Development of the design scheme of cooling for a nozzle vane of high pressure turbine of gas turbine engine

The design schemes of cooling for the nozzle blades of high-temperature gas turbines are considered. The results of the thermal and hydraulic tests for the cooling systems of the nozzle vanes are presented. The prospective cooling system of the nozzle vanes of low and high pressure turbines is developed and presented. The test results for the vane with proposed design are presented.     

A review of recent studies on rotating internal cooling for gas turbine blades

Gas turbines have been used extensively for aircraft and marine propulsions as well as land-based power generation because of their high thermal efficiency and large power to weight ratios. To further increase the thermal efficiency, numerous prior researches on gas turbine blade internal cooling have been intensively carried out, majorly under stationary conditions. However, the stationary studies neglect the effects of Coriolis and buoyancy forces, which should change the velocity, turbulence and temperature distribution under rotating conditions. To elucidate the rotational effects on gas turbine internal cooling, the extensive results collected from recent investigations are discussed, which include the rotation and buoyancy effects on the rib turbulated cooling, pin fin cooling, jet impingement cooling, dimple/protrusion cooling, latticework cooling as well as swirl cooling. The rotational effects on the friction factors and the most employed experimental and numerical methods are also presented. Moreover, recommendations for future research are outlined. Therefore, this review article provides extensive literature information for the design of the next-generation high-efficiency internal cooling for rotating turbine blades.     

复合式气冷涡轮导叶冷却设计与试验

介绍了某型复合式气冷涡轮导叶的冷却设计与试验研究,在较高的温度和压力条件下,进行了真实叶片的冷却效果试验。通过对试验状态的对比计算及试验结果的分析,结果表明:所设计的涡轮复合式气冷导叶在较宽广的冷气流量比范围内,具有良好的冷却特性,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。      

涡轴发动机涡轮部件改型气动分析

首先对涡轴发动机涡轮部件的变工况特性进行了数值研究,计算结果与实验测量吻合良好。在此基础上,引入拓扑分析手段,对有、无中间承力支板的涡轮内部流场进行了详细分析。结果表明:支板对效率、流量等总体性能参数影响不大。最后对涡轮进行了改型优化,去掉支板,缩小尺寸并由动力涡轮静叶栅作为承力框架。计算表明:通过适当的气动优化,无支板的涡轮气动性能可以进一步提高。     

高负荷跨音速复合气冷涡轮叶片的试验研究

在燃气涡轮研究所 ( GTE)的涡轮叶片综合冷却效果试验器上对四套大载荷跨音速复合式气冷涡轮叶片 (多种气膜孔方案 ) ,成功地进行了 2 90小时试验。试验结果表明 ,导叶在 2 - 8% ,动叶在 1- 6%宽广的冷气流量比范围内 ,具有良好的冷却特性。此外还分析了叶片参数对冷却效果的影响     

基于3D打印技术的预研涡轮叶片精铸蜡型快速制造方法

针对航空预研涡轮叶片制造成本高、周期长等问题,提出一种基于光固化成型技术的涡轮叶片快速制造方法。根据涡轮叶片的结构特点设计蜡模模具及其冷却结构,采用光固化成型技术制造模具型壳和内植冷却流道,基于凝胶注模方法将氧化铝等陶瓷粉末填充于模具内腔,实现了涡轮叶片蜡模模具的快速制造;基于ANSYS模拟研究了蜡模模具和蜡模温度场分布;采用三坐标测量分析了涡轮叶片精度。研究结果表明:随形冷却流道明显改善了蜡模温度场的均匀性,缩短了蜡模的冷却时间,提高了蜡模的制造质量,金属涡轮叶片尺寸精度达到CT4~CT5等级,表面粗糙度Ra达到4.97μm,相对于金属模具制造方法,显著缩短了预研涡轮叶片的制造周期,大大降低了制造成本。     

垂直横流通道内槽型截面孔气膜冷却特性数值研究

为了揭示燃气透平动叶内部横流通道对不同截面形状气膜孔的影响机理,采用数值方法对比研究了典型扇形孔和槽型截面孔在垂直横流通道内的气膜冷却特性。四种槽型截面孔包括2种梭型扩张孔(上游壁外凸、下游壁外凸)和2种半圆侧壁矩形扩张孔(计量段截面宽度1.7D,2.0D),气膜孔直径D均为3mm。三种垂直横流通道均为8D×4D矩形通道,分为无肋光滑通道、45°和135°带肋通道,肋间距与孔间距均为8D。数值结果表明:在中高吹风比下,四种槽型截面孔的气膜冷却效果均显著优于扇形孔,光滑通道中差距最大,45°肋通道中差距最小,其中大截面宽度矩形扩张孔的气膜冷却效果在三种横流通道中均最高。由于强的横向扩张,下游壁外凸的梭形扩张孔的气膜冷却效果受横流影响弱,在三种横流通道中的变化幅度最小。四种槽形截面孔的展向平均气膜冷却效果在45°和135°带肋通道中变化均不大,即肋角度对槽形截面孔气膜冷却效果影响较小。四种槽型截面孔中高吹风比下的出流系数在无肋通道中均高于扇形孔,在带肋通道中五种孔型的出流系数差别很小。     

冲击粗糙壁面复合冷却实验研究

对有初始横流的冲击粗糙壁面复合冷却技术进行了实验研究。由以往研究可知,影响换热效果的因素很多,主要可分为流动参数和几何参数。本文主要通过实验以了解各种流动参数、几何参数对换热特性的影响规律,并对其结构设计提出有价值的参考意见。      

小发动机涡轮的气动设计问题

先进的小发动机涡轮的流量小,叶片短,展弦比低,二次损失及叶尖漏泄损失大,效率低,温度高冷效差。与大发动机相比,尽管其工作原理相同,但它有其独特的矛盾,设计难度大,需作为一个独特的领域有组织有计划地开展设计研究工作。      

Investigation of the steam-cooled blade in a steam turbine cascade

With the increasing demand for electricity,an efficiency improvement and thereby reduced CO2 emissions of the coal-fired plants are expected in order to reach the goals set in the Kyoto protocol.It can be achieved by a rise of the process parameters.Currently,live steam pressures and temperatures up to 300 bars and 923 K are planned as the next step.Closed circuit steam cooling of blades and vanes in modern steam turbines is a promising technology in order to establish elevated live steam temperatures in future steam turbine cycles.In this paper,a steam-cooled test vane in a cascade with external hot steam flow is analyzed numerically with the in-house code CHTflow.A parametric analysis aiming to improve the cooling effectiveness is carried out by varying the cooling mass flow ratio.The results from two investigated cases show that the steam cooling technique has a good application potential in the steam turbine.The internal part of the vane is cooled homogeneously in both cases.With the increased cooling mass flow rate,there is a significant improvement of cooling efficiency at the leading edge.The results show that the increased cooling mass flow ratio can enhance the cooling effectiveness at the leading edge.With respect to trailing edge,there is no observable improvement of cooling effectiveness with the increased cooling mass flow.This implies that due to the limited dimension at the trailing edge,the thermal stress cannot be decreased by increasing the cooling mass flow rate.Therefore,impingement-cooling configuration at the trailing edge might be a solution to overcome the critical thermal stress there.It is also observed that the performance of the cooling effective differs on pressure side and suction side.It implicates that the equilibrium of the cooling effectiveness on two sides are influenced by a coupled relationship between cooling mass flow ratio and hole geometry.In future work,optimizing the hole geometry and cooling steam supply conditions might be the solutions for an equivalent cooling effectiveness along whole profile.      

气膜出流对叶片各内表面换热系数的影响

利用数值计算的方法研究了气膜出流对叶片前腔内各表面冷气对流换热系数的影响。研究的重点是气膜孔间距比和进气雷诺数等因素的影响规律。文章分别就叶片前缘和叶盆区域以及叶背区域的局部和平均换热系数的变化做了讨论,计算表明,在计算所取的参数范围内,随气膜孔间距比和进气雷诺数的增加,叶盆内表面的平均换热系数增加可达一倍以上,但由于气膜出流导致叶背边内表面的平均换热系数有所下降。本文的研究工作只限于不可压层流。      

带密布气膜冷却孔的涡轮叶片等效应力分析方法研究

以带气膜冷却孔的航空燃气涡轮发动机涡轮叶片为研究背景,引入了等效概念对密布小孔结构进行了详细的应力-应变分析。这种等效分析方法是把多孔材料转化为具有等效材料常数的等效实体材料。根据MARC大型通用软件的线弹性及弹-塑性有限元应力分析结果,将小孔效应转化为等效弹性常数及等效应力-应变曲线。最后以某发动机高压涡轮工作叶片为例,将得到的等效材料参数引入到叶片的有限元强度计算中,从而得到考虑密布孔影响的涡轮叶片应力应变场,并通过子模型计算得到更为准确的孔边最大应力。     

涡轮动叶表面换热特性的试验研究

航空发动机性能的提高对涡轮叶片耐热极限提出了更高的要求,为了更准确地分析涡轮叶片的传热特性,选取某型气冷涡轮动叶10%、50%和90%叶高的特征型面通过低导热光敏树脂材料经过3D打印而成,通过叶片表面粘贴厚度为0.02mm康铜加热膜接通恒定电流加热,使用红外热像系统精确测量叶片壁面温度,在平面叶栅中研究了吹风比(M)和雷诺数(Re)对气膜绝热冷却效率和努塞尔数(Nu)的影响(试验中基于弦长的进口雷诺数Re为8.0×10⁴-16.7×10⁴,吹风比M为1-3)。试验结果表明：M=1时气膜能够较好附着在叶片表面,叶片表面得到较好冷却;随着主流雷诺数的增加,绝热壁面温度逐渐升高,绝热效率逐渐降低;吹风比对涡轮叶片的传热特性的影响与气膜孔出流角度有关,随着吹风比的增大,压力面绝热冷却效率逐渐增大,由于吸力面的气膜孔出流角较大,吹风比增大使得吸力面的绝热冷却效率逐渐减小;随着吹风比的增加,对流换热系数增大。     

基于新型涡轮冷却算法的航空发动机性能计算模型

针对气膜冷却和对流冷却两种常用的冷却方式,建立了新的涡轮冷却计算模型,并实现了与燃气涡轮发动机总体性能计算模型的耦合,得到了可考虑的不同冷却方式、适用于高涡轮前温度、大冷气量的燃气涡轮发动机总体性能计算模型,并与简化涡轮冷却模型的计算数据及试验数据作比较分析,表明新型涡轮冷却算法的可行性和能够提供更详细的涡轮部件气流参数.     

带有前缘气膜冷却燃气轮机叶片的气热耦合研究(英文)

使用气热耦合数值计算方法对带有"淋浴喷头"式前缘气膜冷却的C3X燃气轮机叶片进行数值模拟。通过对使用不同湍流模型的计算结果与实验测量值进行对比,使用转捩模型能够比较准确的模拟带有气膜冷却射流的边界层内的流动和传热过程。气膜冷却射流在叶片吸力面上游层流边界层区域内表现出比较明显的三维湍流特性,但在吸力面下游边界层转捩为湍流以后,湍流使得气膜冷却射流与主流燃气掺混过程加速而使其三维流动特性迅速消失;在吸力面由于边界层流动始终为层流状态,冷却射流与主流掺混较缓慢而使其仍能保持较强的三维湍流特性。边界层内由高温燃气与被冷却叶片之间温度差形成的温度梯度有益于增强边界层流动的稳定性。     

肋片扰流对柱肋通道传热和压损影响

针对涡轮叶片内部通道上、下游不同冷却结构的相互影响,采用瞬态液晶实验方法研究了上游90°、60°,V形和W形四种肋片诱导产生的入口条件,对柱肋通道传热分布、强化传热水平和压损的影响,并与无肋片(均匀入口条件)的柱肋通道进行了对比。结果表明,相比于无肋片情况的均匀入口条件,肋片诱导的涡流使柱肋通道底面的传热分布在展向变得不均匀。肋片在增强柱肋底面传热的同时降低了通道压损,从而提升柱肋通道的综合换热效率(但整体通道的流动损失增加了)。其中,W形和90°肋片使柱肋通道具有最高的传热效率,其次是V形和60°肋片,不带肋片的情况的综合传热效率最低。      

前缘气膜孔布局对涡轮转子叶片流动传热的影响

为了研究不同前缘气膜孔布局对叶片内部冷却系统、温度场分布的影响,针对某典型冲击-对流-气膜复合冷却高压涡轮转子叶片,保持叶片主体冷却结构不变,通过改变叶片前缘各列气膜孔的数量形成5种结构方案,完成了1维流动换热及3维有限元温度场计算。并模拟发动机工况,试验研究了叶片内腔流量特性、叶片中下部2个截面的平均冷却效果随压比、流量比的变化规律。计算及试验结果均表明:涡轮转子叶片前缘气膜孔数量及布局对叶片前腔冷气量、前缘温度分布影响明显,而对后腔冷气量、尾缘温度影响较小。     

Concepts of Gas Turbine Engine Improvement Through the Use of Choked-Flow Turbines

The new conceptual design of simple gas turbine engines for different purposes is presented. A choked-flow low-pressure turbine is used that allows reducing the number of stages and gas temperature in the relative motion ahead of blades. Application of such turbines with uncooled blades to reduce the cost of power-limited engines is considered.     

Potentials of manufacture and repair of nickel base turbine components used in aero engines and power plants by laser metal deposition and laser drilling

IntroductionExpensive turbine parts like HPT(HighPressure Turine)blades or vanes are replaced bynew parts in case of damage.For example theburn through of the inner side of a blade or vane(Figure 1)is a frequently appearing damage,which cannot be repaired…     

应用红外热像技术实验研究层板结构冷却特性

在高温热风洞中,应用红外热像系统对三个具有真实燃气轮机尺度的层板结构进行了冷却特性实验研究.为了描述冲击、对流及导热的综合作用,采用数字图像信号运算技术,直接获得描述冷却前后层板高温表面二维温差分布.通过比较三种层板结构综合冷却效率,详细讨论了绕流柱数目及直径、气膜孔角度、主流雷诺数和努塞尔数对层板冷却效率的影响.