冰层辅助对电火花-电解复合穿孔的影响

电火花-电解复合穿孔(ECDD)加工方法有望实现难加工材料涡轮叶片气膜冷却孔无重铸层高效加工,为了进一步提升小孔孔壁的加工质量,提出了在工件底部填充冰层的电火花-电解复合穿孔加工新方法。分析了冰层辅助对复合加工过程中两极之间电流电压的波形、复合穿孔的加工效率、小孔的出入口孔径、孔壁重铸层去除等的影响,进行了冰层辅助与无冰层辅助电火花-电解复合穿孔对比试验。试验表明:冰层辅助加工可以在小孔穿透之后形成充分的反向冲液,有效地解决小孔穿透之后的漏液问题。在增加底部停顿时间的基础上,即小孔穿透后管电极到达预设深度继续停留一段时间,延长管电极对孔壁的电解作用时间,可以显著提高重铸层的去除效果,有望实现小孔整个孔壁重铸层的完全去除。     

Surface-improvement mechanism of hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses

Superalloys are commonly used in aircraft manufacturing; however, the requirements for high surface quality and machining accuracy make them difficult to machine. In this study, a hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses is proposed to achieve this target. In this method, electrochemical machining (ECM) and electrical discharge machining (EDM) are unified into a single process using a sequence of variable-amplitude pulses such that the machining process realizes both good surface finish and high machining accuracy. Furthermore, the machining mechanism of the hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses is studied. The mechanism is investigated by observations of machining waveforms and machined surface. It is found that, with a high-frequency transformation between high- and low-voltage waveforms within a voltage cycle, the machining mechanism is frequently transformed from EDM to pure ECM. The critical discharge voltage is 40 V. When pulse voltages greater than 40 V are applied, the machining accuracy is good; however, the surface has defects such as numerous discharge craters. High machining accuracy is maintained when high-voltage pulses are replaced by low-voltage pulses to enhance electrochemical dissolution. The results indicate that the proposed hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses can yield high-quality surfaces with high machining accuracy.     

Breakthrough detection in electrochemical discharge drilling to enhance machining stability

Film cooling holes are widely used in aero-engine turbine blades. These blades feature large numbers of holes with complex angles and require a high level of surface integrity. Electrochemical discharge drilling(ECDD) combines the high efficiency of electrical discharge drilling(EDD) with high quality of electrochemical drilling(ECD). However, due to the existence of a variety of energy for material removal, accurate and timely detection of breakthroughs is fraught with difficulties. An insuffic...     

Effect of tube-electrode inner diameter on electrochemical discharge machining of nickel-based superalloy

Nickel-based superalloys are widely employed in modern aircraft engines because of their excellent material characteristics, particularly in the fabrication of film cooling holes. How-ever, the high machining requirement of a large number of film cooling holes can be extremely chal-lenging. The hybrid machining technique of tube electrode high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling (TEHECDD) has been considered as a promising method for the production of film cooling holes. Compared with any single machining process, this hybrid technique requires the removal of more complex machining by-products, including debris produced in the electrical discharge machin-ing process and hydroxide and bubbles generated in the electrochemical machining process. These by-products significantly affect the machining efficiency and surface quality of the machined prod-ucts. In this study, tube electrodes in different inner diameters are designed and fabricated, and the effects of inner diameter on the machining efficiency and surface quality of TEHECDD are inves-tigated. The results show that larger inner diameters could effectively improve the flushing condi-tion and facilitate the removal of machining by-products. Therefore, higher material removal efficiency, surface quality, and electrode wear rate could be achieved by increasing the inner diam-eter of the tube electrode.     

航发涡轮叶片气膜孔的磨削加工实验

针对目前航空发动机涡轮叶片气膜孔加工精度低和重熔层难去除的问题,提出了"电火花打孔、磨削扩孔"的新型气膜孔加工工艺,研制出小孔磨削专用微细CBN砂轮并对电火花气膜孔进行了磨削工艺实验。实验结果表明:经磨削加工后气膜孔圆度降低50.9%,孔径尺寸标准差降低90.7%,表面粗糙度降低65.9%,重熔层被全部去除,证明了航发涡轮叶片气膜孔磨削加工的可行性。     

异形型腔电解加工阴极的数字化设计

建立了异形型腔电解加工阴极设计和加工过程仿真的数学物理模型,并在MATLAB平台上利用PDETool工具箱编制了有限元求解和动态加工仿真程序,针对某型发动机扩压器叶间流道异形型腔设计制造了阴极和工装夹具,选择并优化了加工参数,试验加工出的型腔试件能均匀留出0.15～0.30 mm的加工余量,满足了实际加工的工序要求.     

三元流闭式叶轮组合电加工技术研究Ⅰ——总体方案设计及关键技术

针对难切削材料三元流闭式叶轮上复杂弯扭型腔的加工难题,提出数控电解(NC-ECM)/数控电火花(NC-EDM)组合加工数字化制造技术方案。本文重点论述了其总体方案设计及关键技术,包括总体工艺流程设计,数控电解预加工中阴极及运动轨迹设计,数控电火花精加工中电极及加工轨迹设计,工装夹具设计以及加工参数的选择与优化等问题。成功试制了合格的某型三元流闭式叶轮,试验结果表明,组合电加工技术能够满足三元流闭式叶轮的实际生产要求。     

Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Laser Drilling with Jet Electrochemical Machining

As two kinds of defects, recast layers and spatters, commonly accompanied by laser-drilled holes always prevent the laser drilling technique from extending its applications in aerospace and aircraft industries, therefore, a novel hybrid process incorporating laser drilling with jet electrochemical machining (JECM-LD) has been developed to solve these problems as well as improve the overall quality of laser-drilled holes. It is executed by directing an electrolyte jet coaxially aligned with a laser beam onto the workpiece surface. During the process, the electrolyte jet produces electrochemical reaction with the surface material, effective cooling of it and carries away the process scraps. A two-dimensional mathematical model is proposed to describe the shape of the holes machined by JECM-LD. The model is verified through comparison between the results from simulation and those from experiments conducted on the test pieces made of 321 stainless steel 0.5 mm thick processed by the pulsed Nd:YAG laser at second harmonic wavelength. An examination of the experimental results under an optical microscope discovers that, by contrast with the laser drilling in air, the JECM-LD has effectively removed the recast layers and spatters, but its efficiency dropped by about 30%.     

飞秒激光能量密度对镍基合金重铸层和加工效率的影响

以航空发动机叶片制孔为导向,结合飞秒激光对单晶镍基高温合金材料的非热熔性损伤阈值(Φth1)和热熔性损伤阈值(Φth2)特征,研究了飞秒激光能量密度(0Φ44.2J/cm2)对制孔重铸层和加工效率的影响规律。研究结果表明:在Φth1ΦΦth2时,镍基合金经飞秒激光加工后加工侧壁没有出现明显的重铸物;在ΦΦth2时,加工侧壁开始出现重铸物,并随着能量密度的增加,重铸层厚度增大。在试验结果的基础上,建立了飞秒激光单脉冲加工深度与能量密度的定量关系。能量密度越高,飞秒激光单脉冲加工深度越大,加工效率越高。     

Improvement of machining accuracy in EDCM by enhanced electrochemical reaming based on a non-metallic backing layer

Electrochemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) is potentially applicable for the fabrication of film-cooling holes. However, It is extremely difficult for the holes to achieve higher precision and machining quality owing to the working liquid diminish in the lateral machining gap. In this study, a non-metallic backing layer was proposed to overcome the diminish of working liquid, and the electrochemical reaming, as a post-processing method for ECDM, was used to further improve the machining accuracy and quality of the holes. First, the three-dimensional morphology of the melted pit of a paraffin backing layer was scanned to obtain the geometric parameters. Then, simulation analysis and experimental verification of auxiliary flushing by using the non-metallic backing layer were performed. The machining performance of the holes machined with electrochemical reaming based on non-metallic backing layer was confirmed by the observations of the surface topography of the hole wall and orifice, measurement of the orifice precision, and analysis of the element composition on the surface of the orifice wall. Finally, an optimum combination of machining parameters for electrochemical reaming is obtained through a process parameter optimization experiment.     

三元流闭式叶轮组合电加工技术研究Ⅲ——数控电火花精加工关键技术

 数控电火花（NC-EDM）精加工,是三元流闭式叶轮组合电加工的最终加工工序,是决定三元流闭式叶轮整体制造精度的关键工序。本文专题介绍了其主要关键技术,包括工具电极、运动轨迹以及工装夹具设计。基于关键技术的解决,进行了某型三元流闭式叶轮组合电加工工艺试验,试制加工了合格零件。研究结果表明,数控电解(NC-ECM)预加工可充分发挥电解加工高效率的特点,而数控电火花精加工又可保证对复杂整体构件加工需要万无一失的高可靠性和高精度的要求。两者结合,可以实现高效、精密、可靠、整体制造三元流闭式叶轮的目标。     

喷射液束电解-激光复合加工工艺试验研究

喷射液束电解 激光复合加工是一项新探索的加工技术,其特点是既发挥激光加工的高效率,又借助喷射电液束的冷却、冲刷、电解作用而实现在线去除再铸层。基于该加工原理的分析,在对激光电解液中衰减特性研究的基础上,研制了试验系统并对不锈钢片进行了打孔工艺试验。试验结果表明,应用液压1.5 MPa、浓度18%的NaNO₃电解液的喷射液束电解-激光复合加工可实现再铸层减少90%以上。通过对打孔形貌的对比以及加工工艺规律的初步分析,揭示了喷射液束电解-激光复合加工以激光加工为主,电解加工辅助去除再铸层的加工原理,证实了该复合加工工艺的可行性,可望在航空航天领域得到广泛工程应用。     

(TiB+TiC)/TC4复合材料电解钻孔试验研究

钛基复合材料是一种典型的难加工材料,采用传统机械加工方法存在加工效率低和加工质量差等问题。利用电解加工技术,采用直径为10mm的管状阴极,对(TiB+TiC)/TC4复合材料进行电解钻孔加工试验研究。进行了(TiB+TiC)/TC4复合材料的电化学特性研究,测量了(TiB+TiC)/TC4复合材料在10%NaNO₃溶液中的极化曲线和电流效率。探究了加工电压、电解液压力对加工精度的影响。结果表明,当加工电压为30V,电解液压力为0.6MPa时,电解钻孔可以在1mm/min的进给速度下稳定加工。当加工的盲孔深径比为3.06时,孔的圆度误差为41.1μm,锥度为0.4°,具有较高的加工精度。     

Effect of no-load rate on recast layer cutting by ultra fine wire-EDM

Via material erosion in wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM), recast layers form on the surfaces of workpiece. In addition, ultra fine Wire-EDM can be usually cut once. To reduce the thickness of the recast layer as much as possible, the wire electrical discharge-electrochemical machining (WEDCM) method was proposed, which is based on the micro conductivity of the dielectric and microelectrolytic characteristics by adjusting the no-load rate of the pulse in the machining process. Furthermore, a state discrimination and servo control system based on discharge current was designed. The experiment results of different no-load rates show that the electrolytic effects increase as the no-load rate increases, and the main machining process is spark discharge erosion with a no-load rate in the range of 10% to 80%. At 90% no-load rate, the amount of recast layer formation in the forward direction of the wire electrode is almost the same as that of electrolytic dissolution, and it can be practically processed without a recast layer. Compared with 10% no-load rate, the kerf width only increases by 7.5%.     

三元流闭式叶轮组合电加工技术研究Ⅱ——数控电解预加工

数控电解预加工是组合电加工技术中不可或缺的关键工艺,本文专题论述了三元流闭式叶轮数控电解预加工中阴极及其运动轨迹设计等关键技术。提出了采用多个阴极分区域加工流道的方法,利用先层切再叠加的方法将三维问题简化为二维问题处理而实现阴极加工型面的数值求解。在完成阴极结构优化设计专用工装夹具设计和数控加工程序编制的基础上,以某型三元流闭式叶轮为研究对象进行了加工工艺试验,并加工了符合设计要求的三元流闭式叶轮。试验研究表明,采取数控电解预加工工艺方案能够满足实际生产要求,可提高效率40%,降低电火花加工的电极损耗50%。     

异形型腔组合电加工数字化制造技术研究

针对难切削材料整体构件上深窄、甚至弯扭异形型腔的加工难题,提出了数控电解/数控电火花组合电加工的工艺方案,同时应用数字化制造技术,力求优质、高效、低成本、快速响应地实现航空航天发动机等薄壁、复杂整体构件上异形型腔的加工,具有重要的实用价值与应用前景。     

Experimental investigation of rotary sinking electrochemical discharge milling with high-conductivity salt solution and non-pulsed direct current

Electrochemical milling is a modified technique of traditional electrochemical machining (ECM) that can be used to manufacture some helicopter transmission system parts. The use of rotary tools and an inner-jet electrolyte supply pattern can greatly improve the material removal rate (MRR) in a single pass. However, the feed speed is generally limited to minimize the tool wear. To increase the MRR, electrical discharge machining (EDM) is introduced into the electrochemical milling process. The tool rotation is employed to interrupt the discharge and the high-conductivity salt solution and non-pulsed direct current power supply are also adopted to increase ECM, eventually, a new machining method is proposed, which can be called rotary sinking electrochemical discharge milling (RSECD milling). The mechanism of it is explored in this study by analyzing the machined current, MRR, surface morphology, and tool wear at different applied voltages and feed speeds. Besides, the RSECD milling using the tool with a larger diameter is also conducted to further verify the effectiveness. In particular, the MRR can be increased by 742.5% when using the tool with a diameter of 20 mm at the applied voltage of 20 V.     

DZ125带小孔构件低循环/保载疲劳试验与分析

进行了定向结晶合金DZ125带小孔构件在高温下的低循环/保载疲劳试验.此构件试验用来部分模拟航空发动机气膜冷却的空心涡轮转子叶片, 试验方案根据空心涡轮转子叶片的几何特征和所承受的温度及载荷状况来设计.介绍了试验方案和试验结果分析, 包括寿命分析、试验裂纹扩展规律分析和金相分析.结果表明小孔应力集中和保载是构件破坏的主要原因, 孔边电火花加工特征对裂纹萌生起到决定性影响.      

航空复杂壳体零件深孔加工技术研究

深孔加工在航空制造业中具有广泛需求,是加工难度最大的工序之一。复杂壳体零件是航空发动机的关键部件,其深孔加工质量直接影响航空发动机的服役性能和使用寿命。以航空复杂壳体零件为对象,针对航空复杂壳体零件深孔加工的工艺特点及难点,就目前现有深孔加工方法、深孔钻削力学、深孔钻削切屑形态与排屑方法、深孔加工在线监控及深孔加工设备等方面关键技术进行综述,并探讨了深孔加工未来的发展趋势。     

Effect of assisted transverse magnetic field on distortion behavior of thin-walled components in WEDM process

Machining performance of thin-walled components made by aeronautical difficult-toprocess materials is a significant issue in the aviation manufacturing industry. Although wire electric discharge machining-low speed(WEDM-LS) is one of typical non-contact machining processes without macro cutting force, which does well in removing hardness and brittleness materials via pulsed discharge at high temperature, but few researchers have studied the thermal distortion behavior leading to a considerable g...