复杂频率选择表面机器人数字化加工系统关键技术

介绍了一种在航空制造和卫星通信领域用于复杂频率选择表面加工的机器人数字化加工系统(RDMS)。论文在简单描述RDMS构成的基础上,对加工系统的关键技术--数字化技术、在线检测和浮动电主轴相结合的模糊定位技术,以及显著提高加工效率的曲面分区加工方法进行了论述。     

复杂曲面逆向渐进成形方法的研究

复杂曲面逆向渐进成形的关键是如何确定渐进成形的运动轨迹。渐进成形的运动轨迹是按照成形件的等高线来进行加工的,传统的渐进成形是按照曲面已有的CAD模型,利用现有的后处理加工软件生成等高线加工轨迹进行加工。但由于复杂曲面没有已知的CAD模型或者已知的曲面方程,等高线图无法直接获得,因此,复杂曲面的逆向成形首先要解决等高线图的生成问题。本文通过对复杂曲面已知的离散点进行拟合获得曲面方程,从而得到逆向曲面的等高线图,并综合运用Java及MATLAB的编程优势对实物进行逆向CAD建模,由等高线图再编译成数控加工信息来完成复杂曲面的逆向渐进成形加工。文中给出了该方法的具体算法,并通过有限元数值模拟仿真实际曲面的逆向渐进成形验证了该方法的可行性。     

曲面零件的离散化加工

本文针对传统数控加工编程软件在处理复杂曲面零件加工编程时所遇到的问题，着重介绍了曲面离散化加工编程技术的算法与思想，为解决由多复杂曲面组成的零件加工编程难题提供了计算方法。     

复杂曲面铝反射镜磁流变抛光工艺优化

采用超精密车削加工的复杂曲面铝反射镜只能满足红外光学系统的应用需求,若要满足更高需求的应用场合,需要进一步提升反射镜面形精度。磁流变抛光能够进行确定性修形,在复杂曲面加工中具有独特优势,但是复杂曲面连续变化的面形特征,在磁流变抛光时会导致去除函数不稳定,影响误差收敛效率和加工精度。从高精度复杂曲面铝反射镜的应用需求出发,提出了复杂曲面局部区域磁流变抛光去除函数的动态建模方法,给出了驻留时间求解算法,以平均曲率变化最小为原则,设计了抛光路径优化算法,针对该算法计算速度慢的问题,提出了优化策略,并通过试验进行了验证,最终加工的复杂曲面铝反射镜的面形误差为0.216λ PV、0.033λ RMS （λ=632.8 nm）。     

复杂曲面CAM技术在南方公司的应用

本文介绍复杂曲面ＣＡＭ技术在中国南方航空动力机械公司开发和应用的情况，以及该公司已加工过的典型复杂曲面零件的种类和编程的方法，并总结了多轴数控加工的一些特点。     

散乱点曲面测量造型技术及其在飞机曲面工装模具设计与制造中的应用研究

 分析研究了利用坐标测量机进行曲面模具数控测量的有关理论和方法。提出了一种基于测量规划、散乱点三角划分和采用Ｂｅｚｉｅｒ三角形插值曲面重建曲面模具实物数学模型的方法。目前，这种重建实物数学模型的方法已经在复杂曲面模具散乱点测量、几何造型和数控加工系统３ＭＳ中得到了应用，较好地解决了航空、航天及汽车工业中一类构型十分复杂、形状和边界极不规则曲面产品的设计与制造     

五坐标数控加工刀位轨迹及其干涉检查的算法研究

CAD/CAM系统中复杂曲面数控加工刀轨的计算能力在工业中有极其重要的作用。介绍一种复杂曲面五坐标加工轨迹生成及干涉处理算法,即把曲面用小三角片离散逼近,并用连通图建立所有三角片之间的拓扑关系,在此基础上生成刀轨,并进行干涉检查及刀位修正。     

飞机结构件轮廓特征加工自动分区算法

作为飞机结构件重要组成部分,轮廓特征包含大量复杂曲面,且与工艺凸台等干涉物相连接,使得轮廓特征编程需综合考虑复杂曲面及干涉物信息,在自动编程模式下,轮廓特征编程仍严重依赖人工经验,其编程周期占结构件编程周期的40%以上,严重影响了结构件编程效率。针对该问题,提出了一种综合考虑复杂曲面及干涉物信息的轮廓特征加工自动分区方法,基于相邻轮廓面连接边属性及凸边约束原则对轮廓面进行初分区,依据干涉物信息构建虚拟边界,并基于虚拟边界对轮廓面初分区结果进行横向和纵向加工区域划分,通过对划分区域进行合并得到轮廓特征加工分区结果。根据提出的方法开发了飞机结构件轮廓特征加工自动分区系统,经过多项典型飞机结构件测试,该方法稳定可靠,可为轮廓特征加工程序编制提供支撑。     

整体壁板数字化展开建模方法

针对整体壁板零件数字化制造过程中对展开模型的需求,提出了一种整体壁板展开建模流程,针对曲面半径在2500mm以上的小曲率整体壁板零件,运用基于单元等变形的复杂曲面展开方法和基于单元变形能的复杂曲面展开方法对曲面展开,并以型号整体壁板零件为例,分别验证了运用两种曲面展开方法展开外形面及所创建板坯模型的效率和准确性.结果表明,基于单元等变形的复杂曲面展开方法适用于曲面半径在2500mm以上的小曲率整体壁板展开计算,展开的外形面及以此为基础建立的板坯模型形状尺寸准确,效率明显提高.     

环面工具加工叶根过渡曲面的刀位可行域

利用环面工具加工过渡曲面时经常发生整体干涉,主要原因是缺乏对复杂环面工具加工复杂曲面时刀位可行域的研究。虽然采用常规的优化方法在大范围内对可行刀位进行搜索是可行的,但是需要耗费大量时间。为了避免刀具与过渡曲面的干涉并同时提高加工效率,研究了一种更加符合此区域结构特点的刀位优化算法,使得叶根过渡曲面得以无干涉地整体宽行加工。通过对典型叶根过渡曲面的可行刀位进行研究,发现其可行域形状为盾形,且行宽最大的刀位位于该盾形区域的两个底部边界上,有时位于该边界的端点上。根据该原理提出一种最优刀位搜索方法——沿着盾形区域底部边界搜索,应用最优化的刀位可行域以获得高的加工效率。以某航空发动机叶片的叶根过渡曲面为例进行了刀位优化计算、仿真和加工实验,验证了该方法在叶根过渡曲面加工中的有效性。     

三元流闭式叶轮组合电加工技术研究Ⅲ——数控电火花精加工关键技术

 数控电火花（NC-EDM）精加工,是三元流闭式叶轮组合电加工的最终加工工序,是决定三元流闭式叶轮整体制造精度的关键工序。本文专题介绍了其主要关键技术,包括工具电极、运动轨迹以及工装夹具设计。基于关键技术的解决,进行了某型三元流闭式叶轮组合电加工工艺试验,试制加工了合格零件。研究结果表明,数控电解(NC-ECM)预加工可充分发挥电解加工高效率的特点,而数控电火花精加工又可保证对复杂整体构件加工需要万无一失的高可靠性和高精度的要求。两者结合,可以实现高效、精密、可靠、整体制造三元流闭式叶轮的目标。     

Machining deformation of single-sided component based on finishing allowance optimization

Owing to reliability and high strength-to-weight ratio, large thin-walled components are widely used in the aviation and aerospace industry. Due to the complex features and sequence involved in the machining process of large thin-walled components, machining deformation of component is easy to exceed the specification. In order to address the problem, it is important to retain the appropriate finishing allowance. To find the overall machining deformation, finishing allowance-induced deformation (web finishing allowance, sidewall finishing allowance) and initial residual stress-induced deformation were considered as major factors. Meanwhile, machined surface residual stress-induced deformation, clamping stress-induced deformation, thermal deformation, gravity-induced deformation and inertial force-induced deformation were neglected in the optimization model. Six-peak Gaussian function was introduced to fit the initial residual stress. Based upon the obtained function of initial residual stress, a deformation prediction model between initial residual stress and finishing allowance was established to attain the finishing allowance-induced deformation. In addition, linear programming optimization model based on the simplex algorithm was developed to optimize the overall machining deformation. Results have concluded that the overall machining deformation reached the minimum value when sidewall finishing allowance and web finishing allowance varied between 1 and 2 mm. Additionally, web finishing allowance-induced deformation and sidewall finishing allowance-induced deformation were 1.05 mm and 0.7 mm. Furthermore, the machining deformation decreased to 0.3–0.38 mm with the application of optimized finishing allowance allocation strategy, which made 39–56% reduction of the overall machining deformation compared to that in conventional method.     

三元流闭式叶轮组合电加工技术研究Ⅰ——总体方案设计及关键技术

针对难切削材料三元流闭式叶轮上复杂弯扭型腔的加工难题,提出数控电解(NC-ECM)/数控电火花(NC-EDM)组合加工数字化制造技术方案。本文重点论述了其总体方案设计及关键技术,包括总体工艺流程设计,数控电解预加工中阴极及运动轨迹设计,数控电火花精加工中电极及加工轨迹设计,工装夹具设计以及加工参数的选择与优化等问题。成功试制了合格的某型三元流闭式叶轮,试验结果表明,组合电加工技术能够满足三元流闭式叶轮的实际生产要求。     

异形型腔组合电加工数字化制造技术研究

针对难切削材料整体构件上深窄、甚至弯扭异形型腔的加工难题,提出了数控电解/数控电火花组合电加工的工艺方案,同时应用数字化制造技术,力求优质、高效、低成本、快速响应地实现航空航天发动机等薄壁、复杂整体构件上异形型腔的加工,具有重要的实用价值与应用前景。     

大气等离子加工系统设计及实验验证

建立了面向复杂光学表面的大气等离子抛光系统,并用该系统进行硅片表面加工的实验研究.研究了CF_4、SF_6两种气体的放电特性以及加工效果,得到了加工速率与功率,流量间的关系,并通过原子力显微镜观察了加工后的表面质量.     

Four-axis trochoidal toolpath planning for rough milling of aero-engine blisks

The Blade Integrated Disk (Blisk) is one of the key components in the aero-engine, it is generally manufactured by the multi-axis milling and almost 90% raw materials are removed. To avoid the full immersion of a cutter in the rough machining of a blisk channel, the trochoidal milling is a promising strategy since it can keep a small immersion angle in the rough milling process while maintaining the high machining efficiency. However, while toolpaths are being planned for the trochoidal milling process, the conventional methods are mainly for the planar machining area with fixed tool orientations, which cannot be used for complex channels where the multi-axis machining should be employed. To this end, this paper presents a four-axis trochoidal toolpath planning method with a ball-end cutter, and thus the blisk channel can be machined efficiently. For this to happen, the trochoidal paths are planned in the parametric domain and then mapped into the physical domain, with tool orientations controlled by the quaternion interpolation method to have smooth tool movement along the toolpaths. Both geometric simulation and physical milling experiments of the proposed method have convincingly demonstrated the validation of the proposed method.     

基于超精密机床的LVDT在线检测系统的研究

在线检测系统可以实现加工测量一体化,避免工件重复装卡对加工精度的影响。本文主要介绍了在线检测系统的构成、LVDT测头精度的校正以及球面测量面型精度的评估方法。     

气体介质中深小孔电火花加工技术研究

 深小孔加工一直是机械制造领域的难题之一。在分析和研究气体介质中电火花加工技术的基础上，就其在深小孔加工中的应用进行了深入的理论与实验研究。分别用管状圆柱电极和削边电极在通用电火花成形加工机床上成功地加工出直径为2 mm、深径比大于20、锥度小于0.5%的深小孔。研究表明，相对于传统的液中电火花加工，气体介质中电火花加工深小孔具有电极损耗率低、加工过程稳定等特点。而且由于无需庞大的工作液系统，该方法适合于大型零部件上深小孔加工。     

Experimental Investigation on Complex Structures Machining by Electrochemical Micromachining Technology

Electrochemical micromachining (EMM) technology for fabricating micro structures is presented in this article. By applying ultra short pulses, dissolution of a workpiece can be restricted to the region very close to the electrode. First, an EMM system for meeting the requirements of the EMM process is established. Second, sets of experiments is carried out to investigate the influence of some of the predominant electrochemical process parameters such as electrical parameters, feed rate, electrode geometry features and electrolyte composition on machining quality, especially the influences of pulse on time on shape precision and working end shape of electrode on machined surface quality. Finally, after the preliminary experiments, a complex microstructure with good shape precision and surface quality is successfully obtained.     

Machining of SiC ceramic matrix composites: A review

Continuous fiber reinforced SiC ceramic matrix composites (FRCMCs-SiC) are currently the preferred material for hot section components, safety–critical components and braking components (in the aerospace, energy, transportation) with high value, and have triggered the demand for machining. However, the high brittleness, anisotropy, and heterogeneity of materials bring great challenges to machining, due to high mechanical and thermal loads, severe tool wear, and poor machining quality. With the increasing demand of FRCMCs-SiC parts, high-quality and high-efficient machining has become a hot issue. This review paper provides a detailed literature survey on the machining of FRCMCs-SiC. The material removal mechanism, defect form, and interfacial mechanical properties of FRCMCs-SiC were summarized. The machining processes of FRCMCs-SiC were introduced, and their respective advantages and disadvantages were compared. Given the low machinability (high hardness, high brittleness, anisotropy, and heterogeneity) of FRCMCs-SiC, preliminary experiments have proved that ultrasonic-assisted machining and laser-assisted machining have shown unique advantages in reducing force and tool wear, improving machining quality and machining efficiency. The machined surface integrity was discussed, the influence of process parameters on the machined surface quality was analyzed, and the machining defects of FRCMCs-SiC were summarized. But for FRCMCs-SiC, the existing quantitative evaluation of the machined surface integrity was weak and unsystematic.