舰载直升机着舰动力学分析

直升机的舰上起降是研究机一舰动态配合的主要内容，它是直升机起降安全和充分发挥其潜力的有力保证。为此从直升机舰上起降的特点出发，分析了舰船运动特性，空气尾流场变化规律，对直升机着舰及其着舰后的甲板运动力学进行了研究，最后简要地介绍了“风限图”的情况。     

应用于直升机/舰动态配合的 舰面流场建模仿真关键技术

直升机/舰动态配合是舰载直升机飞行安全的重要课题。首先,对动态配合过程中涉及的因素进行了分析和讨论,得出对旋翼尾流场和舰面流场耦合求解的简化方案;然后,以某舰和直升机为例,对其舰面流场仿真关键技术进行了描述,主要内容包括舰面流场的CFD仿真、针对动态配合对舰尾流进行重构等,并对典型的直升机起降轨迹进行了描述;最后,通过有关直升机/舰动态配合流场计算仿真的途径和方法得出了若干结论,可为该领域研究者提供参考。     

风-浪-舰耦合对舰船尾流场及直升机气动的影响

为研究波浪和舰船运动对高海况下舰载直升机起降的影响，建立了一套耦合风-浪-舰和直升机的多相流数值模拟方法。使用动态流体作用模拟舰船运动，采用动量源方法模拟直升机旋翼，对3～6级海况下ONRT舰船摇荡运动时的尾流场非定常气动特性进行了研究，并计算了UH-60A直升机旋翼气动载荷的时间历程。研究表明：6级海况下流场速度分量和旋翼气动载荷的波动达到5级海况的2倍，而3～5级海况之间的差别较小；悬停跟进时直升机不断出没于舰船运动导致的尾流中速度和涡量不同的区域，使得旋翼气动载荷有极强的非定常特性；在6级海况下，旋翼拉力与波浪-舰船耦合运动同周期的波动达到20%,并伴随着穿越尾流剪切层时产生的5～10 Hz的小扰动。     

直升机－舰组合风限图计算方法研究

首先简要叙述了国外风限图的研究概况及国内现状，在分析影响安全起降的各种因素的基础上，建立了风限图模拟计算的数学模型，并针对某直升机－舰组合风限图进行了计算。计算结果表明：所建立的数学模型切合实际，计算过程正确合理，得到的风限图比较真实地反映了直升机－舰配合能力。该方法较国外主要通过试飞得到风限图的方法相比可节省人力、物力和财力，具有安全性，为风限图的研制提供了新的途径。     

舰船空气尾流场特性研究

舰船空气尾流场是舰载直升机在非航空型舰船上起降或者在这类舰船附近作业时的主要环境条件，是危及舰载直升机飞行安全的主要因素之一。现以机－舰动态干扰为研究目的。通过各种试验结果的相互比较，验证，综合分析了舰船空气尾流场特性。着重研究了尾流场中涡流区的及变化规律，下洗速度的大小、下洗范围及变化规律，为机－舰动态配合的试验提供了可靠的依据，另外，还结合飞行实践简要地分析了直升机进入尾流场后的反应。     

直升机——舰组合风限图计算方法研究

首先简要叙述了国外风限图的研究及国内现状，在分析影响安全起降的各种因素的基础上，建立了风限图模拟计算的数学模型，并针对某直升机－舰组合风限图进行了计算。计算结果表明：所建立的数学模型切合实际，计算过程正确合理，得到的风险图比较真实地反映了直升机－舰配合能力。该方法较国外主要通过试飞得到风限图的方法相比可节省人力、物力和财力，具有安全性，为风限图的研制提供了新的途径。     

直升机高海况起降相关装备能力要素分析

直升机舰上起降是 1个舰、机、人、环等多因素耦合的复杂系统问题。重点分析影响直升机高海况舰上起降能力的舰、机相关装备因素,主要包括舰船的摇荡运动特性、起降平台及上层建筑主尺度,快速系留与牵引、摇荡运动预报等直升机舰面保障设备能力,直升机的抗合成甲板风、适应舰船摇荡运动、舰面开/关车等能力,以及风况监测能力等,给出装备因素影响直升机高海况起降的原理、规律、特点,总结部分国外海军相关研究和装备情况,为国内相关研究和装备研制提供借鉴和参考。     

舰船机库大门对直升机起降特性影响研究

根据舰艉起降甲板的空气流场,结合直升机飞行动力学模型,计算了舰船机库门开启和关闭时的直升机舰面起降特性,并分析了舰船机库门开启和关闭对直升机起降特性的影响。计算结果表明,机库门开关状态仅对直升机总距操纵有一定的影响,而对其他操纵量和机身姿态影响甚小。提供的研究方法和所得结论为舰载直升机舰面起降提供了理论依据,有重要的实际意义。     

直升机着舰起落架动态响应

舰载直升机着舰过程复杂。与地面降落相比,舰面的不稳定气流使得直升机姿态难以保持,下降的速度更大,且由于直升机通常都是单轮着舰,导致起落架载荷很大。为了研究直升机在不同条件下着舰时起落架的动态响应,建立了机体/起落架/舰船耦合模型,将着舰过程中直升机的运动和舰船的运动联系起来,通过仿真计算得出起落架的动态响应。仿真计算结果表明:直升机着舰质量越大,起落架压缩量和载荷越大;直升机低头着舰会导致前起落架载荷显著增大;直升机着舰下沉速度过大会导致着舰载荷急剧增大,可能会对结构造成破坏。     

直升机载舰空气尾流特性试验方法

舰船空气尾流场对直升机舰上起降安全有很大影响。因此，舰船空气尾流特性研究是机－舰动态配合研究的重要组成部分。笔者介绍了舰船空气尾流场风洞试验、流谱试验和地面模拟试验的方法及部分试验结果，其中的地面模拟试验及热线风速仪在外场条件下的应用是首次进行。     

Numerical study on flow control of ship airwake and rotor airload during helicopter shipboard landing

A numerical study on flow control of ship airwake during shipboard landing is carried out to address the effect of flow control devices on helicopter rotor airload. The in-house Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) based solver Rotorcraft AeroDynamics and Aeroacoustics Solver (RADAS), with combination of momentum source approach is employed to conduct the helicopter shipboard landing simulation. The control effects of three aerodynamic modifications of ship superstructure, i.e. ramp, notch and flap, in different Wind-Over-Deck (WOD) conditions are discussed. From the steady simulation results, the effect of spatial variation of ship airwake on rotor airloads is concluded. The aerodynamic modifications reduce the strength of shedding vortex and increase rotor normal force through delaying and relieving flow separation, and therefore are beneficial to alleviate the limitation of control inputs. By contrast, the perturbation of unsteady ship airwake can cause the serious oscillation of rotor forces during shipboard landing. The unsteady simulations show that the turbulence intensity of ship airwake and oscillatory rotor airloading, represented by Root-Mean-Square (RMS) loading, can be remarkably reduced by the ramp and notch modifications, while the flap modification has adverse effect. It means that flow control devices have large potential benefits to alleviate the pilot’s workload and improve the shipboard landing safety, but they should be well designed to avoid the introduction of more vortex, which leads to increase in disturbance of flow field.     

耦合POD重构舰面流场的直升机舰面起降数值模拟

为解决舰面非定常流场数据量过大的问题,采用本征正交分解(POD)方法对舰面流场进行重构,发展了一种耦合POD重构流场的直升机舰面起降数值模拟方法。首先采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法计算舰面非定常流场,获得离散数据样本;然后提取流场的POD模态,并截取能够捕捉到原流场主要特征的少量模态对原流场进行重构;最后建立耦合重构舰面流场的直升机高阶飞行动力学模型。以直升机返航进场为例进行数值模拟,并将计算得到的操纵量和飞行状态与飞行试验结果进行对比。结果表明:使用POD方法重构后的舰面流场数据约为原始样本数据的8.5%,且重构流场与原始流场吻合良好,POD方法能够解决舰面非定常流场数据量过大的问题。与飞行试验数据的对比表明,本文方法捕捉到了舰面非定常流场对直升机的影响,可用于直升机舰面起降研究。     

直升机着舰飞行控制仿真研究初探

本文介绍了直升机的着舰过程和特点,以及舰船运动特性及其对直升机着舰的影响,分析了着舰飞行控制系统在着舰过程各个阶段的不同任务和要求,最后提出一种着舰飞行控制系统的设计方法和一个很好的仿真工具。     

共轴式直升机舰面起降风限图计算

通过建立共轴双旋翼直升机的舰面起降飞行动力学模型,计算了某型共轴双旋翼直升机在某型舰上的起降特性。根据相关判据,得出该机舰组合的起降风限图。起降风限图为该直升机在舰上的安全起降提供了指导,有重要的实际意义。     

Augmented flight dynamics model for pilot workload evaluation in tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure

An augmented flight dynamics model is developed to extend the existing flight dynamics model of tilt-rotor aircraft for optimal landing procedure analysis in the event of one engine failure.Compared with the existing flight dynamics model, the augmented model involves with more pilot control information in cockpit and is validated against the flight test data. Based on the augmented flight dynamics model, the optimal landing procedure of XV-15 tilt-rotor aircraft after one engine failure is formulated into a Nonlinear Optimal Control Problem(NOCP), solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. The time histories of pilot controls in cockpit during the optimal landing procedure are obtained for the evaluation of pilot workload. An evaluation method which can synthetically quantify the pilot workload in time and frequency domains is proposed with metrics of aggressiveness and cutoff frequencies of pilot controls. The scale of the pilot workload is compared with those of the shipboard landing procedures, bob-up/bob-down and dash/quickstop maneuvers of UH-60 helicopter. The results show that the aggressiveness of pilot collective and longitudinal controls for the tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure are higher than those for UH-60 helicopter shipboard landing procedures up to the condition of sea state 4, while the pilot cutoff frequency of collective control is lower than that of the bob-up/bob-down maneuver but the pilot cutoff frequency of longitudinal control is higher than that of the dash/quick-stop maneuver. The evaluated pilot workload level is between Cooper–Harper HQR Level 2 and Level 3.     

Prediction of pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure

This paper presents a method to predict the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure. The landing procedure is simulated numerically via applying nonlinear optimal control method in the form of performance index, path constraints and boundary conditions based on an augmented six-degree-of-freedom rigid-body flight dynamics model, solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. UH-60A helicopter is taken as the sample for the demonstration of landing after one engine failure. The numerical simulation was conducted to find the trajectory of helicopter and the controls from pilot for landing after one engine failure with different performance index considering the factor of pilot workload. The reasonable performance index and corresponding landing trajectory and controls are obtained by making a comparison with those from the flight test data. Furthermore, the pilot workload is evaluated based on wavelet transform analysis of the pilot control activities. The workloads of pilot control activities for collective control, longitudinal and lateral cyclic controls and pedal control during the helicopter landing after one engine failure are examined and compared with those of flight test. The results show that when the performance index considers the factor of pilot workload properly, the characteristics of amplitudes and constituent frequencies of pilot control inputs in the optimal solution are consistent with those of the pilot control inputs in the flight test. Therefore, the proposed method provides a tool of predicting the pilot workload in helicopter landing after one engine failure.     

典型舰艇空气尾流特性分析

舰艇空气尾流环境是影响舰载航空装备飞行安全的重要因素。借助CFD技术研究了舰艇空气尾流场内气流的运动规律、甲板上方涡流结构。应用激光片光显示系统对舰艇缩比模型的流态进行了风洞实验,并用流场实测数据对理论计算结果进行了校验。研究结果有助于指导舰艇外形优化设计和舰载航空装备的安全性分析。     

某漂浮体漂浮稳定性研究

针对某漂浮体在海上的漂浮稳定性进行了分析,研究了重心与浮心的相对位置对其漂浮稳定性的影响,并根据该漂浮体的实际参数进行了计算,得出了其可以稳定漂浮的结论。     

基于嵌套网格的舰载直升机流场仿真及风限图计算

为保证舰载直升机的安全,本文基于嵌套网格方法,针对CG-47提康德罗加级巡洋舰搭载UH-60“黑鹰”直升机的机舰组合进行了流场仿真。研究了此组合在不同风向角及风速下的着舰流场,并结合飞行力学模型计算了直升机操纵量和姿态角。根据安全着舰判据,绘制了此组合的理论风限图。结果表明:滚转角及周期变距操纵量均随来流速度增加,俯仰角则受到来流和舰上建筑的多重影响。风向角越小,最大着舰速度越大,且总体左侧大于右侧。