Time-Frequency HOP Signals Part I: Coding Based upon the Theory of Linear Congruences

Time-frequency hop codes are developed based upon the theory of linear congruences. These codes can be used for multiuser radar and asynchronous spread spectrum communications systems. A uniform upper bound is placed on the cross-correlation function between any two elements of the code set. The upper bound is minimized by choice of time-bandwidth product and is shown to diminish as 2/N, where N is the number of elements in the code set. The size and position of spurious peaks in the autocorrelation functions are discussed. The results are extended to narrowband ambiguity functions.     

State Estimation for Discrete Systems with Switching Parameters

The problem of state estimation for discrete systems with parameters which may be switching within a finite set of values is considered. In the general case it is shown that the optimal estimator requires a bank of elemental estimators with its number growing exponentially with time. For the Markov parameter case, it is found that the optimal estimator requires only N2 elemental estimators where N is the number of possible parameter values.     

Si3N4陶瓷二次部分瞬间液相连接模型

在Si3N4陶瓷PTLP连接的基础上,提出了Si3N4陶瓷二次PTLP连接中间层设计的一般规律为Ti Cu X(X为Ni,Pt,Au,Pd等),X与Cu在固相和液相均是完全互溶的;分析了陶瓷二次PTLP连接过程并建立了连接模型,阐述了利用该模型选择连接参数的方法。     

随机集的概率假设密度粒子滤波

多目标跟踪问题中,当目标数已知时,可以用概率数据互联(PDA)或联合概率数据互联(JPDA)算法。而当目标数未知或随时间变化时,需要对不同目标数的跟踪进行比较。可以把目标集看作随机集进行讨论,目标数N是随机变量。随机集的跟踪通过有限集统计(FISST)理论来完成。文中讨论了用粒子滤波实现跟踪随机集的方法。实验表明,在杂波环境下,粒子滤波可以稳健跟踪目标状态和目标数。     

Exact Detection Probability for Partially Correlated Rayleigh Targets

The detection probability PD of a radar receiver which postdetection integrates N pulses of an expqnentially correlated signal from a Rayleigh target in thermal noise is determined. At the limiting correlation coefficients, p = 1 and p = 0, the analysis yields, respectively, the well known Swerling case 1 and case 2 formulas. The effect of partial (0 ? p ? 1) correlation is exhibited in a set of curves of PD versus signal-to-noise ratio, X, for various N and p. Additional curves compare the exact fluctuation loss determined from the above analysis with an approximate expression universally employed by radar system engineers.     

Multiaspect classification of airborne targets via physics-basedHMMs and matching pursuits

Wideband electromagnetic fields scattered from N distinct target-sensor orientations are employed for classification of airborne targets. Each of the scattered waveforms is parsed via physics-based matching pursuits, yielding N feature vectors. The feature vectors are submitted to a hidden Markov model (HMM), each state of which is characterized by a set of target-sensor orientations over which the associated feature vectors are relatively stationary. The N feature vectors extracted from the multiaspect scattering data implicitly sample N states of the target (some states may be sampled more than once), with the state sequence modeled statistically as a Markov process, resulting in an HMM due to the “hidden” or unknown target orientation. In the work presented here, the state-dependent probability of observing a given feature vector is modeled via physics-motivated linear distributions, in lieu of the traditional Gaussian mixtures applied in classical HMMs. Further, we develop a scheme that yields autonomous definitions for the aspect-dependent HMM states. The paradigm is applied to synthetic scattering data for two simple targets     

基于弹性起落架的直升机系留载荷计算

根据舰载直升机舰面系留时的受力特点,以弹性起落架的垂向变形为变量,根据虚位移原理建立了直升机在摇荡舰面系留的动力学分析模型。运用牛顿迭代法对横摇、纵摇、有风以及无风情况下系留索具载荷进行了计算,发现横摇角较大时载荷主要分布于主起落架系留索上,且风载的影响并不能忽略。分析了轮胎刚度对系留索载荷的影响,结果表明,起落架轮胎刚度由300N／mm增加至800N／ram时,最大张力减小了7．43％,说明增加轮胎刚度能有效提高直升机系留的安全性。     

Optimizing Murty's ranked assignment method

We describe an implementation of an algorithm due to Murty for determining a ranked set of solutions to assignment problems. The intended use of the algorithm is in the context of multitarget tracking, where it has been shown that real-time multitarget tracking is feasible for some problems, but many other uses of the algorithm are also possible. The following three optimizations are discussed: (1) inheriting dual variables and partial solutions during partitioning, (2) sorting subproblems by lower cost bounds before solving, and (3) partitioning in an optimized order. When used to find the 100 best solutions to random 100/spl times/100 assignment problems, these optimizations produce a speedup of over a factor of 20, finding all 100 solutions in about 0.6 s. For a random cost matrix, the average time complexity for finding k solutions to random N/spl times/N problems appears to be nearly linear in both k and N, for sufficiently large k.     

Rapid convergence by cascading Applebaum adaptive arrays

An adaptive array architecture is described which has improved convergence speed over the conventional Applebaum array when the eigenvalue spread of the input signal covariance matrix is large. The architecture uses N+1 Applebaum adaptive arrays in a two-layer cascaded configuration. The gain constants in the first layer are set so that large interfering sources are quickly nulled, but small interfering sources are suppressed more slowly. Since the first layer removes the large interfering signals, the gain constant for the second layer can be set to a large value to quickly null the smaller interferers. The adaptation time is examined for several combinations of signal levels and array sizes. It is shown that, in many signal environments, the computational requirements for the cascaded array compare favorably with those of conventional sample matrix inversion (SMI) methods for large arrays     

随机共振锁频环路影响因素

针对随机共振锁频环路影响因素不够明朗的问题，在对随机共振锁频环路仿真验证的基础上，重点对信噪比、采样频率和系统参数对环路性能的影响进行了探究。首先，阐述了随机共振锁频环路基本原理，搭建了随机共振锁频环路模拟仿真平台。其次，通过设定不同的信噪比、采样频率和系统参数条件，观察随机共振锁频环路性能变化。最后，总结归纳出各条件对随机共振锁频环路的影响。仿真结果表明，信噪比越低，随机共振锁频环路对信号跟踪性能越差，且最低能够处理信噪比为Eb/N0=1dB的信号。采样频率在高于信号频率50倍时，提高采样频率虽可提高计算精度，但对环路跟踪性能改善作用不大。系统参数是决定随机共振效应能否发生及影响共振效果的关键因素，其表现为一个可供选择的数值区间。     

N5B燃油系统试验转台计算机控制系统设计

对N5B燃油系统试验台的台架转动角度控制系统建立进行设计分析,介绍了试验台架的结构方式与运转驱动形式、控制系统组成、计算机控制算法设计,以及在实际应用中,为改善控制品质所采用硬件的改进方法。     

多目标自然层流翼型反设计方法

 进行了基于扰动放大N-因子的目标压力分布设计方法的多目标自然层流（NLF）翼型反设计方法研究。流场分析和转捩位置计算用XFOIL程序,大大减少了计算花费。用N-因子设计方法进行有NLF范围要求和满足气动约束的目标压力计算,压力恢复段的压力分布用Stratford分离准则来进行设计。用基于响应面方法的优化方法来进行反设计计算,使用不含二阶交叉项的二次多项式模型的响应面模型,大大减少了构造模型所需的试验次数;设计空间内试验点的选取满足D-优化准则。根据设计目标的设计状态,进行了多目标翼型反设计。计算结果表明,设计结果的层流范围和设计目标基本吻合,该方法可以用于NLF翼型的多目标反设计中。     

Planetary Atmospheres

The predominance of nitrogen in highly volatile forms and of carbon in solids set the abundance ratios of these elements in the inner planets, meteorites and comets. The absence of carbon compounds in an atmosphere then signals large deposits of carbon-bearing compounds in surface and/or subsurface deposits. In contrast, the icy planetesimals that contributed heavy elements to Jupiter must have had identical enrichments (relative to hydrogen) of both C and N, as well as other heavy elements that have been measured, compared to solar values. Capture of N and Ar suggests that the icy planetesimals that carried these elements must have formed at low temperatures, <40 K. New measurements of isotopes of nitrogen support this picture, but we must have more measurements in more atmospheres to be certain of this scenario.     

Automatic target recognition of time critical moving targets using1D high range resolution (HRR) radar

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging and Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) of moving targets pose a significant challenge due to the inherent difficulty of focusing moving targets. As a result, ATR of moving targets has recently received increased interest. High Range Resolution (HRR) radar mode offers an approach for recognizing moving targets by forming focused HRR profiles with significantly enhanced target-to-(clutter+noise) (T/(C+N)) via Doppler filtering and/or clutter cancellation. A goal of HRR ATR transition is the implementation and evaluation of algorithms exhibiting robustness under extended operating conditions (EOC). The public domain Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) data set was used to study 1D template-based ATR development and performance. Due to the unavailability of a statistically significant moving ground target data set, this approach was taken as an interim step in assessing the separability of ground targets when using range only discriminants. This report summarizes the data and algorithm methodology, simulated performance results, and recommendations     

Local SNR considerations in decentralized CFAR detection

We consider the decentralized detection problem, involving N sensors and a central processor, in which the sensors transmit unquantized data to the fusion center. Assuming a homogeneous background for constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) analysis, we obtain the performances of the system for the Swerling I and Swerling III target models. We demonstrate that a simple nonparametric fusion rule at the central processor is sufficient for nearly optimum performance. The effect of the local signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) on the performances of the optimum detector and two suboptimum detectors is also examined. Finally, we obtain a set of conditions, related to the SNRs, under which better performance may be obtained by using decentralized detection as compared with centralized detection     

疲劳韧性的数学表达式

通过对疲劳过程中材料能耗的分析,利用材料的循环应力－应变特性,建立了疲劳韧性的数学表达式,可用来较为准确地估算材料对应任一疲劳寿命的疲劳韧性。用该表达式对８种不同材料的应变疲劳试验数据进行了分析,获得了关于疲劳韧性的若干重要结论。     

单组元推力室在真空深冷环境中的降温分析

基于能量守恒原理，提出单组元推力室毛细喷注管和集合器、喷注板、支架等主要部件在真空深冷环境中耦合传热的物理模型和数学方程，并据此求得一台10N单组元发动机的典型降温规律。计算结果与发动机地面真空低温模拟试验数据作了比对，两者较为一致。喷注管壁温是推进剂流动降温计算的热边界条件和喷注管内推进剂会不会结冰的判据。     

Self-Clutter Cancellation and Ambiguity Properties of Subcomplementary Sequences

In radar signal design it is well known that a fixed volume under the ambiguity surface representing signal energy can only be shifted but not eliminated in the delay-Doppler plane because of the constraint imposed by Woodward's total volume invariance. Rihaczek has shown that periodic signal repetition, though appealing to increased energy, increases the time-bandwidth product at the expense of introducing pronounced ambiguities in the delay-Doppler plane, and thus self-clutter is generated when signals are repeated in the time domain to increase energy. The undesirable self-clutter has a masking effect on targets in different resolution cells thereby limiting performance. An analysis is presented to show that a class of waveforms described in an earlier paper as the subcomplementary set of sequences which are basically repetitive and Hadamard coded, exhibit the property of cancelling self-clutter completely in the delay-Doppler plane if their ambiguity functions are combined. By this technique it is possible to repeat contiguously a basic waveform N times in a prescribed manner to increase signal energy and to cancel totally the resulting self-clutter by combining the ambiguity functions of N different repetitive waveforms which are Hadamard coded. A convenient matrix method to combine the ambiguity functions of subcomplementary sequences, which is an extension of known methods to derive the ambiguity function of repetitive waveforms, is presented. Radar implementation considerations and comparison of performance with various forms of linear frequency modulation (FM) are also discussed.     

Radar Detection of Correlated Targets in Clutter

This paper provides general models of radar echoes from a target. The rationale of the approach is to consider the echoes as the output of a linear dynamic system driven by white Gaussian noise (WGN). Two models can be conceived to generate N target returns: samples generated as a batch, or sequentially generated one by one. The models allow the accommodation of any correlation between pulses and nonstationary behavior of the target. The problem of deriving the optimum receiver structure is next considered. The theory of "estimator-correlator" receiver is applied to the case of a Gaussian-distributed time-correlated target embedded in clutter and thermal noise. Two equivalent detection schemes are obtained (i. e., the batch detector and the recursive detector) which are related to the above mentioned procedures of generating radar echoes. A combined analytic-numeric method has been conceived to obtain a set of original detection curves related to operational cases of interest. Finally, an adaptive implementation of the proposed processor is suggested, especially with reference to the problem of on-line estimation of the clutter covariance matrix and of the CFAR threshold. In both cases detection loss due to adaptation has been evaluated by means of a Monte Carlo simulation approach. In summary, the original contributions of the paper lie in the mathematical formulation of a powerful model for radar echoes and in the derivation of a large set of detection curves.     

Optimum Processing of Unequally Spaced Radar Pulse Trains for Clutter Rejection

A train of radar pulses from one resolution cell can be processed coherently to reject echoes from external clutter and detect targets moving radially with respect to the clutter. Optimum methods of signal processing are defined for systems in which the interpulse spacings are multiply staggered to avoid target blind speeds. Likelihood ratio tests are developed for systems in which the target Doppler frequency is known a priori and for systems employing a bank of filters to cover the target Doppler band. To implement such tests, the N pulses in the train are added with complex weights and the amplitude of the sum compared with a detection threshold. The set of weights which maximizes the average signal-to-clutter ratio is also computed for a single-filter system with unknown target Doppler frequency. When the clutter autocorrelation function is exponential, the clutter covariance matrix can be inverted analytically. This latter result is useful for comparing different interpulse-spacing codes for a particular system application.