采用蒸发管供油的驻涡燃烧室点火及贫油熄火特性

为了研究驻涡燃烧室拓宽燃烧边界的能力, 设计了一种驻涡燃烧室实验件, 并对其点火性能和贫油熄火特性进行了实验研究.驻涡燃烧室采用汽化器和蒸发管的组合作为供油方式, 以煤油为燃料, 实验中改变燃烧室的进口条件, 测试其点火极限和贫熄极限.实验结果表明, 采用蒸发管供油驻涡燃烧室具有良好的点火特性和贫油熄火性能.      

采用离心喷嘴的单凹腔驻涡燃烧室点火与贫熄特性

为了研究单凹腔驻涡燃烧室的点火和贫油熄火特性,设计了一个带扩压器和内外机匣的单凹腔驻涡燃烧室矩形试验件,采用试验研究和半经验分析相结合的方法对其点火和贫油熄火进行了研究。试验在常压状态下进行,采用RP3航空煤油作为燃料,所用供油喷嘴为空心锥离心喷嘴,试验中的进口空气温度在287~487K变化,进口空气流量在0.2109~0.4219kg/s变化,对应进口马赫数从0.15变化到0.31。结果表明:单凹腔驻涡燃烧室的点火和贫油熄火油气比均随着燃烧室进口温度和进口流量的增加而减小,单凹腔驻涡燃烧室的点火油气比比贫油熄火油气比约大50%。经过半经验分析,得到了影响单凹腔点火和熄火的综合参数A,该参数能够较好地解释和评价各种因素对贫油熄火的影响。     

微型燃气轮机乙醇燃烧室点火与熄火试验

对应用于微型燃气轮机上的可再生生物质燃料乙醇燃烧室开展了试验研究,包括4种不同的供油方式,获得了常温常压进口条件下乙醇燃烧室的点火与熄火特性.研究结果表明:常温常压下采用旋流器的乙醇燃烧室的贫油点火和贫油熄火当量比的值均随空气流量的增加而减小,其点火与熄火性能优于预蒸发预混管燃烧室.      

双涡/贫油驻涡燃烧室的贫油熄火特性试验

对在燃烧室进口高速气流条件下工作的贫油双涡结构驻涡燃烧室,通过改变主流马赫数与温度和改变其凹腔几何尺寸进行贫油熄火性能试验.试验结果表明:①随着主流马赫数的增加,贫油熄火余气系数减小,主流速度是影响贫油熄火性能的最主要因素.②主流温度的升高对拓宽燃烧边界有利,但是在达到600K后,对贫油熄火余气系数的影响逐渐减弱.③双涡试验件后体进气量的增加可以使贫油熄火性能变差.④不同凹腔宽深比对贫油熄火余气系数的影响很大,综合各个试验件结果,深宽比为0.88的双涡试验件的贫油熄火性能最好.      

驻涡加力燃烧室贫油熄火性能的影响

为了研究驻涡加力燃烧室的贫油熄火性能,设计了三种不同方案的凹腔结构,进行了贫油熄火（LBO）性能试验。采用航空煤油作为燃料,试验中的主要研究参数如下:外内涵进气压比在0.97~1.07之间变化;主流马赫数在0.13~0.20之间变化。研究结果表明:驻涡加力燃烧室贫油熄火油气比随着外内涵进气压比的增加而增加,随着主流马赫数的增大而增加,并且在马赫数较大时,变化幅度增大;在驻涡区上部分区域,轴向平均绝对速度越小,以及主涡涡心位置在一定范围内更贴近凹腔后壁面,驻涡加力燃烧室的贫油熄火性能更优。      

凹腔油气匹配对驻涡燃烧室点火性能影响试验

针对一种以煤油为燃料的驻涡燃烧室,在前期研究的基础上对其前体油气匹配进行几种结构改变,探讨驻涡燃烧室头部油气匹配及后体气量变化时对其点火熄火的影响。对仅采用凹腔供油的驻涡燃烧室的贫油点火及贫油熄火特性进行了试验研究表明,随后体气量增加,总的贫油点火油气比先下降后上升,绝大部分工况下,总的贫油点火油气比在0.04以下;贫熄总油气随主流气量的减小先增大后减小;各个方案熄火总油气比都在0.004以下;凹腔前体进气温度的提高有利于驻涡燃烧室的点火熄火性能。     

可变几何单凹腔驻涡燃烧室的贫油熄火性能试验

为了研究可变几何单凹腔驻涡燃烧室的贫油熄火性能,设计了一个可变几何单凹腔驻涡燃烧室,通过改变凹腔前进气槽的开度,实现对凹腔当量比的控制,并在此基础上进行了贫油熄火性能试验。试验在常压状态下进行,采用航空煤油作为燃料。试验中的主要研究参数如下:进口温度在287~487K变化;进口马赫数在0.2~0.3变化。研究结果表明:可变几何单凹腔驻涡燃烧室的贫油熄火油气比随着进口温度的增加而减小,随着进口马赫数的增加而增加;保持进口马赫数为0.25不变,当进口温度为287K时,贫油熄火油气比随着凹腔前进气开度的减小先增加后减小,而当进口温度逐渐升高到487K时,这一趋势逐渐转变为单调减小;保持进口温度为487K不变,贫油熄火油气比随着凹腔前进气开度的减小而减小。     

扇形段与全环燃烧室熄火性能换算研究

为研究不同类型燃烧室试验件熄火性能之间的关系,开展了扇形段和全环燃烧室的熄火性能试验.通过试验对比了二者熄火规律的相似性和差异性,并分析了造成差异的主要因素.以Lefebvre熄火模型为基础,结合雾化数据,拟合得到扇形段与全环燃烧室的贫油熄火经验关系式,并推算出二者熄火性能的定量换算公式.结果表明:扇形段与全环燃烧室的熄火边界变化规律类似,但在相同的工作状态条件下,全环燃烧室的贫油熄火油气比小于扇形段的相应值.     

驻涡区进口结构参数影响TVC燃烧性能的试验

驻涡区的空气、燃油供给位置和两者之间的匹配关系是影响驻涡燃烧室性能最重要的参数之一.研究中把4种驻涡区油气进入位置和3种掺混空气孔位置组合成7组油气参数,在不同进口温度和进口流量下开展了相应的燃烧性能试验,获得了点火性能、贫油熄火特性和燃烧效率与7组油气参数之间的关系,并分析得出了第7组组合参数是综合性能最好的驻涡区油气进口参数.      

驻涡燃烧室蒸发管供油装置的雾化蒸发性能试验

设计了两种适用于驻涡燃烧室的蒸发管供油装置,并通过试验研究了两种蒸发管在不同环境温度、气液比、蒸发管雾化用气温度、流速等条件下的雾化蒸发性能.试验结果表明,这些条件对蒸发管的雾化蒸发性能均有较大影响,而且不同蒸发管出口轴向位置处的雾化性能也有较大差别.比较两种蒸发管的雾化性能后,选择其中较好的一种蒸发管作为涡轮级间驻涡燃烧室的供油装置,燃烧性能试验的结果表明,采用此种蒸发管的驻涡燃烧室具有较高的燃烧效率、较宽的稳定燃烧范围和较低的壁面温度.      

Experimental study of entrainment phenomenon in a trapped vortex combustor

Trapped vortex combustor (TVC) is an advanced low-pollution gas turbine combustor, with the adoption of staged combustion technique. To achieve low-pollutant emission and better combustion performance, the proportion of the air flow in each combustion zone should be precisely determined in the design of the combustor. Due to the presence of entrainment phenomenon, the total air flow in the cavity zone is difficult to estimate. To overcome the measurement difficulty, this study adopts the indirect measurement approach in the experimental research of entrainment phenomenon in the cavity. In accordance with the measurement principle, a TVC model fueled by methane is designed. Under two experimental conditions, i.e. with and without direct air intake in the cavity, the influence of the mainstream air flow velocity, the air intake velocity in the cavity, the height of inlet channel, the structure of holder and the structural proportion of the cavity on entrainment in the cavity is studied, respectively, through experiment at atmospheric temperature and pressure. The results suggest that the air flow velocity of mainstream, the air intake velocity of the cavity and the structure of the holder exert significant influence on the air entrainment, while the influence of structural proportion of the cavity is comparatively insignificant. The square root of momentum ratio of cavity air to mainstream air could be used to analyze the correlation of the entrainment data.     

CFD predictions of LBO limits for aero-engine combustors using fuel iterative approximation

Lean blow-out (LBO) is critical to operational performance of combustion systems in propulsion and power generation. Current predictive tools for LBO limits are based on decadesold empirical correlations that have limited applicability for modern combustor designs. According to the Lefebvre’s model for LBO and classical perfect stirred reactor (PSR) concept, a load parameter (LP) is proposed for LBO analysis of aero-engine combustors in this paper. The parameters contained in load parameter are all estimated from the non-reacting flow field of a combustor that is obtained by numerical simulation. Additionally, based on the load parameter, a method of fuel iterative approximation (FIA) is proposed to predict the LBO limit of the combustor. Compared with experimental data for 19 combustors, it is found that load parameter can represent the actual combustion load of the combustor near LBO and have good relativity with LBO fuel/air ratio (FAR). The LBO FAR obtained by FIA shows good agreement with experimental data, the maximum prediction uncertainty of FIA is about ±17.5%. Because only the non-reacting flow is simulated, the time cost of the LBO limit prediction using FIA is relatively low (about 6 h for one combustor with computer equipment of CPU 2.66 GHz · 4 and 4 GB memory), showing that FIA is reliable and efficient to be used for practical applications.     

驻涡燃烧室主流对凹腔涡流动的影响

利用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)对矩形模型驻涡燃烧室冷态流场进行了测试,分析了驻涡燃烧室主流速度及结构变化对凹腔内涡流动的影响.实验结果表明,主流速度对凹腔内涡的大小、形状、涡心位置影响不大,旋涡强度及凹腔回流量随速度增大而增大.主流无稳定器时凹腔内涡心基本居中;主流加入稳定器后,凹腔中心剖面涡较大,涡心偏向后方,稳定器剖面涡较小,涡心偏向前方.实验结果为开展热态研究打下基础.      

中心分级燃烧室预燃级贫油熄火性能试验

对一种单环腔的中心分级LESS（low emissions stirred swirl）燃烧室进行了常压状态下的贫油熄火性能试验研究.采用单头部试验件,研究了预燃级离心喷嘴流量数、进口温度及燃料类型对贫油熄火性能的影响.结果表明:预燃级采用小流量数的离心喷嘴能够降低贫油熄火当量比.进口温度低于150℃的范围内,随着进口温度的增加,贫油熄火当量比迅速降低;进口温度高于150℃时,温度对贫油熄火当量比的影响作用不明显.气态燃料与液态燃料的贫油熄火当量比随火焰筒压降的变化趋势是不同的,但都趋于相同的值,且在5%的火焰筒压降范围内,气态燃料的贫油熄火当量比低于液态燃料.      

低排放驻涡燃烧室冷态流场特性试验

利用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)对低排放驻涡燃烧室模型进行冷态流场测量,获得该燃烧室流场的变化规律和压力损失的变化情况.试验结果表明:低排放驻涡燃烧室涡系结构稳定,在主流后方的驻涡区存在主副双涡结构,联焰板后方的驻涡区存在单涡结构,两者之间特征截面呈现出双涡涡系逐渐向单涡涡系过渡,涡心位置也随截面的变换而变化.随着进口马赫数(0.15~0.30)的增大,主涡面积随之增加,副涡面积在进口马赫数为0.2时最大,而各特征截面上主副双涡及单涡的涡心位置基本不变.驻涡区涡系强度及其边缘的气流速度,以及主燃区的气流速度均随进口马赫数增大而提高.总压损失随进口马赫数(0.15~0.30)的增大而增加.      

驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能试验

开展了空气进口温度、流量和余气系数影响驻涡燃烧室燃烧性能的试验研究,获得了燃烧性能参数的变化规律:总压损失系数在3%～6%之间,流阻系数变化不大;点火和贫油熄火性能随流量变化很小,随进口温度的提高而改善,研究中最大点火和贫熄余气系数分别为6.03和14.41;仅驻涡区供油时,燃烧效率在90%～95%之间,驻涡区和主流同时供油时,燃烧效率为84%～99.5%,并随余气系数和进口流量的变小而上升.      

基于冷态数值模拟的航空发动机燃烧室贫油熄火预测

在经典均匀搅拌反应器理论(Perfect Stirred Reactor)的基础上,对Lefebvre贫熄模型中的燃烧体积和燃烧空气量进行改进,建立起燃烧室冷态流场与热态贫熄性能的对应关系,进而达到从冷态流场预测热态贫熄性能的目的。采用商业软件Fluent对燃烧室的冷态速度场和燃料浓度场进行数值模拟,通过燃料的可燃边界定义出理论的可燃区体积(Vf)和进入可燃区的回流空气量(mr)两项关键参数组成燃烧负荷参数Vf.mr,并通过油量迭代逼近(Fuel Iterative Approximation)的方法达到对燃烧室贫熄边界的预测。通过与实验结果的对比表明:燃烧室的冷态流场与其热态贫熄性能是相互关联的,燃烧负荷参数与熄火油气比近似成线性关系;采用油量迭代逼近的方法对燃烧室的贫熄边界进行预测,预测精度控制在±8.4%。     

Predicting lean blow-off of bluffbody stabilized flames based on Damköhler number

Lean Blow-Off(LBO) prediction is important to propulsion system design. In this paper,a hybrid method combining numerical simulation and Da(Damk?hler) model is proposed based on bluffbody stabilized flames. In the simulated reacting flow, Practical Reaction Zone(PRZ) is built based on OH radical concentration, and it is considered to be the critical zone that controls LBO.Da number is obtained based on the volume-averaged parameters of PRZ. The flow time scale(s_f)indicates the residence time of the fresh mixture flowing through the PRZ. It is obtained based on the characteristic length and volume-averaged axial velocity of the PRZ. The chemical time scale(s_c) indicates the shortest time needed to trigger the reaction of the mixture. It is obtained by commercial software CHEMKIN through monitoring the transient variation of the reactor temperature. The result shows that the average Da number under different LBO conditions is 1.135(the Da number under each LBO condition ranges from 0.673 to 1.351). This indicates that the flow time scale and chemical time scale are comparable. The combustion is in a critical state where LBO is easy to occur. With the increase of the fuel mass flow rate(the global fuel/air ratio increases from 0.004761 to 0.01095), s_f increases from 0.001268 s to 0.007249 s, and s_c decreases from 0.00124 s to0.00089 s. Accordingly, Da number increases from 1.023 to 8.145, which shows that the combustion becomes more stable. The above results show that the method proposed in the present study can properly predict the LBO limits of combustors, which provides important technical supports for combustor design and optimization.