地空导弹LQG/LTR增益调度自动驾驶仪设计(英文)

采用线性二次高斯/回路传递复现(LQG/LTR)增益调度技术设计地空导弹增益调度自动驾驶仪。为消除传统"试错"设计过程在系统中所引起的人为不确定性,提出一种基于极点配置的目标回路设计方法。此方法提供了由体现性能指标要求的期望极点构造矩阵微分Riccati方程(MDRE)的具体算法。同时,还证明了引入积分环节扩展被控对象动力学,能够有效抑制LQG/LTR增益调度控制器的快模态,从而为LQG/LTR增益调度技术的工程应用扫清了一个障碍。采用所提出的方法设计了地空导弹LQG/LTR增益调度自动驾驶仪。设计及仿真结果表明,控制器的快模态得到了明显抑制,同时,在飞行马赫数和高度变化的情况下,自动驾驶仪具有稳定的动力学特性。     

Loop gain of a spacecraft switched shunt power system

A novel approach of deriving the loop gain of a spacecraft switched shunt power system is presented. The system hardware elements contain both the analog and the digital components. Transfer functions of the analog circuits are easily identified employing the conventional approach. Gain function of the digital block is however conceived following a quite unconventional route. The digital gain is shown to include the effects of comparator thresholds, digital clock, shift register, sinusoidal amplitude, and ac frequency. The dependence of the digital gain on voltage thresholds, clocking period, and the integrational property of threshold comparator is expected. The dependence on sinusoidal amplitude contradicts the traditional concept of small signal analysis. The overall loop gain in the analytic form yields a computational result that matches the actual measurement very well. This fact proves, to some extent, the validity of the digital gain function and the basis of its derivation     

Analysis and prediction of regulation in a multiple-outputcurrent-mode controlled DC-to-DC converter

A technique is developed for predicting the closed-loop steady state output voltage regulation of a multiple-output current-mode controlled converter. The proposed model accounts for the current loop, the voltage loop, and the integrator in the compensation scheme. This method allows tradeoffs with respect to regulation between different components or feedback configurations to be evaluated during the design of a converter. Experimental verification on a three-output current-mode controlled push-pull converter with single output voltage feedback is provided     

航空静止变流器电路的系统设计方案研究

研究了静止变流器电路的系统设计问题,对航空静止变流器的SPWM直接升压设计方案和间接升压设计方案进行了比较研究,研究的重点是电路的变换效率。根据电路特性,进行了理论分析,指出了两者的基本区别在于阻抗匹配和波形变换。通过实验研究和理论分析发现,SPWM直接升压电路系统虽然系统设计简单,但是变换效率较低;间接升压系统电路的设计比较复杂,变换效率较高,而且中间高压直流环节不能省略。     

Design and analysis of a microprocessor-controlledpeak-power-tracking system [for solar cell arrays]

Stability and dynamics of a series configuration peak-power tracking (PPT) system are analyzed. The operating modes of the system, as well as mode transitions, are investigated based on qualitative graphical representations of dc load lines at various interfaces of the system. Analysis of multiloop control in the PPT mode is discussed. This includes the design of the inner voltage loop and analysis of the closed-loop system stability around the peak-power point. For an optimum dynamic performance and stability, design parameters of the inner voltage loop and the outer PPT loop are identified. Experimental verifications, supported by simulation results, are performed     

Single-phase grid-connected PV system using three-arm rectifier-inverter

A grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) power supply system with on-line voltage regulation capability is presented. It employs the three-arm rectifier-inverter topology with PV modules connected directly on the dc-link. The common-arm is with line-frequency switching and synchronous to the input voltage, aiming for a lower switching loss and decoupling the control of rectifier and inverter portions. As a result, the rectifier and inverter portions can be controlled independently with the rectifier-arm and inverter-arm, respectively. For maximum power point tracking (MPFF) of the PV modules and balancing the power among utility, PV, and the load, a variable dc-link voltage is adopted and controlled by the rectifier-arm based on the MPPT control algorithm. The inverter-arm then regulates the load voltage with good regulation and low distortion. Due to large variation of the dc-link voltage, a feedforward plus feedback control technique with variable gain is developed to keep constant bandwidth of the current loop at any operation condition. Therefore, the performance of the rectifier and inverter portions can be ensured. A system containing a 2 kVA converter and a 1.2 kW PV module is set up, and some experimental results are provided for demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Phase-Frequency Detection in Sampled Phase-Locked Frequency Mlultipliers

Phase-locked high-frequency multipliers which do not have powergreedy frequency dividers in the feedback loop, but which do have a sample-and-hold circuit as a phase detector are hard to design, due to conflicting requirements which determine the choice for loop gain and loop bandwidth. A circuit is described that acts as a frequency control if the loop is not locked and as a phase control once the loop can be locked. The loop filter has to be optimized for the locked condition only, and the allowable preset error is more than 80 percent of the sample frequency. The circuit also indicates whether the oscillator frequency is an odd or an even multiple of the sample frequency. Pull-in is at least an order of magnitude faster than with phase control alone.     

Novel single-phase AC/DC converter with two PWM control schemes

A novel single-phase AC/DC converter with two pulsewidth modulation (PWM) schemes is proposed to draw a sinusoidal line current with nearly unity power factor, achieve balanced neutral point voltage and regulate the DC bus voltage. With the aid of neutral point clamped scheme, a three-level voltage pattern is generated on the AC side of the proposed rectifier. To track the tine current command derived from a voltage controller and a phase-locked loop circuit, a hysteresis current control scheme is used in the inner loop control. A capacitor voltage compensator is employed to achieve the balanced neutral point voltage. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme, the simulation and experimental results based on a laboratory prototype circuit are performed.     

直升机多模态控制律的全飞行包线设计

根据直升机飞行模态的特点,提出了一种的内／外回路控制结构,将不同飞行模态通过内／外回路结构有机地联系起来,不仅简化了直升机多模态控制律的设计,还简化了模态转换的控制器结构。最后,用这种结构将直升机多模态控制律的全飞行包线设计分解为内回路的控制器切换和外回路的模态转换,设计思路避免了传统的增益调参。     

Feedforward maximum power point tracking of PV systems using fuzzy controller

A feedforward maximum power (MP) point tracking scheme is developed for the interleaved dual boost (IDB) converter fed photovoltaic (PV) system using fuzzy controller. The tracking algorithm changes the duty ratio of the converter such that the solar cell array (SCA) voltage equals the voltage corresponding to the MP point at that solar insolation. This is done by the feedforward loop, which generates an error signal by comparing the instantaneous array voltage and reference voltage. The reference voltage for the feedforward loop, corresponding to the MP point, is obtained by an off-line trained neural network. Experimental data is used for off-line training of the neural network, which employs back-propagation algorithm. The proposed fuzzy feedforward peak power tracking effectiveness is demonstrated through the simulation and experimental results, and compared with the conventional proportional plus integral (PI) controller based system. Finally, a comparative study of interleaved boost and conventional boost converter for the PV applications is given and their suitability is discussed.     

Double Dither Loop for Pseudonoise Code Tracking

A new type of phase detector for pseudonoise code tracking is introduced and analyzed in comparison with the delay lock loop (DLL) and tau-dither loop (TDL) configurations. It is shown that the double dither loop (DDL) combines the best features of the DLL and the TDL in that the DDL is insensitive to gain and offset imbalances and does not suffer the 3-dB degradation in noise performance typically associated with the TDL. The double dither concept is applicable to other dual channel detectors such as in a Costas-type carrier tracking loop.     

A multioutput LLC-type parallel resonant converter

When an LLC-type parallel resonant converter (LLC-PRC) operates above resonant frequency, the switching transistors can be turned off at zero voltage. Further study reveals that the LLC-PRC possesses the advantage of lower converter voltage gain as compared with the conventional PRC. Based on the analytic results derived, a complete set of design curves from which a systematic design procedure is developed is obtained. Experimental results from a 150-W, 150-kHz, multioutput LLC-type PRC power supply are presented     

Upper Bound of a Loop Gain in a Power Inversion Adaptive Array

A loop gain is an important parameter in a power inversion adaptive array. The upper bound value of the loop gain is obtained which prevents the array suppressing a desired signal seriously. This result is very useful for determining the loop gain.     

电传系统设计研究

研究了纵向电传系统前向指令回路非线性校正、过载指令的设计和综合、C*反馈回路的设计、调参规律的选取、校正网络特征、闭环系统稳定性、闭环系统相位补偿以及放宽静安定度补偿方法等,并对伺服弹性回路和人-机耦合回路的综合设计进行了研讨。     

Battery charger design for the Columbus MTFF power system

A novel pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) dc-dc converter topology is proposed for the battery charge regulator (BCR) of the Columbus Man-Tended Free-Flyer (MTFF) power system. The system is a regulated bus system. Bus voltage control is implemented at the input of the BCR. The use of a conventional buck topology with PWM conductance control at the input results in a second-order behavior. A study of new PWM dc-dc converter topologies has been made to attain a suitable topology. The proposed converter topology is designed and a breadboard including the control loop has been built and tested. The experimental results show that the converter operates according to the design constraints.     

Adaptive Input Filter Compensation for Switching Regulators

An input filter is frequently employed between a switching regulator and its power source. However, its presence often results in degradation of dynamic performances and stability. The detrimental interaction is between an input filter and a switching regulator and is a function of the input filter parameters and also of the supply voltage. An earlier paper presented an analysis and design procedure aimed at developing a feed-forward loop to cancel this undesirable interaction. The feed-forward design is extended here to encompass a scheme that automatically accounts for changes in the supply voltage; the result is an adaptive compensation that tracks the input voltage variations. Experimental results are presented that confirm the adaptive nature of the design.     

High-Power Wide-Band RF Amplifiers

The theory and procedures pertinent to the design of wide-band high-power amplifiers and the classical theory of broadband voltage amplifiers is briefly reviewed; the differences between the design constraints for voltage amplifiers and for power amplifiers are pointed out. The requisite changes in analytical models of the amplifier are inferred; an analytical model appropriate to the design of high-power wide-band amplifiers is constructed. The observed characteristics of an amplifier are presented and compared with competitive devices. Differences between wide-band voltage amplifiers and wide-band power amplifiers are inferred directly from voltage and power gain; a procedure for designing efficient wide-band power amplifiers is presented; and application of this procedure is shown to be adequate for the design of VHF amplifiers providing average power output of 1 kW over a 50 percent bandwidth with overall efficiency of 33 percent and a power gain of 15 dB.     

Control design and closed-loop analysis of a switched-capacitorDC-to-DC converter

The theoretical and practical details involved in the control design and closed-loop analysis of a step-down switched-capacitor (SC) DC-to-DC converter are presented. The state-space averaging technique is applied to extract the small-signal dynamics of the power stage, and a graphical loop gain method is used to design the feedback compensation and analyze the closed-loop performance of an SC converter. The results of the control design and closed-loop analysis are substantiated by experiments using a prototype SC converter     

Implementation of a single-phase AC/AC converter based on neutral-point-clamped topology

A single-phase ac/ac converter based on neutral-point-clamped scheme is proposed to perform unity input power factor and to provide a stable ac voltage to the critical loads. The ac/dc rectifier part is controlled to generate a unipolar pulsewidth modulation (PWM) waveform on the ac terminal by using four power switches with voltage stress of half the dc-link voltage. The carrier-based current control scheme is employed in the inner control loop to track the line current command. To regulate the dc bus voltage, a proportional-integral (PI) control is adopted in the outer control loop. The dc/ac inverter part of the system with four power switches is employed to generate a stable and clean sinusoidal output voltage to the critical load. The instantaneous current control scheme is used to track the output voltage command. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm, the simulation and experimental results based on a laboratory prototype were implemented and discussed.     

Implementation of a three-phase high-power-factor rectifier with NPC topology

A three-phase four-wire power factor corrector based on neutral-point-clamped (NPC) topology is adopted to reduce the current harmonics and increase the input power factor. Using the NPC topology, the voltage stress of power switches can be reduced to the half of the dc-link voltage. With the dc-link voltage controller and the phase locked loop circuit, the balanced and sinusoidal line currents can be drawn from the ac supply system under the balance and unbalance mains voltages. The hysteresis current comparators are adopted in the current control loop to track the line current commands. Three voltage levels are generated on the ac terminal to the neutral point. Simulations and experiments are provided to verify the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.