Environmental stress level evaluation approach based on physical model and interval grey association degree

 Associating environmental stresses (ESs) with built-in test (BIT) output is an important means to help diagnose intermittent faults (IFs). Aiming at low efficiency in association of traditional time stress measurement device (TSMD), an association model is built. Thereafter, a novel approach is given to evaluate the integrated environmental stress (IES) level. Firstly, the selection principle and approach of main environmental stresses (MESs) and key characteristic parameters (KCPs) are presented based on fault mode, mechanism, and ESs analysis (FMMEA). Secondly, reference stress events (RSEs) are constructed by dividing IES into three stress levels according to its impact on faults; and then the association model between integrated environmental stress event (IESE) and BIT output is built. Thirdly, an interval grey association approach to evaluate IES level is proposed due to the interval number of IES value. Consequently, the association output can be obtained as well. Finally, a case study is presented to demonstrate the proposed approach. Results show the proposed model and approach are effective and feasible. This approach can be used to guide ESs measure, record, and association. It is well suited for on-line assistant diagnosis of faults, especially IFs.     

Application of Analytic Redundancy-based Fault Diagnosis of Sensors to Onboard Maintenance System

Analytic redundancy-based fault diagnosis technique (ARFDT) is applied to onboard maintenance system (OMS). The principle of the proposed ARFDT scheme is to design a redundancy configuration using ARFDT to enhance the functions of redundancy management and built in test equipment (BITE) monitor. Redundancy configuration for dual-redundancy and analytic redundancy is proposed, in which, the fault diagnosis includes detection and isolation. In order to keep the balance between rapid diagnosis and binary hypothesis, a filter together with an elapsed time limit is designed for sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) in the process of isolation. Diagnosis results would be submitted to central maintenance computer (CMC) together with BITE information. Moreover, by adopting reconstruction, the designed method not only provides analytic redundancy to help redundancy management, but also compensates the output when both of the sensors of the same type are faulty. Our scheme is applied to an aircraft’s sensors in a simulation experiment, and the results show that the proposed filter SPRT (FSPRT) saves at least 50% of isolation time than Wald SPRT (WSPRT). Also, effectiveness, practicability and rapidity of the proposed scheme can be successfully achieved in OMS.     

基于ATE与BIT组合的NAMP自动测试与故障诊断系统设计

在对机械电气系统状态监控处理机(NAMP)功能、组成、BIT和ATE测试接口等进行测试需求分析基础上,基于ATE系统平台完成了NAMP的自动测试原理和测试流程设计,采用BIT和ATE组合测试技术完成了NAMP的自动测试,采用故障树法完成了NAMP的故障诊断功能。经故障注入实验和使用验证表明,该系统具有测试内容全面,故障定位准确,故障隔离率高等特点。     

飞行控制计算机模拟接口BIT电路设计及仿真

随着航空电子设备维修性要求的提高以及设备本身要求具备检测隔离故障的能力以缩短维修时间,机内测试(BIT)在测试领域研究中将越来越重要。功能电路BIT系统是航空电子设备整机BIT系统的重要组成部分,因此从解决实际问题出发,针对飞行控制计算机中的模拟输入和输出接口电路,提出了几种BIT的设计方法,并使用Multisim软件对所设计的BIT监测电路进行仿真,仿真结果表明,所设计的BIT电路是可靠及有效的。     

Improving Avionics Fiber Optic Network Reliability & Maintainability

Work is ongoing at NAVAIR to understand how avionics fiber optic BIT technology can help reduce military aviation platform fiber optic network life cycle and total ownership cost. Operational availability enhancements via comprehensive supportability programs combined with keen attentiveness to reliability and maintainability metrics are driving the avionics fiber optic BIT value proposition. Avionics fiber optic BIT technology is expected to reduce failure rate and mean time to repair by predicting link failure before link failure actually occurs, running post-maintenance stress screening upon aircraft start-up, improving fault isolation by reducing the troubleshooting ambiguity zone from three to one, and reducing the need for separate support equipment for system troubleshooting     

BIT和ATE组合测试技术及其应用

详细介绍了BIT和ATE组合测试技术及其在机载电子设备测试与故障诊断的具体应用。应用表明BIT和ATE组合测试技术可有效提高设备的测试性。     

Smart BIT: a plan for intelligent built-in test

A major factor influencing the readiness of today's highly electronics-driven weapons systems is the amount of time spent maintaining them. The attainment of a better understanding of the causes for intermittent and other ill-defined failure modes and development of a greater appreciation for the effect of both external and internal environmental factors on the fault behavior of electronic systems will help to improve the BIT (built-in test) performance. Smart BIT is the name applied to a program of research and development sponsored by Rome Air Development Center (RADC) to investigate, develop, and apply artificial-intelligence (AI) techniques to effect BIT improvement. An overview of that program, its contents and purposes is provided. Deficiencies in current BIT implementations and potential benefits of the Smart BIT program are presented. Components of this approach are discussed and supporting technology areas highlighted. The current plan for implementing this approach is given along with a scenario describing its potential form     

An Approach to Built-In Testing

The archiitecture and justification for an approach to built-in testing (BIT) in electronic circuits and systems is presented. The proposed system is capable of on-line fault detection and prediction up to the shop replaceable assembly (SRA) level and is designed to interface with external automatic test equipment (ATE) for off-line fault diagnosis within the SRA. The constituent parts of the BIT system have been extensively simulated and the approach appears to be suitable for hardware implementation both with respect to computational and economic considerations.     

航空发动机电液伺服系统机载模型监控设计

为了监控航空发动机电液伺服系统中不易通过机内测试电路诊断的异常或故障,提出一种机载模型监控方法,采用AMESim工具进行系统的建模,之后对模型进行校准、实时化和线性化处理。在对监控算法进行了设计与仿真之后,用C代码编程实现了模型监控算法,并运行于发动机电子控制器中。对某发动机燃油计量装置的试验表明:机载模型监控可以有效监测系统中因元部件性能衰减、卡滞、零偏漂移等引起的异常或故障,并能补偿电液伺服阀的零偏漂移和容错运行,避免控制功能失效或过快降级。可为航空发动机及相关领域的电液伺服系统机载模型监控设计提供参考。     

基于时间应力分析的机内测试系统综合降虚警技术

 虚警率高是困扰机内测试（BIT）系统得到广泛应用的主要原因。针对该问题,从机电系统所承受时间应力的角度构建了机内测试系统综合降低虚警技术的总体模型。首先采用双支持向量机（SVM）的方法将实时应力信息与机内测试诊断结果相互关联。在此基础上,提出了基于核主元模糊聚类的虚警识别方法将机电系统多源信息进行综合分析,并通过优化决策实现多级降低机内测试系统虚警的目的。最后,针对某型直升机航空地平仪的机内测试系统进行了试验验证与分析。     

民用飞机防火系统研究

防火系统由探测系统和灭火系统组成。色机防火系统对指定防护区的过热、烟雾或着火状况进行探测、监控和告警,并提供有效的灭火或者火情抑制措施。一且探测到防护区发生过热、烟雾或火情等危险情况,系统向驾驶员发出告警,以便驾驶员采取相应处理程序。系统提供灭火措施,可对火情进行抑制或扑灭,保证飞机和人员的安全。系统对设备的工作进行状...     

机载嵌入式计算机通用化BIT架构设计技术

设计开发了一种通用化BIT软件架构技术,可应用于机载嵌入式计算机.将BIT软件按照功能分为硬件驱动层、测试算法层、测试配置及控制层、应用接口层等,可极大程度实现不同硬件环境、操作系统环境下,BIT软件的可移植性,还定义了一种操作系统启动前实现硬件BIT检测的方法,可有效提高内存、CPU等硬件资源的故障检测率.     

Evaluation of built-in test

Built-in test (BIT) provides fault finding as a means to aid in system assembly, test, and maintenance. An investigation to evaluate BIT of a particular electronics board used in the in-flight entertainment system for Boeing 777s is described. We found BIT proved useful when failure occurrences were uniquely associated with the operating environment, situations which can result in no-fault found, or could-not duplicate (CND) failures upon test. We also observed cases where the BIT failed to observe failures, and in some cases pointed to the wrong cause of failure. These and other advantages and disadvantages of BIT implementation are discussed     

基于综合应力工作态试验和神经网络的CMG失效边界域预测

本文设计了一种可同时模拟真空热环境和CMG与航天器角动量交换工况的试验设备,提出了模拟在轨真空环境下温度、CMG框架转速、航天器转速3种应力的工作态试验方法,给出了适用于神经网络的CMG运行状态定量表达方法,利用少量试验数据和神经网络方法对工作极限转速矩阵、失效边界、失效边界域进行预测,分析了经验样本对预测结果的影响,以及各应力对其他应力工作域的耦合影响,并给出了预测结果的可信度分析方法。研究结果表明,所提出的方法可以更真实模拟CMG在轨工作状态的同时显著节省试验经费和时间,并具有较高的预测准确性和多应力工作场景适应性,对I和Ⅱ两类训练数据集分别获得100%和98.8%的预测正确率,给出了仅凭试验数据无法得到的55℃下的转速失效边界,并且可以内化试验数据背后的工程经验。     

Instrumenting embedded test software in support system integration, factory production, and depot repair

Embedded built-in test (BIT) software typically provides a system-level go/no-go indication and, in the presence of a failure, may provide some level of sub-system isolation. This level of reporting, while meeting the customer's operational requirements, does little to support system integration, production, and repair. To support these other needs, "instrumentation code" is added to the BIT software to provide detailed test data through an external interface. Since the BIT software already accesses the hardware parameters for testing, it becomes the most logical component for the instrumentation. This paper describes the techniques of embedding instrumentation during BIT design and development to support a broad range of program test needs. It explains the costs and benefits associated with the use of instrumentation. It gives specific examples of instrumented software and describes how instrumentation data can be used during environmental tests, factory test, and depot test. The impact instrumentation has on software development time, code size, execution time, and reliability is discussed as well as the cost of retrofitting BIT software to add instrumentation. Some of the benefits as well as the challenges to developing effective embedded instrumentation is also examined.     

基于通道校准和HMM的机载雷达健康状态评估

性能退化与间歇故障是机载雷达健康状态的重要反映。针对传统机载雷达健康评估方法缺乏整机级的监测指标、未能综合考虑性能退化和间歇故障，传统BIT电路难以监测间歇故障等工程难题，提出了基于通道校准链路，综合运用通道校准仿真技术、正态云、HMM建立起健康状态评估流程。首先，对通道误差与间歇故障进行分析，得到4类校正系数，建立误差与间歇故障注入仿真流程；然后，基于正态云，利用校正系数的样本方差来表征雷达系统的健康状态，提出统一健康模型，并给出HMM拓扑结构与参数设计方法；最后，建立起基于数据驱动的评估流程并开展应用研究。仿真实验验证了误差和间歇故障仿真流程的可行性、健康状态评估方法的有效性，可获得大于95%的评估准确率；应用案例表明所提方法可行，能解决工程上机载雷达健康状态评估的问题。     

Role of BIT in support system maintenance and availability

The role of built in test (BIT) in electronic systems has grown in prominence with the advances in system complexity and concern over maintenance lifecycle costs of large systems. In an environment where standards drive system designs (and provide an avenue for focused advancement in technology), standards for BIT are very much in an evolutionary state. The reasons for advancing the effectiveness of BIT include reduced support overhead, greater, confidence in operation, and increased system availability. The cost of supporting military electronic systems (avionics, communications, and weapons systems) has driven much of the development in BIT technology. But what about the systems that support these end items that contain test and measurement instrumentation - such as automatic test equipment (ATE), simulators and avionics development suites? There has also been a beneficial effect on the maintenance and availability of these systems due to the infusion of BIT into their component assemblies. But the effect has been much more sporadic and fragmented. This paper looks at the state of BIT in test and measurement instruments, explain its affect on system readiness, and present ideas on how to improve BIT technologies and standards. This will not provide definitive answers to BIT development questions, since the factors that affect it are specific to the instrument itself. The topics covered in this paper are: definitions of built-in test, instrument BIT history, importance of BIT fault coverage and isolation in support systems, overview of BIT development process issues that limit the effectiveness of BIT Standards related to instrument BIT, making BIT more effective in support system maintenance and availability and conclusions.     

基于CPCI架构航天器测试设备的故障诊断设计与实现

基于CPCI总线架构的航天器测试设备可以实现模块化、集成化和通用化设计,有利于测试系统的再次开发、直接沿用以及后续维护.某型号的综合电子和控制分系统地面测试设备采用基于CPCI总线的架构,使用VxWorks操作系统作为核心调度,采取模块化FPGA开发接口和特定功能.提出以监听任务、功能模块、板卡运行时间为检测手段,实现了对系统测试设备故障的诊断,尤其是反作用轮转速模块,软件能自主进行故障处理.在分系统及整星测试的使用过程中,此方法有效提高了设备的可靠度,提高了对星上产品的安全保护,保证整星大型试验的连续可靠运行.此方法对于其他地面测试设备的故障诊断具有一定的借鉴作用.     

空中客车公司的数字化维修技术

数字化维修是航空维修的大势所趋，空中客车公司是这一领域的先拓者。空中客车公司发展的数字化维修技术，主要可以分为3部分：第1部分是机载自检、显示、打印和空地传输维修信息数据的设备；第2部分是对机载维修信息进行分析和电子排故的软件；第3部分是将各种与维修相关的数据进行数字化管理的电子数据处理工具。采用这些技术，可大大缩短飞机的排故和维修时间。     

Built-in test maturation concepts using test program set andrelational database technologies

Continual improvement of avionic built-in test (BIT) is critical to mission readiness and capability. This paper discusses how test program set (TPS) and relational database (RDB) technologies can be used for this purpose. Important aspects for continually improving avionic BIT and TPS operation are discussed