Selective laser melting of Al–8.5Fe–1.3V–1.7Si alloy: Investigation on the resultant microstructure and hardness

This article presents the microstructure and hardness variation of an Al–8.5Fe–1.3V–1.7Si(wt%, FVS0812) alloy after selective laser melting(SLM) modification. Three zones were distinguished across the melting pool of the SLM-processed FVS0812 alloy: the laser melted zone(LMZ), the melting pool border, and the heat affected zone(HAZ) in the previously deposited area around the melting pool. Inside the LMZ, either an extremely fine cellular-dendritic structure or a mixture zone of the a-Al matrix and nanoscale Al_(12)(Fe,V)_3Si particles appeared. With a decreased laser beam scanning speed, the cellular-dendritic structure zone within the LMZ shrank significantly while the mixture zone expanded. The a-Al and Al_(12)(Fe,V)_3Si mixture zone was also observed in the HAZ, but another phase, submicron h-Al_(13)Fe_4 particles with rectangular or hexagonal shapes,formed along the melting pool border. Microhardness tests indicated that the hardness of the SLM-processed FVS0812 samples far exceeded that of the as-cast FVS0812 alloy.     

镍掺杂对α-Al2O3烧结过程、微观结构及力学性能的影响

 首先采用非均相沉淀包裹法制备金属镍包裹α-Al₂O₃复合微球粉体,然后采用热压烧结制备了Al₂O₃/Ni金属陶瓷。通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）对复合粉体及热压烧结产物的成分和结构进行了表征,利用阿基米德法测量了复合陶瓷的密度,分别通过三点弯曲法和单边切口横梁法对陶瓷试条的抗弯强度和断裂韧性进行评估。研究发现：金属镍的引入活化了α-Al₂O₃的烧结,镍粒子均匀地分布在氧化铝的晶界上,增加了弱界面,提高了氧化铝的断裂韧性,最高可达7.62 MPa·m^1/2。     

Oxygen Isotope Processes and Transfer Reactions

A unique kinetic isotope effect has been found in the formation process of ozone molecules. Isotope enrichments of about 10% above statistically expected values were first discovered in atmospheric isotopomers ⁴⁹O₃ and ⁵⁰O₃ and later in many other molecular combinations. Most recently the source of this effect was identified through measurement of isotope-specific ozone formation rate coefficients which show a large variability of over 50%. Ozone molecule formation is a complex process since different reaction channels contribute to a specific isotopomer. In addition, fast oxygen isotope exchange reactions determine the abundance of atomic oxygen participating in ozone formation. The isotope enrichments observed are both pressure and temperature-dependent and they decrease at pressures above 100 mbar and toward lower temperatures. Ozone possesses not only one of the most unusual isotope anomalies, it also serves as a mediator by transferring heavy oxygen from the O₂ reservoir to other species. Stratospheric isotope composition of CO₂ has been recently measured with high accuracy and a pronounced isotopic signature was found which shows that ¹⁷O is preferentially transferred from O₃ into CO₂. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of In-situ Synthesized Al2O3/TiAl Composites

Al2O3 particle-reinforced TiAl composites are successfully reaction-synthesized from the powder mixture of Ti, Al, TiO2, and Nb2O5, using the hot pressing reaction synthesis technique. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-sintered products are investigated. It is found that in the as-sintered products consisting of γ-TiAl, α2-Ti3Al, Al2O3, and NbAl3 phases, the fine Al2O3 particles tend to disperse on the grain boundaries. With the Nb2O5 content increasing, the grains are remarkably refined and the Al2O3 particles are dispersing more uniformly in the TiAl matrix, forming a partial lamellar structure containing α and lamellar phases. The hardness of the in-situ composites increases gradually, and the bending strength and the fracture toughness of the as-sintered products reach the maximum value of 398.5 MPa and 6.99 MPa·m^1/2, respectively, as the Nb2O5 content increases to 6 wt%.     

Al2O3/ZrO2(n)微纳米复合陶瓷超声振动精密磨削表面微观特征试验研究

 基于Al₂O₃/ZrO₂（n）微纳米复合陶瓷的“晶内型”微观结构，应用原子力显微镜(AFM)重点分析了微 纳米复合陶瓷二维超声振动磨削表面微观形貌。结合磨削表面X射线衍射定性分析与定量计算，研究了“晶内型”微纳米复合陶瓷材料超精密振动磨削表面变质层结构。X射线衍射分析表明：二维振动磨削和普通磨削表面均以α-Al₂O₃和四方相ZrO₂为主，存在少量单斜相ZrO₂，磨削表面无非晶相产生；磨削表层和基体之间的过渡层的X射线衍射峰具有半峰宽化现象。AFM分析结果表明：细粒度金刚石砂轮普通磨削和振动磨削表面均无微裂纹和断裂破碎，磨削表面粗糙度是由不同幅值的多种波形叠加的结果；AFM轮廓特征分析表明：二维超声振动磨削表面峰谷较均匀，磨削表面均匀一致性优于普通磨削表面；材料晶化过程中产生的固有缺陷是限制硬脆材料近纳米表面形成的重要因素。     

Energisation of O+ and O+ 2 Ions at Mars: An Analysis of a 3-D Quasi-Neutral Hybrid Model Simulation

We have studied the loss of O⁺ and O⁺ ₂ ions at Mars with a numerical model. In our quasi-neutral hybrid model ions (H⁺, He⁺⁺, O⁺, O⁺ ₂) are treated as particles while electrons form a massless charge-neutralising fluid. The employed model version does not include the Martian magnetic field resulting from the crustal magnetic anomalies. In this study we focus the Martian nightside where the ASPERA instrument on the Phobos-2 spacecraft and recently the ASPERA-3 instruments on the Mars Express spacecraft have measured the proprieties of escaping atomic and molecular ions, in particular O⁺ and O⁺ ₂ ions. We study the ion velocity distribution and how the escaping planetary ions are distributed in the tail. We also create similar types of energy-spectrograms from the simulation as were obtained from ASPERA-3 ion measurements. We found that the properties of the simulated escaping planetary ions have many qualitative and quantitative similarities with the observations made by ASPERA instruments. The general agreement with the observations suggest that acceleration of the planetary ions by the convective electric field associated with the flowing plasma is the key acceleration mechanism for the escaping ions observed at Mars.     

双层氧化物生长下热障涂层的界面失效与应力演化

在长时高温服役环境下,热障涂层（TBCs）会在内部的陶瓷层（TC）和粘结层（BC）之间生成由Al2O3层和混合性氧化物层（MO）组成的双层热生长氧化物（TGO）。其中,后期生成的MO 由于其疏松多孔、脆性大等特点,极易造成涂层内微裂纹的形成和扩展,导致涂层的过早剥落。因此,依据双层TGO 生长的扩散—氧化模型,在考虑材料非线性变形行为的基础上,运用生死单元法模拟TBCs 内双层TGO 异向生长下涂层界面的失效与应力演化过程。结果表明：MO 的生长会大幅度提升涂层界面的拉伸应力水平,易导致MO/TC 界面在高温阶段波峰区域和冷却阶段斜坡中心区域发生破坏及失效;MO/TC 界面的失效会引起BC 层波峰处更高的拉伸应力,促进冷却阶段Al2O3/BC 界面从波峰向波谷处的破坏;MO/TC 界面失效后,hAl2 O3 /hMO 的增加会加速Al2O3/BC 界面的破坏。     

掺Mg对Bi Pb Sr Ca Cu O体系中110K超导相生成的影响

用固相反应法合成了名义组分为Bi_xPb_ySr₂Ca_1.7Mg_0.3Cu_zO_w的块状超导体。根据直流电阻和交流磁化率测量的结果,给出了在7个不同温度下烧结的6个组分化合物的超导临界温度。在833℃到843.3℃范围内,110K相对80K相的体积比随着烧结温度的提高而增加。分析了断口形貌。对110K相的生成有影响的Pb和Bi在样品中的剩余量受烧结温度和时间的控制。Bi Pb Sr Ca Mg CuO体系之所以能在较低烧结温度下形成超导相是由于掺Mg造成了部分熔点的降低。     

The Stratospheric and Mesospheric NOy in the 2002–2004 Polar Winters as measured by MIPAS/ENVISAT

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on board ENVISAT, provided global (pole-to-pole, the polar night winter regions) measurements of nearly all constituents of the NO_y family (including NO, NO₂, HNO₃ and H₂O₅) from July 2002 to the end of March 2004 from the upper stratosphere up to the middle mesosphere. The inter-annual variability of the NO₂ and HNO₃ abundances in the Arctic and Antarctic winters from September 2002 through March 2004 was enormous with tremendous hemispheric asymmetry and extraordinary values in two winters. The origin of these variations and of the extreme measured values has been analyzed on the basis of the changing atmospheric dynamics (using the CH₄ tracer) and solar activity, including the extraordinary solar protons events of Oct–Nov 2003.     

Preparation and Characterization of Fe3O4/T-ZnOw Composites

Fe3O4/T-ZnOw composites are fabricated by depositing a layer of Fe3O4 film on the surface of tetrapod-shaped ZnO whisker (T-ZnOw) by ferrite plating method. The morphology, structure and magnetic properties of the composites are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), respectively. The effects of temperature and pH value of ferrite plating on the Fe3O4/T-ZnOw composites and the magnetic properties of composites are studied. It is shown that the chemical environment with pH value at 7.5 is most favorable for the ferrite plating processes by analyzing the main peaks intensity of Fe3O4 in the XRD patterns and the average diameters of the Fe3O4 crystalline. The increase of the ferrite plating temperature with pH value around 7.5 benefits the whole encapsulation of T-ZnOw by the Fe3O4 magnetic films. The composites exhibit ferromagnetic properties and show much lower magnetization intensity than bulk samples at the same magnetic field intensity.     

Origin of Molecular Oxygen in Comets: Current Knowledge and Perspectives

The Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) instrument onboard the Rosetta spacecraft has measured molecular oxygen (O₂) in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/C-G) in surprisingly high abundances. These measurements mark the first unequivocal detection of O₂ in a cometary environment. The large relative abundance of O₂ in 67P/C-G despite its high reactivity and low interstellar abundance poses a puzzle for its origin in comet 67P/C-G, and potentially other comets. Since its detection, there have been a number of hypotheses put forward to explain the production and origin of O₂ in the comet. These hypotheses cover a wide range of possibilities from various in situ production mechanisms to protosolar nebula and primordial origins. Here, we review the O₂ formation mechanisms from the literature, and provide a comprehensive summary of the current state of knowledge of the sources and origin of cometary O₂.     

SHS/PHIP合成TiC-Al2O3-xFe 金属陶瓷的工艺及性能

Compact TiC-Al₂O₃-xFe cermets are successfully prepared by SHS/PHIP. The influence of pressing parameters (delay time, pressure and time) on density of TiC-Al₂O₃-xFe cermets are evaluated. The properties of TiC-Al₂O₃-xFe cermets with different contents of Fe are analyzed.     

石墨烯/二氧化硅三维杂化材料的制备及其在改性酚醛泡沫中的应用

为了得到结构和力学性能良好的酚醛泡沫,利用原位生成的方法制备了石墨烯/二氧化硅(GNPs/SiO_2)杂化材料,并将其用于酚醛泡沫的制备当中。对杂化材料进行了红外光谱分析,透射电镜以及X射线衍射分析,验证了石墨烯表面SiO_2球体(粒径在150~180 nm)的存在。对泡沫的结构和压缩性能进行对比分析,发现三维杂化材料相比二维石墨烯能够更好的改善酚醛泡沫的泡孔结构,杂化材料为0.5wt%时,GNPs/SiO_2改性酚醛泡沫的泡孔尺寸更小,结构更均匀;同时杂化材料改性酚醛泡沫表现出更优异的力学性能,其压缩强度和弹性模量分别达到0.22和4.1 MPa,比纯酚醛泡沫分别提高了91%和86%。     

Electric currents and voltage drops along auroral field lines

The current state of knowledge concerning Birkeland currents (j _∥) and parallel electric field (E _∥) is briefly reviewed. Four types of j _∥ are discussed-the primary ‘region 1’ sheets, the ‘region 2’ sheets which parallel them and which seem to close in the partial ring current, the cusp currents which appear to correlate with interplanetary B _y, and the ‘Harang filament’. The energy required by E _∥ and by the associated particle acceleration processes seems to be derived from j _∥. Much of the evidence for e _∥ comes from particles, from ‘inverted V’ spectra, rising ion beams and expanded loss cones, while ‘conies’ may signify acceleration by Electrostatic Ion Cyclotron (EIC) waves, associated with beams accelerated by E _∥. Different theoretical studies predict for E _∥ a smooth, disordered or abrupt structure, and evidence for all 3 types can be deduced from S3-3 electric field probe observations.

     

催化剂对HMX/AP/HTPB推进剂热分解特性的影响

热分析实验是使用国产CDR-1型差动热分析仪。热分解活化能用Ozawa法和Kissinger法计算[1],其它动力学参数均用Kissinger法求得。全部热分析实验均在氮气气氛中进行。推进剂燃速用靶线法燃速仪测定。HMX和各种催化剂在使用前均经过烘干处理。催化剂过100目筛。      

Physics of Substorm Growth Phase,Onset, and Dipolarization

A new scenario of substorm growth phase, onset and dipolarization during expansion phase and the corresponding physical processes are presented. During the growth phase, as a result of enhanced plasma convection, the plasma pressure and its gradient continue to be enhanced over the quiet-time values in the plasma sheet. Toward the late growth phase, a strong cross-tail current sheet is formed in the near-Earth plasma sheet region, where a local magnetic well is formed. The equatorial plasma beta (β _eq ) can reach a local maximum with value larger than 50 and the cross-tail current density can be enhanced to over 10nA/m² as obtained from 3D quasi-static magnetospheric equilibrium solutions for the growth phase. The most unstable kinetic ballooning instabilities (KBI) are expected to be located in the tailward side of the strong cross-tail current sheet region. The field lines in the most unstable KBI region map to the transition region between the region-l and region-2 currents in the ionosphere, which is consistent with the observed initial brightening location of the breakup arc in the intense proton precipitation region. The KBI explains the AMPTE/CCE observations that a low frequency instability with a wave period of 50–75 seconds is excited about 2–3 min prior to substorm onset and grows exponentially to a large amplitude at the onset of current disruption (or current reduction). At the onset of current disruption higher frequency instabilities are excited so that the plasma and electromagnetic field fluctuations form a strong turbulent state. Plasma transport takes place due to the strong turbulence to relax the ambient plasma pressure profile so that the plasma pressure and current density are reduced and the ambient magnetic field intensity increases by more than a factor of 2–3 in the high-β _eq region and the field line geometry recovers from tail-like to dipole-like – dipolarization.     

Effects of cerium salts on corrosion behaviors of Si–Zr hybrid sol–gel coatings

The present work examines the effects of cerium salts on corrosion behaviors of Si–Zr hybrid sol–gel coatings. The Si–Zr hybrid sol–gel coatings on a 2A12 aluminum substrate were prepared through hydrolysis and condensation of glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxy-silane(GTMS) and zirconium(IV) n-propoxide(TPOZ). Used as inhibitors for corrosion, three types of cerium salts(Ce(NO_3)_3, CeCl_3, and Ce(CH_3COO)_3) were doped into the sol–gel coatings. Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) were employed to investigate the structures and morphologies of various coatings, and the corrosion resistances of the coatings were evaluated by electrochemical methods and neutral salt spray tests. Experimental results indicate that the addition of cerium salts can hinder the process of corrosion due to their self-healing abilities. Furthermore, the sol–gel coating doped with Ce(CH_3COO)_3 has the best corrosion resistance because of the promotions of hydrolysis and condensation provided by CH_3COO.     

考虑应变依赖性的硬涂层复合结构有限元分析

在简要介绍硬涂层材料应变依赖性的基础上,推导了用迭代有限元法求解硬涂层复合结构动力学特性的原理,进一步提出了求解硬涂层复合结构固有频率和振动响应的计算流程,即由振动响应值来修正硬涂层材料参数,进而迭代求解硬涂层复合结构的动力学参数.最后以一个涂敷MgO+Al₂O₃硬涂层的悬臂梁为例进行了实例研究,在考虑MgO+Al₂O₃硬涂层材料应变依赖性的基础上,获得了不同激励幅度下悬臂梁的固有频率和振动响应,并与线性计算结果进行了比对.结果表明;该硬涂层复合结构悬臂梁具有软式非线性,同时,对应于不同的激励幅度,迭代计算获得的共振响应相对于线性计算值减少了29%~48%,说明硬涂层材料的应变依赖性会进一步增强硬涂层的减振效果.      

Micro powder injection molding of boron carbide components with SiC-Al2O3-Y2O3 sintering additives

Sintering additives and micro-powder injection molding offer an effective method to densify boron carbide（B₄C） and make B₄C components with complex shapes. By adjusting the proportion of three kinds of powders（SiC, Al₂O₃ and Y₂O₃）, four kinds of sintering additives were prepared. The feedstock uniformity, debinding behavior, phase composition and microstructure of micro injection molded B₄C components with different sin...     

基于H∞最优化与层次结构动态逆的非线性飞行控制器设计

针对扰动环境下的导弹飞行控制问题提出一种基于H∞最优化与层次结构动态逆(HSDI)的鲁棒非线性控制方法.设计层次结构动态逆控制器时将层次结构优化为3层,并按照时标分离的思想调整了各层次的状态变量,使得控制器更为简洁.在此基础上,将层次结构动态逆控制器与导弹6自由度(DOF)非线性模型联合作为H..控制的广义被控对象,通...