估算得到卫星质心位置。数值仿真证明了该算法的有效性,结果表明质心位置的估计精度在毫米量级,可以满足海洋测高卫星对质心位置精度的需求。     

卫星编队的多冲量轨道机动路径规划方法

基于多冲量轨道机动控制,研究应用微小推力发动机来实现卫星编队轨道机动控制的方法。首先简单介绍轨道机动控制的多冲量次优解的求解方法,并把此方法的改进算法应用于卫星编队的整体轨道机动控制;为降低单次冲量值,应用小推力发动机实现轨道机动,提出了卫星编队多冲量轨道机动的路径规划方法,这种方法把一个多冲量轨道机动过程分成多个来实现;最后,数值仿真结果表明:该方法简便、实用,可以解决单次冲量值过大而不易实现的问题,同时对于轨道摄动因素的影响具有鲁棒性。     

星载控制软件在轨动态重构技术研究

为使星载控制软件可在轨动态重构，提出一种基于量子编程框架、无须操作系统支持、可实现多版本切换的星载控制软件在轨动态重构方法。在分析影响在轨动态重构关键技术基础上，从量子框架的面向对象运行机制出发来寻求软件框架对动态重构的支持；通过划分函数边界，将函数归类为内部函数和公共函数，避免了模块间的循环依赖；给出了函数向量表维护策略，并以版本号为导向实现了向量表切换。该方法在BM3803星载处理器平台进行了充分测试，结果表明：所提出的在轨重构方法系统无须停机、版本可回退且更新过程可靠。本方法占用内存小、平台依赖性弱、代码可复用性强，可推广应用至硬件资源有限的星载控制器终端。     

遥感卫星高精度高稳定度控制技术

对遥感卫星高精度高稳定度控制技术进行了综述。给出了国内外高稳定度多挠性遥感卫星控制、快速机动控制、高精度姿态确定、自主智能控制等典型应用,以及未来发展趋势。分析了挠性多体卫星结构-控制一体化设计、卫星在轨试验和高精度姿态确定等关键技术。讨论了挠性多体卫星动力学建模仿真及地面试验验证,H∞控制、自适应滤波前馈等卫星姿态控制方法研究与应用,卫星结构模态与无干扰力矩在轨辨识,以及基于陀螺、星敏感器及其误差、卫星动力学模型、在轨热变形标定等高精度姿态确定技术。     

New one-axis one-sensor magnetic attitude control theoretical and in-flight performance

New one-axis magnetic attitude control is proposed. Only one attitude sensor providing any inertial direction measurements is necessary, magnetometer is not used. The control may be used as a backup capability in case main actuators or some attitude sensors fail. Sun pointing is achievable using only three-axis Sun sensor, so the control may be used to lower the power consumption during battery charging. Asymptotic stability of different equilibria depending on the satellite inertia tensor is summarized. In-flight results from “Chibis-M” microsatellite are provided proving general control performance.