激光熔化沉积Ti-6Al-2Zr-Mo-V钛合金组织特征研究

采用激光熔化沉积快速制造工艺直接成形Ti-6Al-2Zr—Mo—V合金板材。激光熔化沉积过程中合金粉末充分熔化并在液态均匀混合以得到成分均匀、全致密的组织。SEM分析表明,激光沉积Ti-6Al-2Zr-Mo—V合金具有均匀细小的α／β双相片层组织,且片层取向随机多样,分布均匀。其组织特点与激光沉积过程中的快速凝固和固态相变有关。解释了其特征组织的形成机理,并讨论了其沉积层组织特征对性能的影响。     

A novel method of utilizing static mixer to obtain mixing homogeneity of multi-species powders in laser metal deposition

Real-time mixing of multi-species powder challenges Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs). The current work proposes a novel method of using a static mixer to realize rapid, uniform multi-species powder mixing. Firstly, copper powder and 316L stainless steel powder are selected to complete the powder mixing observation experiment with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). Secondly, computational fluid dynamics and particle mixing simulation models are used to analyze the flow field and particle motion characteristics in the static mixer. Finally, LMD experiment and metallographic observation are carried out with 316L stainless steel powder and WC powder to verify the feasibility of the static mixer. This study provides a theoretical and practical basis for powder mixing in laser processing with a static mixer. The conclusions can also be applied to other processing fields requiring real-time and uniform mixing of multi-species powders.     

Single track and single layer formation in selective laser melting of niobium solid solution alloy

Selective laser melting (SLM) was employed to fabricate Nb-37Ti-13Cr-2Al-1Si (at%) alloy, using pre-alloyed powders prepared by plasma rotating electrode processing (PREP). A series of single tracks and single layers under different processing parameters was manufactured to evaluate the processing feasibility by SLM, including laser power, scanning speed, and hatch distance. Results showed that continuous single tracks could be fabricated using proper laser powers and scanning velocities. Both the width of a single track and its penetration depth into a substrate increased with an increase of the linear laser beam energy density (LED), i.e., an increase of the laser power and a decrease of the scanning speed. Nb, Ti, Si, Cr, and Al elements distributed heterogeneously over the melt pool in the form of swirl-like patterns. An excess of the hatch distance was not able to interconnect neighboring tracks. Under improper processing parameters, a balling phenomenon occurred, but could be eliminated with an increased LED. This work testified the SLM-processing feasibility of Nb-based alloy and promoted the application of SLM to the manufacture of niobium-based alloys.     

Ni基金属粉末激光快速制造的研究

 采用激光选区烧结的方法,对 Ni基合金混合铜粉末进行了一系列激光烧结试验。从烧结模型入手,分析了烧结过程中出现的现象,讨论了工艺参数对金属粉末烧结成形的影响,初步探索了金属粉末直接烧结成形的基本机理,为金属粉末的激光快速成形制造提供了依据。     

Development of the design scheme of cooling for a nozzle vane of high pressure turbine of gas turbine engine

The design schemes of cooling for the nozzle blades of high-temperature gas turbines are considered. The results of the thermal and hydraulic tests for the cooling systems of the nozzle vanes are presented. The prospective cooling system of the nozzle vanes of low and high pressure turbines is developed and presented. The test results for the vane with proposed design are presented.     

强激光与高超声速球锥流场干扰数值模拟研究

本文采用有限差分技术，数值求解带能量源项与空气11组分化学动力学模型的轴对称粘性流体力学方程组，采用类氢原子理论模型计算空气对激光的吸收系数，建立了模拟强激光与超声速钝体流场干扰的计算软件，得到了高能浙江与超声速球锥流场干扰数值模拟的结果。     

激光金属沉积技术研究现状与应用进展

增材制造是融合材料科学、机械自动化及信息技术的先进制造技术,在近30年的发展中,发挥着越来越重要的作用。激光金属沉积(Laser metal deposition,LMD)是基于定向能量沉积(Directed energy deposition,DED)的一种增材制造技术,在近年来受到广泛关注和研究。阐述了LMD技术的基本工作原理及系统组成,重点介绍LMD技术国内外研究进展及应用现状,列举了一些基于LMD的工艺技术开发及装备研发制造,指出了LMD技术在成形效率和成形精度、工艺稳定性及性能一致性等方面的不足。最后,总结了LMD技术未来的5个发展趋势:材料体系集约化、工艺参数系统化、成形过程高效化、设备集成智能化和应用领域广泛化。     

双重失效模式下民用航空发动机高压涡轮叶片报废特性与可靠性分析

基于某型民用航空发动机下发后观测涡轮叶片报废状态的双重失效模式,计算了高压涡轮(HPT)叶片由自新使用循环数(CSN)引起的报废率.并结合疲劳损伤累积理论,探究了叶片报废率与失效分布函数之间的关系,得到了涡轮叶片失效分布与寿命期望的计算方法.基于大量涡轮叶片的观测数据,拟合出涡轮叶片按CSN计的失效分布,研究发现:某型...     

某发动机空中停车事件的失效分析

对一台发生空中停车的发动机进行了现场分解调查和实验室分析工作。分解发现肇事件是1组低压涡轮4级(LPT4)静子叶片,该叶片组因固定沟槽断裂而向后翘起打断所有LPT4转子叶片,并将低压涡轮部分5级(LPT5)和全部6级(LPT6)叶片打断。宏观和微观观察表明断裂的LPT4静子叶片均属于高周疲劳断裂,疲劳断裂的主要原因是固定沟槽内倒角过小。有限元法分析结果表明叶片倒角过小降低了叶片抵抗振动应力的能力;影像法测量结果表明内倒角不符合厂家的技术要求;金相分析表明内倒角不符合技术要求的原因是该处曾进行过焊修和再加工,属修理不当造成的。     

激光选区熔化技术在航空航天领域的发展现状及典型应用

增材制造技术(AM)是一种基于离散-堆积原理,以计算机模型数据来加工组件的新型制造技术。激光选区熔化(SLM)作为增材制造领域的一项重要技术,以其一体化制造特点和在复杂结构零部件制造领域的显著优势,成为航空航天制造领域的重点发展技术和前沿方向。本文综述了SLM技术的材料体系和应用领域,主要对SLM技术的最新工艺研究和航空航天领域的典型应用进行细致分析。重点阐述SLM铁基合金、镍基合金、钛合金和铝合金等材料体系的研究进展及成果。SLM技术在各领域广泛应用的同时,也存在成形材料内部缺陷多、高性能材料的裂纹及变形、标准体系的欠缺和粉末材料兼容性低等诸多问题和不足之处,使其发展受到一定制约,需要在这些方面做更深入的工作。     

微量碳对阻燃钛合金焊接接头性能的影响

研究阻燃钛合金Ti-25V-15Cr,Ti-25V-15Cr-XC的电子束焊接头性能,对比分析母材中微量碳(C)对焊接接头性能的影响.试验结果表明,母材中的微量碳促使焊缝中形成较多的碳化物,提高接头的抗拉强度,降低接头的塑性,特别是大幅度降低焊缝的冲击韧性,仅为同状态不含碳母材焊缝的10%.     

薄壁结构双侧异步激光喷丸强化试验研究

航空发动机压气机叶片是典型薄壁结构,通过激光喷丸强化在叶缘引入残余压应力,是提高其抗异物撞击能力,延长疲劳寿命的有效途径。为解决双侧同步强化方法存在的材料层裂损伤风险的问题,提出薄壁结构双侧异步激光喷丸强化方法。试验研究发现:单侧薄壁激光喷丸试验中,光斑功率密度的改变会使薄壁结构相对于激光入射方向呈现"∧"或"∨"两种扭曲变形趋势;另一面采用同样参数进行激光喷丸后,扭曲变形会恢复;合理采用激光喷丸参数,双侧异步激光喷丸强化与同步强化相似,可以在两侧表面均得到残余压应力场,并且扭曲变形能满足形状精度要求。     

激光推进辐射击穿温度特性的数值研究

在9种等离子体击穿温度下,数值模拟了二次反射式聚焦系统聚焦情况下激光推力器内流场的演化过程,得到了不同击穿温度对应的能量沉积率、推力峰值、冲量和冲量耦合系数,能量沉积率和推进性能参数在某个等离子体击穿温度值处发生突变。根据空气对激光的逆韧致吸收系数公式,计算了CO2激光辐照下不同等离子体击穿温度对应的空气辐射自由程,发现当等离子体击穿温度为14000K时,辐射自由程为1.4mm,与计算网格的典型尺寸相当,此时入射激光能量在一个网格内以一定效率被吸收,由此确定了基于逆韧致吸收的激光等离子体的击穿温度。     

激光沉积Ti-6Al-2Zr-Mo-V钛合金高周疲劳性能

 疲劳失效是钛合金工业应用中最重要的失效方式,疲劳强度是钛合金应用的关键性指标。为了研究激光沉积Ti-6Al-2Zr-Mo-V钛合金的疲劳性能和行为,在625 MPa到900 MPa不同应力水平下进行了室温高周疲劳(HCF)测试(应力比R=0.1,加载频率f=120~130 Hz),完成了疲劳断口表面分析。研究了气孔存在及分布对激光沉积Ti-6Al-2Zr-Mo-V钛合金疲劳性能的影响。激光沉积钛合金具有细小α/β片层组织。分析结果显示,虽然疲劳源区有气孔存在,激光沉积Ti-6Al-2Zr-Mo-V钛合金仍然具有优异的疲劳性能。取向丰富细小的α/β片层组织能有效减小疲劳源区滑移长度。分析结果还表明,应力水平对疲劳行为有一定影响。     

SiCf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料制孔工艺

分别采用机械钻削制孔与激光制孔两种工艺对SiC_f/SiC陶瓷基复合材料进行制孔,对其质量以及工艺特点进行评价分析。结果表明,机械钻削制孔孔径精度较好但存在刀具磨损严重、出现毛刺崩边现象等问题;激光制孔效率较高,但孔存在锥度且因热影响区的存在导致孔的内壁表面出现分层、裂纹等缺陷。     

一种提高表面完整性的气膜孔成形方法

为了解决目前航空发动机涡轮叶片气膜孔成形工艺存在热影响严重等问题,提出了采用超快激光环切与螺旋扫描的加工方法,设计了一种可实现高效、无热效应气膜孔加工的双激光光源微加工系统,并从作用机理和实际加工过程两方面分析了热效应的产生原因,指出了其中的主要影响因素,然后针对这些因素选用DD6材料进行了工艺参数优化和实验验证.实验结果表明:采用500fs激光与微秒长脉冲激光复合加工的方式可以使精细钻孔的效率提升约10倍,并得到基本无重铸层和微裂纹的涡轮叶片气膜孔;其工艺参数包括扫描速度为2400r/min,重叠率为12%,进给量为5μm,重复频率为20kHz以及0.6Pa同轴吹气.表明超快激光配合合理的工艺参数和加工方式可以实现无热效应气膜孔加工,是一种有效提高气膜孔成形表面完整性的工艺方法.      

基于三维激光扫描的涡轮叶片高温模态测试技术

提出了基于三维激光扫描技术的发动机涡轮叶片高温模态测试技术,实现了在最高900 ℃的高温环境下的涡轮叶片模态测试。设计了一套高温环境模拟装置,实现了不同温度环境的模拟,基于振动台基础激励技术和三维激光扫描技术,建立了不同温度环境下的涡轮叶片三维测试模型,获取了准确的模态振型、模态频率等参数,验证了方法的可行性。分析结果显示:温度升高会导致涡轮叶片固有频率下降,900 ℃较常温环境1阶频率下降约6%,叶尖振型因热应力产生轻微畸变。      

Laser joining of CFRTP to titanium alloy via laser surface texturing

Grid pattern was textured on Ti-6Al-4V alloy (TC4) substrate surface by nanosecond laser system. Laser joining of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite (CFRTP) to TC4 joints were performed, and the effect of texture grid depth was investigated. The contact angle of molten CFRTP on textured TC4 surface was measured and the tensile-shear force was tested. The fracture surface and interface morphology were observed. The results indicated that the wettability of molten CFRTP on TC4 surface improved remarkably after laser textured TC4. Shear force of CFRTP/TC4 joints was increased by 156% after laser textured TC4 surface. When the depth of grid was deeper than 100 μm, contact angle increased and incomplete filling of molten CFRTP in grid occurred, the shear force thus decreased gradually. Resin-carbon fibers mixture was adhered on the fracture surface of TC4, and the variation tendency of adhesion ratio was consistent with that of shear force. TC4 matrix was exfoliated from substrate and adhered at the fracture surface of CFRTP, indicating stronger mechanical interlocking occurred at the joining interface after laser textured TC4 surface. Beside mechanical interlocking, compound layer consisted of CTi_0.42V_1.58 carburization phase was also confirmed at interface, suggesting that chemical bonding also occurred at the joining interface.     

Extrinsic calibration of a laser displacement sensor in a non-contact coordinate measuring machine

In order to implement 3D scanning of those complicated parts such as blades in the aviation field,a non-contact optical measuring system is established in the paper,which integrates a laser displacement sensor,a probe head,the frame of a coordinate measuring machine (CMM),etc.As the output of the laser sensor directly obtained possesses the 1D length of the laser beam,it needs to determine the unit direction vector of the laser beam denoted as (l,m,n) by calibration so as to convert the 1D values into 3D coordinates of target points.Therefore,an extrinsic calibration method based on a standard sphere is proposed to accomplish this task in the paper.During the calibration procedure,the laser sensor moves along with the motion of the CMM and gathers the required data on the spherical surface.Then,both the output of the laser sensor and the grating readings of the CMM are substituted into the constraint equation of the spherical surface,in which an over-determined nonlinear equation group containing unknown parameters is established.For the purpose of solving the equation group,a method based on non-linear least squares optimization is put forward.Finally,the system after calibration is utilized to measure the diameter of a metallic sphere 10 times from different orientations to verify the calibration accuracy.In the experiment,the errors between the measured results and the true values are all smaller than 0.03 mm,which manifests the validity and practicality of the extrinsic calibration method presented in the paper.     

Hot-cracking susceptibility and shear fracture behavior of dissimilar Ti6Al4V/AA6060 alloys in pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding

Laser welding of dissimilar titanium/aluminum alloys has been employed at an increasing rate, particularly in the aerospace industry, owing to its advantages in terms of current design flexibility and fuel/cost savings. The major problem with dissimilar Ti/Al welds arises from the difference in the thermal expansion and contraction of the two metals, which leads to hot-cracking susceptibility and the mitigation of the mechanical property after welding. In the present study, pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of Ti6Al4V and AA6060 has been addressed. Hot-cracking susceptibility in the heat affected zone and the shear fracture behavior of the lap joints were investigated through microstructural characterization and mechanical tests. The results indicate that the hot cracking tendency can be reduced by increasing the pulse peak power (7.5–8.5 kW) and the laser point diameter (0.8–1.0 mm) with specific pulse duration and overlap. An alternative control strategy for less hot cracks in the Ti/Al lap joint can be to increase the weld width and decrease the cooling rate during solidification. The shear fracture of the Ti/Al lap joint is likely to occur along the lower side path of the weld interface with decreasing weld surface collapsed amount and increasing aluminum base metal melt depth.