高压涡轮导叶内冷通道流动特性计算分析

涡轮叶片内部冷却特性直接影响到叶片的壁面温度分布,必须对其展开详细的研究。本文利用网络法计算研究了某高压涡轮导叶内部冷却通道中的流动和换热特性,并进行了相应的流量特性试验研究。结果表明,改进后的计算程序可以较为准确地模拟出叶片内部冷却通道中的流量分配和压力、温度分布,以及冷气沿径向和弦向的压力损失。流量特性计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。      

A review of recent studies on rotating internal cooling for gas turbine blades

Gas turbines have been used extensively for aircraft and marine propulsions as well as land-based power generation because of their high thermal efficiency and large power to weight ratios. To further increase the thermal efficiency, numerous prior researches on gas turbine blade internal cooling have been intensively carried out, majorly under stationary conditions. However, the stationary studies neglect the effects of Coriolis and buoyancy forces, which should change the velocity, turbulence and temperature distribution under rotating conditions. To elucidate the rotational effects on gas turbine internal cooling, the extensive results collected from recent investigations are discussed, which include the rotation and buoyancy effects on the rib turbulated cooling, pin fin cooling, jet impingement cooling, dimple/protrusion cooling, latticework cooling as well as swirl cooling. The rotational effects on the friction factors and the most employed experimental and numerical methods are also presented. Moreover, recommendations for future research are outlined. Therefore, this review article provides extensive literature information for the design of the next-generation high-efficiency internal cooling for rotating turbine blades.     

Investigation of the steam-cooled blade in a steam turbine cascade

With the increasing demand for electricity,an efficiency improvement and thereby reduced CO2 emissions of the coal-fired plants are expected in order to reach the goals set in the Kyoto protocol.It can be achieved by a rise of the process parameters.Currently,live steam pressures and temperatures up to 300 bars and 923 K are planned as the next step.Closed circuit steam cooling of blades and vanes in modern steam turbines is a promising technology in order to establish elevated live steam temperatures in future steam turbine cycles.In this paper,a steam-cooled test vane in a cascade with external hot steam flow is analyzed numerically with the in-house code CHTflow.A parametric analysis aiming to improve the cooling effectiveness is carried out by varying the cooling mass flow ratio.The results from two investigated cases show that the steam cooling technique has a good application potential in the steam turbine.The internal part of the vane is cooled homogeneously in both cases.With the increased cooling mass flow rate,there is a significant improvement of cooling efficiency at the leading edge.The results show that the increased cooling mass flow ratio can enhance the cooling effectiveness at the leading edge.With respect to trailing edge,there is no observable improvement of cooling effectiveness with the increased cooling mass flow.This implies that due to the limited dimension at the trailing edge,the thermal stress cannot be decreased by increasing the cooling mass flow rate.Therefore,impingement-cooling configuration at the trailing edge might be a solution to overcome the critical thermal stress there.It is also observed that the performance of the cooling effective differs on pressure side and suction side.It implicates that the equilibrium of the cooling effectiveness on two sides are influenced by a coupled relationship between cooling mass flow ratio and hole geometry.In future work,optimizing the hole geometry and cooling steam supply conditions might be the solutions for an equivalent cooling effectiveness along whole profile.      

Optimization of cooling structures in gas turbines:A review

Attempts for higher output power and thermal efficiency of gas turbines make the inlet temperature of turbine to be far beyond the material melting temperature. Therefore, to protect the airfoil in gas turbine from hot gas and eventually prolong the lifetime of the blade, internal and film cooling structures with better thermal performance and cooling effectiveness are urgently needed.However, the traditional way of proceeding involves numerous simulations, additional experiments,and separate tr...     

超跨声速无导叶对转涡轮整流型动叶设计

为了探讨对转涡轮气动设计规律，采用常用于导叶的可控涡法设计对转涡轮上游整流动叶，并配合可控子午成型设计，用以控制对转涡轮内径向压力分布，并与传统涡轮进行了深入对比分析。该方法设计的5．25kg／s小流量模型对转涡轮效率为94．2％。三维数值模拟表明：对转涡轮取消导叶后，在设计自由度减小，参数受到制约条件下，整流动叶采用可控涡设计是调控对转涡轮流场积极有效措施之一。     

单腔内冷涡轮的气热耦合数值仿真

将所开发的HIT-3D气热耦合求解器应用于某低压涡轮的数值仿真中,对该涡轮设计简单的内冷结构,比较了不同湍流、转捩模型对叶片温度场预测的影响,初步验证了所开发的耦合求解器的应用能力.由于目前涡轮的冷却结构复杂,数值计算量比较大,为此发展了一种气热耦合与工程设计相结合的方法,以该涡轮为算例初步验证了该方法,并初步模拟了粗...     

Potentials of manufacture and repair of nickel base turbine components used in aero engines and power plants by laser metal deposition and laser drilling

IntroductionExpensive turbine parts like HPT(HighPressure Turine)blades or vanes are replaced bynew parts in case of damage.For example theburn through of the inner side of a blade or vane(Figure 1)is a frequently appearing damage,which cannot be repaired…     

小发动机涡轮的气动设计问题

先进的小发动机涡轮的流量小,叶片短,展弦比低,二次损失及叶尖漏泄损失大,效率低,温度高冷效差。与大发动机相比,尽管其工作原理相同,但它有其独特的矛盾,设计难度大,需作为一个独特的领域有组织有计划地开展设计研究工作。      

Experiments of flow and heat transfer performances for air-cooling laminated turbine vane

Flow resistance and heat transfer coefficients of typical double wall laminated film cooling configuration within a turbine vane were experimentally studied.The specimen was in large scale,and made of transparent organic glass.Laminated configuration consisted of double wall laminates,pin-fins,staggered arrays of impingement and film holes.The number ratio of impingement holes,pin-fins and film holes was2∶1∶1.Five experiment vanes were installed in static cascade,and experiments were carried out under constant heat flux.Re of internal cooling air in the experiment was from 104 to 2×105,and Re of external fluid was from 105 to 3×105.The experiment results show that flow resistances of front channel and back channel of the vane are in the same level,and both of them decrease as Re of cooling air increases.Nuof front channel is slightly higher than that of back channel.Both of them increase as Re of cooling air increases.And experiment results were obtained from experiment vanes were compared with that obtained from laminated flat plates,and the tendency of the results agrees well.     

The wells air turbine for wave energy conversion

The wave energy devices currently in operation in the United Kingdom and India and those that are to be built in Europe are based on the principle of the oscillating water-air column. In these devices the pneumatic energy of the oscillating air column is converted to mechanical energy of rotation by a Wells turbine. A monoplane (single plane) Wells turbine can absorb only a certain maximum pneumatic pressure amplitude due to tip speed limitations. For wave energy devices which produce large amplitudes of pneumatic pressure a biplane Wells turbine with or without guide vanes can be used. The prediction methods currently available and parameters controlling the aerodynamic performance of the Wells turbines are reviewed. Some novel techniques to improve the performance of Wells turbine are suggested.     

Ni3Al基IC6高温合金工程应用研究

IC6合金是在"863"计划支持下,由北京航空材料研究院研制成功的一种定向凝固Ni3Al基高温合金.选用该合金试制某新型航空发动机整体定向凝固Ⅱ级导向器叶片.由于该叶片尺寸大、形状复杂,给铸造工艺带来很大难度.经过合理设计浇注系统,实现了定向柱晶从叶身向缘板平滑过渡弯晶生长,有效地消除了叶身和缘板转接处的晶界裂纹,使叶片的毛坯合格率由原来的5%攀升到62%,超过了"863"计划规定的50%的指标.在此基础上,对Ⅱ级导向器叶片的铸造工艺稳定性,真空热处理工艺,叶片表面防护涂层工艺,返回料的应用进行了系统的工程应用研究.该叶片已通过技术鉴定,转入批生产,目前已生产65台叶片,在使用中工作正常,没有出现任何材料质量问题.     

具有弯曲叶片涡轮级的性能预估方法

给出了一个以S₂流面流函数为主控方程的具有弯曲叶片的涡轮级性能预测的通流计算方法。此方法的损失计算中叶型损失采用S₁流面数值模拟方法得到,叶栅端部区域附近的二次流损失以及动叶叶尖漏气损失采用经验数据的方法估算。其中二次流损失的计算考虑了叶片弯曲对其大小以及节距平均的径向分布的影响。通过与实验数据的对比,表明此损失模型是可信的。      

脉冲进气条件下可变喷嘴涡轮性能影响因素分析

为了改善涡轮和发动机的匹配,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法研究了脉冲进气条件下脉冲频率、脉冲振幅、喷嘴角度以及涡轮转速对可变喷嘴涡轮非定常性能的影响.研究结果表明:脉冲频率为80Hz时涡轮瞬态最低流量比40Hz时提高了10.4%,瞬态最低效率增加了4.7%,效率滞后现象更加明显;低脉冲振幅为25kPa时涡轮通流能力和效率迅速恢复,并且指出在低脉冲振幅时采用稳态设计是可行的;喷嘴角度为32°时,涡轮脉冲进气与稳态进气两种情况下的流量差异比喷嘴角度为10°时增加了3.3%,效率差异则增加了6.6%.涡轮内部脉动强烈,涡轮通流能力和效率下降明显;涡轮转速为47256r/min时脉冲进气造成的流量和效率变化分别比30000r/min时相应值高了2.9%和0.8%,高转速时涡轮内部流场易受到进口条件影响,涡轮流量、效率以及攻角与稳态情况偏离大.      

一种低压无导叶对转涡轮特性分析与设计

为获得高载荷无低压级导叶对转涡轮气动设计规律,以一个流量5·25kg/s,膨胀比5·69,高低压涡轮转速均为2·5×104r/min的高效超跨声对转涡轮作设计实例,从基元级分析、通流设计和全三维数值模拟三个部分研究了对转涡轮在取消低压级导叶后出现的诸多新特征给气动设计带来的困难及相应采取措施。设计与分析结果表明,在相同气动设计参数条件下对转涡轮比传统涡轮效率高1·77%。对转涡轮设计关键问题是在合理选择主流参数后,解决高压涡轮动叶既作功又整流双重功能。     

矢量喷管壁温分布的数值计算研究

计算了矢量喷管的对流和辐射换热及壁温的二维分布,考虑了对各热部件采用相应的冷却方式,比较了不同的气膜冷却模型对喷管扩张调节片的冷却效果,计算喷管的辐射换热时分光谱进行,考虑喷管内燃气参数的三维分布,编制了对轴对称矢量喷管、圆转方二元矢量喷管、球面过渡段矢量喷管在加力与非加力状态下均适用的计算程序,并给出了几个算例的计算结果。结果表明:偏转矢量喷管的壁温沿周向有明显变化,沿偏转方向的壁温较低,相反方向的壁温较高。      

小型向心透平一维和三维设计分析

在分析各种因素对向心透平速比和反动度限制的基础上,给出了一种比较合理的速比和反动度的选择方法,并用C语言编写了小型燃气透平一维热力计算程序OCC(one-dimensional computer code),来进行向心透平的热力计算.通过与已发表文献中的一维热力计算程序OFC(one-dimensional computer FORTRAN code)结果进行比较,发现两者结果基本一致,且OCC设计总对静效率要高于OFC的设计效率.为了对一维程序计算结果与三维CFD(computational fluid dynamics)数值模拟进行比较,选取已发表文献中600kW燃气轮机作为分析实例,用编写的一维热力设计程序对600kW燃气轮机向心透平导叶和动叶进行了设计.一维程序计算结果与三维CFD数值模拟结果比较发现,两者的偏差小于10%.综上所述,使用的设计方法以及一维热力设计程序对于小型向心透平的初步设计是适用的.      

高负荷跨音速复合气冷涡轮叶片的试验研究

在燃气涡轮研究所 ( GTE)的涡轮叶片综合冷却效果试验器上对四套大载荷跨音速复合式气冷涡轮叶片 (多种气膜孔方案 ) ,成功地进行了 2 90小时试验。试验结果表明 ,导叶在 2 - 8% ,动叶在 1- 6%宽广的冷气流量比范围内 ,具有良好的冷却特性。此外还分析了叶片参数对冷却效果的影响     

涡轮盘/榫整体结构优化设计方法

考虑到榫联接和轮盘子午面在结构设计时的相互影响,针对典型的枞树型榫联接,提出了通用的榫联结构/轮盘子午面分步优化设计、总体协调的涡轮盘/榫整体结构优化设计方法.基于ANSYS优化平台及参数化建模技术,筛选了优化设计变量,以涡轮盘/榫整体结构总质量最小为优化目标,以涡轮盘/榫联结构关键应力为约束,建立了涡轮盘/榫整体结构优化设计的数学模型.通过对某型发动机涡轮盘和榫联结构设计方案进行结构优化设计,在满足所有几何约束及强度要求的条件下,二齿及三齿盘/榫结构优化后总质量都有明显降低,说明涡轮盘/榫整体结构优化设计方法的合理性;且二齿盘/榫结构的总质量较三齿盘/榫结构明显减小,榫槽底部最大第一主应力也明显降低.任意榫齿数可选的通用涡轮盘/榫整体结构优化设计方法及平台可适用于不同涡轮的结构设计,具有较强的工程实用性.      

复合式气冷涡轮导叶冷却设计与试验

介绍了某型复合式气冷涡轮导叶的冷却设计与试验研究,在较高的温度和压力条件下,进行了真实叶片的冷却效果试验。通过对试验状态的对比计算及试验结果的分析,结果表明:所设计的涡轮复合式气冷导叶在较宽广的冷气流量比范围内,具有良好的冷却特性,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。      

防喘控制系统对发动机工作过程影响的数值仿真

应用考虑混合室、加力燃烧室、主燃烧室和外涵道容积效应和变几何通道、主燃烧室供油量等控制因素的发动机动态过程的仿真模型,对某型变几何混排涡扇发动机防喘调节系统工作时发动机的工作过程进行了仿真,并研究了防喘调节系统调节精度对发动机过渡工作过程的影响。仿真结果与实际试车数据比较吻合,验证了模型的有效性。仿真结果表明:高压压气机导流叶片调节通道产生的影响大于喷管临界面积调节通道产生的影响;高压压气机导流叶片调节通道对高压转子的影响比低压转子大,而喷管临界面积调节通道对低压转子的影响比对高压转子大;各变几何通道有个调节最佳值。仿真模型与方法可为防喘调节系统的设计和功效评定提供理论基础。