Fourier methods for turbomachinery applications

Rapid increase in computing power has made a huge difference in scales and complexities of the problems in turbomachinery that we can tackle by use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is recognised, however, that there is always a need for developing efficient methods for applications to blade designs. In a design cycle, a large number of flow solutions are sought to interact iteratively or concurrently with various options, opportunities and constraints from other disciplines. This basic requirement for fast prediction methods in a multi-disciplinary design environment remains unchanged, regardless of computer speed. And it must be recognised that the multi-disciplinary nature of blading design increasingly influences outcomes of advanced gas turbine and aeroengine developments. Recently there has been considerable progress in the Fourier harmonic modelling method development for turbomachinery applications. The main driver is to develop efficient and accurate computational methodologies and working methods for prediction and analysis of unsteady effects on aerothermal performance (loading and efficiency) and aeroelasticity (blade vibration due to flutter and forced response) in turbomachinery. In this article, the developments and applications of this type of methods in the past 20 years or so are reviewed. The basic modelling assumptions and various forms of implementations for the temporal Fourier modelling approach are presented and discussed. Computational examples for realistic turbomachinery configurations/flow conditions are given to illustrate the validity and effectiveness of the approach. Although the major development has been in the temporal Fourier harmonic modelling, some recent progress in use of the spatial Fourier modelling is also described with demonstration examples.     

机器学习在流动控制领域的应用及发展趋势

流动控制作为流体力学中的重要跨学科领域,一直是科学研究和工程应用关注的焦点之一。由于流动系统具有强非线性等复杂特征,对流动的控制尤其是闭环控制,一直颇富挑战性。近年来机器学习的迅速发展为许多学科带来了新的方法、新的视角和新的观点,对于流动控制领域亦是如此。通过回顾现阶段三类基于机器学习的流动控制方法,为主动流动控制领域的研究者展示机器学习在流动控制中应用的整体概况,进而勾勒出本领域的发展趋势。     

Critique of some neural network architectures and claims forcontrol and estimation

While there is great potential for successful use of neural network (NN) algorithms in automatic target recognition (ATR) and other pattern identification/classification applications, significant barriers have been encountered that, to date, defy rigorous use of NNs within feedback control designs. The status of several problems and contradictions involving NNs relating to control and estimation theory applications (and to practical failure detection within INS/GPS navigation systems) are summarized here. To give a positive spin and for a balanced perspective, we also mention many novel laudable NN results obtained by invoking the techniques and results of control and estimation theory     

Charging the new batteries-IC controllers track new technologies

Demands for portability have fueled significant developments in new battery technology. These developments have resulted in many more options in selecting the battery type for use in a particular project, but since most applications today are opting for rechargeable battery systems, the availability of battery charging solutions can become an equally important criteria in the selection process. Complicating this process are the demands for fast-but safe-charging with charge algorithms easily implemented with low-cost hardware. With the higher levels of complexity attendant with these more demanding algorithms, solutions have come primarily from the integrated circuit industry and the purpose of this paper is to provide a few examples of the latest efforts in this arena, specifically as addressed to lead-acid, nickel metal-hydride, and lithium-ion technologies     

Recent progress of machine learning in flow modeling and active flow control

In terms of multiple temporal and spatial scales, massive data from experiments, flow field measurements, and high-fidelity numerical simulations have greatly promoted the rapid development of fluid mechanics. Machine Learning(ML) provides a wealth of analysis methods to extract potential information from a large amount of data for in-depth understanding of the underlying flow mechanism or for further applications. Furthermore, machine learning algorithms can enhance flow information and automat...     

Review on signal-by-wire and power-by-wire actuation for more electric aircraft

The huge and rapid progress in electric drives offers new opportunities to improve the performances of aircraft at all levels:fuel burn,environmental footprint,safety,integration and production,serviceability,and maintainability.Actuation for safety-critical applications like flight-controls,landing gears,and even engines is one of the major consumers of non-propulsive power.Conventional actuation with centralized hydraulic power generation and distribution and control of power by throttling has been well established for decades,but offers a limited potential of evolution.In this context,electric drives become more and more attractive to remove the natural drawbacks of conventional actuation and to offer new opportunities for improving performance.This paper takes the stock,at both the signal and power levels,of the evolution of actuation for safety-critical applications in aerospace.It focuses on the recent advances and the remaining chal lenges to be taken toward full electrical actuation for commercial and military aircraft,helicopters,and launchers.It logically starts by emphasizing the specificity of safety-critical actuation for aero space.The following section addresses in details the evolution of aerospace actuation from mechanically-signaled and hydraulically-supplied to all electric,with special emphasis on research and development programs and on solutions entered into service.Finally,the last section reviews the challenges to be taken to generalize the use of all-electric actuators for future aircraft programs.     

Geomagnetic Jerks: Rapid Core Field Variations and Core Dynamics

The secular variation of the core field is generally characterized by smooth variations, sometimes interrupted by abrupt changes, named geomagnetic jerks. The origin of these events, observed and investigated for over three decades, is still not fully understood. Many fundamental features of geomagnetic jerks have been the subject of debate, including their origin internal or external to the Earth, their occurrence dates, their duration and their global or regional character. Specific tools have been developed to detect them in geomagnetic field or secular variation time series. Recently, their investigation has been advanced by the availability of a decade of high-quality satellite measurements. Moreover, advances in the modelling of the core field and its variations have brought new perspectives on the fluid motion at the top of the core, and opened new avenues in our search for the origin of geomagnetic jerks. Correlations have been proposed between geomagnetic jerks and some other geophysical observables, indicating the substantial interest in this topic in our scientific community. This paper summarizes the recent advances in our understanding and interpretation of geomagnetic jerks.     

Review on bio-inspired flight systems and bionic aerodynamics

Humans' initial desire for flight stems from the imitation of flying creatures in nature. The excellent flight performance of flying animals will inevitably become a source of inspiration for researchers. Bio-inspired flight systems have become one of the most exciting disruptive aviation technologies. This review is focused on the recent progresses in bio-inspired flight systems and bionic aerodynamics. First, the development path of Biomimetic Air Vehicles (BAVs) for bio-inspired flight systems and the latest mimetic progress are summarized. The advances of the flight principles of several natural creatures are then introduced, from the perspective of bionic aerodynamics. Finally, several new challenges of bionic aerodynamics are proposed for the autonomy and intelligent development trend of the bio-inspired smart aircraft. This review will provide an important insight in designing new biomimetic air vehicles.     

计算地球流体力学若干新进展

本文简要介绍了有关计算地球流体力学问题研究的若干新进展,其中包括显式平方守恒格式,经济算法,辛算子法,泥沙冲积和三角洲发育的数值模拟等,从中也可以看到计算地球流体力学的发展是具有重要理论意义和实用价值的。     

普通高校学科建设与科研方向的选择

本文论述了普通高校学科建设的重要性，科学研究与学科建设的关系，指出普通高校科研方向的选择应依据市场经济规律和科技发展规律的要求，结合新专业建设进行学科建设，并且要扬长避短，把某些边缘性，综合性的新学科的研究作为科学研究和学科建设的主攻方向。     

Terrestrial Magnetism: Historical Perspectives and Future Prospects

This collection of reviews marks the state of the art of geomagnetic data collection, modelling, and interpretation at a time of unprecedented advances in all 3 facets of the subject. For the first time we have excellent satellite data with the prospect of more to come, vast improvements in laboratory techniques, and opportunities to use large scale computing to model the data. In the past, research has been conducted by the separate disciplines largely in isolation; we can hope the subject has now matured enough for progress to be made by genuine collaboration between theoreticians and experimentalists. The purpose of this chapter is to set the historical setting, and I have chosen a starting date of 1980, when vector satellite data first became available and stimulated many new advances in the subject. We can hope for a similar or better stimulus in the next decade.     

预混可燃流体在大长径比圆管内流动传热点燃研究

通过对预混可燃流体在大长径比圆管内的流动和传热的分析,首次提出一种用于脉冲火箭发动机多次点火的方法。新型发动机中,预混可燃流体在流动过程中被加热,并自动点火,按需要通过迅速散热保证熄火,从而实现了任意脉冲的自动点火和熄火,并可实现推力调节。对这种点火方法进行了理论分析和实验研究,成功地得到了5个工作脉冲。     

智能赋能流体力学展望

人工智能（AI）是21世纪的前沿科技,流体力学如何在智能化时代焕发青春是值得本领域研究者思考的话题。从智能赋能流体力学角度,就其研究内涵、研究内容、近期研究及难点进行了总结,并对智能流体力学未来的发展进行了展望。研究指出,流体力学计算或试验中所产生的数据是天生的大数据,如何通过深度神经网络、随机森林、强化学习等机器学习方法来利用这些数据,缓解甚至替代理论和方法层面对人脑的依赖,挖掘新的知识,成为一种新的研究范式;相关研究将涵盖流动控制方程的机器学习、湍流模型的机器学习、物理量纲分析与标度的智能化以及数值模拟方法的智能化;借助人工智能技术,发展流动信息特征提取与多源数据融合的智能化是流体力学发展的迫切需求;研究内容应至少涵盖海量数据挖掘方法以及多源气动数据的智能融合;发展数据驱动的流体力学多学科、多物理场耦合建模与控制是工程应用的迫切需求,相关工作涉及多场耦合建模、气动外形智能优化设计以及流动智能自适应控制等方面。     

Review of research on low-profile vortex generators to control boundary-layer separation

An in-depth review of boundary-layer flow-separation control by a passive method using low-profile vortex generators is presented. The generators are defined as those with a device height between 10% and 50% of the boundary-layer thickness. Key results are presented for several research efforts, all of which were performed within the past decade and a half where the majority of these works emphasize experimentation with some recent efforts on numerical simulations. Topics of discussion consist of both basic fluid dynamics and applied aerodynamics research. The fluid dynamics research includes comparative studies on separation control effectiveness as well as device-induced vortex characterization and correlation. The comparative studies cover the controlling of low-speed separated flows in adverse pressure gradient and supersonic shock-induced separation. The aerodynamics research includes several applications for aircraft performance enhancement and covers a wide range of speeds. Significant performance improvements are achieved through increased lift and/or reduced drag for various airfoils—low-Reynolds number, high-lift, and transonic—as well as highly swept wings. Performance enhancements for non-airfoil applications include aircraft interior noise reduction, inlet flow distortion alleviation inside compact ducts, and a more efficient overwing fairing. The low-profile vortex generators are best for being applied to applications where flow-separation locations are relatively fixed and the generators can be placed reasonably close upstream of the separation. Using the approach of minimal near-wall protuberances through substantially reduced device height, these devices can produce streamwise vortices just strong enough to overcome the separation without unnecessarily persisting within the boundary layer once the flow-control objective is achieved. Practical advantages of low-profile vortex generators, such as their inherent simplicity and low device drag, are demonstrated to be critically important for many applications as well.     

Review of unsteady transonic aerodynamics: Theory and applications

Unsteady transonic flow theory is reviewed and classical results from the nonlinear asymptotic theory are combined with new results from computational fluid dynamics. The emphasis is on applications to the field of aeroelasticity and on clarifying the limitations of linearized theories in problems involving mixed subsonic-supersonic flows. The inherent differences between nonlinear transonic aerodynamics and linear subsonic and supersonic aerodynamics are considered from a theoretical and computational standpoint, and the practical implications of these differences in formulating suitable aerodynamic models for aeroelastic stability calculations are discussed. Transonic similarity principles are reviewed and their relevance in understanding flutter, divergence, and control reversal phenomena of transonic aircraft is illustrated through practical examples.     

Real-time expert systems for advanced power control (a statusupdate) [aerospace power system testbed]

The most recent developments in the Boeing Aerospace Autonomous Power System (APS) testbed are presented. The APS testbed is a 28-VDC system with 3-kW capability, assembled for use in developing improved control, techniques for aerospace electrical power systems. The main emphasis is on the development of a sophisticated programming environment to control concurrent execution of multiple autonomous algorithms coupled with a continuous input/output data flow. The integration of high-level control algorithms used for battery charge control into a real-time execution environment is discussed. This includes methods that allow several functions to respond to real-time input, affect/maintain expert system (shared) memory, and control the electrical power system configuration. Sophisticated schemes for scheduling these expert system control functions are required to allow real-time multitasking     

不同类型多级等离子体激励器诱导气流的力学特性研究

等离子体激励器通过产生的等离子加速气流,可以实现对流动的控制。单级等离子体激励器由于受到等离子体放电的物理限制,其控制作用较小;为了提高等离子体流动控制的效果,关于多级等离子体激励器的研究得到发展。采用图像采集和粒子示踪测速系统(PIV),对传统多级等离子体激励器和多级双极性等离子体激励器的放电现象以及气流加速进行研究,并通过流场速度分布计算等离子体激励器对空气产生的推力和吸力。结果表明:随着电压的升高,传统多级等离子体激励器产生的推力和吸力会逐渐减弱;而多级双极性等离子体激励器产生的推力和吸力均呈逐渐增强的趋势。     

Recent experience with different methods of drag prediction

During the recent past the process of engineering design has changed entirely because of rapid developments in computational simulations. In aerodynamic design, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are slowly superseding empirical methods and design engineers are spending more and more time applying CFD tools to analyze and predict the aerodynamic characteristics of vehicles. The purpose of this paper is to review recent experiences in CFD-based drag prediction with an emphasis on flow solutions governed by the Euler and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. For these types of flow solutions, various drag analysis methodologies are outlined and applied to determine the drag of components of as well as whole-body airplanes, helicopters, and ground-based vehicles at subsonic and transonic flow conditions. The review demonstrates that although significant progress has been made, CFD-based drag prediction still faces a number of hurdles that must be dealt with before it will become more widely accepted.     

Hubble's new view of the cosmos

Since the December 1993 repair of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope's (HST) optics by the crew of the Space Shuttle Endeavour, the rapid-fire scientific achievements have brought a new era of discovery to the field of astronomy. Hubble has confirmed some astronomical theories, challenged others, and often come up with complete surprises. Some images are so unexpected that astronomers have to develop new theories to explain what they are seeing. The HST has detected galaxies out to the visible horizon of the cosmos, and has made an attempt at pinning down the universe's expansion rate. Both of these key research areas should ultimately yield answers to age-old questions: What has happened since the beginning of time, and will the universe go on forever?     

第四代战斗机动力技术特征和实现途径

介绍了第四代战斗机的典型特点和对发动机的要求，综述了第四代发动机采用高性能循环参数、高推重比技术、推力矢量技术、隐身技术、全权限数字式控制系统、健康管理系统、热管理技术、高可靠性和维修性的设计思路和典型技术特征，并研究分析了实现途径，同时指出第四代发动机的成功研制还需要依赖先进成熟的基础技术和科学的管理做支撑。总结了第四代发动机的设计特点，指出应注重综合权衡设计。