整体叶盘电解加工电解液进液角度优化研究

整体叶盘电解加工中,流场对加工稳定性起着重要作用,电解液进液角度对流场均匀性具有重要影响。针对由叶尖至叶根流动模式,设计了5种电解液进液角度流动模型（12°、22°、32°、42°以及52°）,并开展电解加工流场仿真研究。结果表明,电解液进液角度为32°时,平均流速为19.01 m/s,流速均方差为6.33,满足整体叶盘电解加工对流场的要求。在电解液进液角度为32°的流场形式下,开展整体叶盘电解加工试验,加工过程稳定,试件表面无流纹,加工精度为0.12 mm,表面粗糙度为Ra0.353μm,验证了流场的合理性。     

群孔管电极电解加工均流设计及其试验研究

 为提高群孔电解加工的稳定性和成形精度,对群孔管电极电解加工(ECD)的分流腔流场进行了建模分析。通过对分流腔进行数值求解,研究了分流腔电解液的分布规律,并分析得到了影响电解液分流均匀度的主?问?分流腔直径),进而对其进行了优化设计。基于该优化设计并结合试验得到了适合正流群孔电解加工的分流均匀度系数和相应的尺寸系数。采用优化的分流腔参数和加工参数进行试验,得到了尺寸精度较好的长排孔结构,孔间距5 mm,孔径为(1.03±0.03)mm,其加工过程稳定,无短路现象。通过优化分流腔结构可以提高其分流均匀度,从而使电解孔加工的稳定性显著增加,加工精度提高。     

SiCp/Al二维超声复合电解/放电加工的表面生成机理及试验研究

针对复合材料高质量的加工要求,结合各加工技术的优点,本文提出二维超声复合电解/放电加工技术(2UECM/EDM),并对其表面生成机理进行深入研究。利用二维超声辅助磨削加工时单磨粒的运动轨迹对加工表面沟槽的加宽作用和电解/放电加工的整平作用,通过研磨面积比(δ_s)来分析复合材料表面形貌和表面粗糙度(Ra)的变化规律,并进行了复合材料SiC_p/Al维超声复合电解/放电加工的表面生成机理对比试验。结果表明,单周进给距离、电压和二维超声振幅等参数影响加工表面质量。其中,表面粗糙度与磨粒单周进给距离的变化趋势一致;较高电压时电解/放电加工效应显著,导致增强颗粒裸露进而增加了Ra;轴向和切向二维振动共同作用下显著增大δ_s值,而其值在1.8附近时Ra出现明显的转折变化趋势。因此,当δ_s大于1.8时的工具和工件振幅以及较低电压参数,加工时对增强颗粒的拖曳和碾压可以显著降低表面不平度、较大幅度提高工件表面质量。     

数控电解铣削加工机床研制

针对航空、医疗等领域内一些中小尺寸零件复杂曲面和窄深型腔的加工需求,研制了数控电解铣削加工机床,包括:设计了带X/Y/Z移动和C轴旋转的4轴联动机床结构,可实现2μm的重复定位精度;开发了具有快速短路响应及泄能模块的高频脉冲电解电源,并能够与电解机床控制系统实时通信;订制了过滤精度0.5μm,压力、温度可调可控的电解液循环过滤系统。最后以实例进行验证,采用圆柱电极以电解铣削方式在304不锈钢上加工出宽1.4mm、深8mm、R_a0.8μm,侧壁陡峭的大深宽比窄深盲槽,加工过程稳定,机床达到了预期设计目标。     

内喷式阴极电解加工整体叶轮叶间通道的间隙特性

本文介绍了在内喷式阴极展成电解加工整体叶轮叶间通道时，加工电压、阴极进给速度、电解液压力和温度对加工间隙的影响，经过对其试验数据所作分析，得出了一些有益的结论，为展成电解加工整体叶轮提供了试验与理论依据。     

激光熔覆制备TC4基复合药型罩材料的力学性能

为了提高TC4药型罩的侵彻性能,将激光熔覆制备工艺用于TC4复合药型罩材料的制备。选用TA15+30%(质量分数,下同)TiC粉、TA15+20%Cr_3C_2粉和TA15+15%B_4C粉作为TC4基体的熔覆材料。采用XRD、扫描电镜和显微硬度测试、准静态压缩实验、SHPB动态压缩实验以及3点弯曲实验方法,研究熔覆层与基体界面处微观形貌、熔覆层硬度变化情况以及3种复合材料的力学性能。结果表明:TC4基体与3种材料都能形成完全冶金结合,TC4-(TA15+TiC),TC4-(TA15+Cr_3C_2)和TC4-(TA15+B_4C)材料的强度均高于TC4基体材料,塑性略差;TC4-(TA15+TiC),TC4-(TA15+Cr_3C_2)材料的抗弯强度分别为168 MPa,101 MPa,均高于TC4基体材料的45 MPa。     

超声电解复合微细加工硬质合金试验研究

超声电解复合微细加工工艺具有效率高、精度高、环保安全等优点,在硬质合金材料微结构加工方面具有一定的技术优势和发展潜力.本文阐述了超声电解复合微细加工机理和试验装置,对硬质合金材料进行了多组对比工艺试验,分析了加工电压、进给压力、电解液等加工参数对加工效果的影响,优化了加工参数和加工条件,提高了硬质合金微结构的微细加工精度.     

脉冲电流大厚度电解线切割加工试验

航空航天难加工材料直纹面构件的高精度高表面完整性加工已经成为制造领域普遍关注和亟需解决的难题，电解线切割加工在高表面完整性要求加工场合上具有原理性优势。建立脉冲电流电解线切割加工模型，分析了工件厚度变化带来的影响。试验结果表明：随着工件厚度增加，电解液电阻减小，工件两端极间电压减小，加工缝宽变窄；双电层时间常数增大，脉宽时间内充电所能达到的电位降低，有效加工时间变短，平均电流密度较低；脉冲频率大于20 kHz时，最大进给速度随频率增加而快速减小，低于20 kHz时，最大加工速度差别较小。最后，采用脉冲频率20 kHz，以进给速度4 μm/s稳定加工出20 mm厚榫头/榫槽结构，表面粗糙度约为0.449 4 μm，表面质量、加工效率明显高于100 kHz加工效果。     

叶片 精密电解加工

电解加工的理论和实践表明,要实现叶片精密电解加工,关键在于实现小间隙加工。但减少间隙又受到如下障碍:电解产物排出条件恶化,甚至极间被堵,造成短路烧伤;为及时排出电解产物必须提高电解液的流速和压力,结果在加工区产生很大的电解液反力,使叶片变形,过高的流速还会造成流场不均,出现空穴现象,以致稳定的小间隙加工无法进行。因此采用普通电解加工方法,靠加大电解液压力和电极送进速度来实现小间隙加工并不是理     

MA 及原位-热压合成TiC/ Ti5 Si3 复合材料

以Ti粉、Si粉和C粉为原料,利用高能球磨及热压工艺合成了TiC/Ti5Si3陶瓷复合材料。研究了工艺条件尤其是热压温度对合成产物相组成及微观结构的影响,并结合DSC、XRD和SEM对反应合成机理进行探讨。结果表明:通过优化合成工艺,高能球磨12 h,热压温度1 400℃时,烧结6 h得到了高纯度的TiC/Ti5Si3陶瓷复合材料;合成过程为:反应开始时发生Ti+C■TiC,反应ΔG=-167.72 kJ/mol。2 h时发生5TiC+8Si■Ti5Si3+5SiC,反应ΔG=-62.12 kJ/mol,当6 h时发生3SiC+8Ti■Ti5Si3+3TiC,反应ΔG=-697.8 kJ/mol。显微结构表明:TiC/Ti5Si3复合材料的合成过程伴随Si熔融,该材料以TiC-Si-Ti5Si3形式相结合,其中Si为黏结剂。     

Electrochemical drilling of small holes by regulating in real-time the electrolyte flowrate in multiple channels

Electrochemical drilling(ECD) provides an alternative technique for drilling multiple small holes in difficult-to-machine materials in numerous industrial applications such as for aeroengines. The value and fluctuation of electrolyte flowrate can seriously affect the machining stability and hole quality in ECD. In particular, when drilling multiple holes, the distribution and fluctuations of the electrolyte flowrate in each channel could influence the uniformity of the electrolyte flowrate among...     

Wire electrochemical machining with axial electrolyte flushing for titanium alloy

Titanium and its alloys have found very wide application in aerospace due to their excellent characteristics although their processing is still a challenge. Electrochemical machining is an important issue in the fabrication of titanium and titanium alloys. Wire electrochemical machining (WECM) is mainly used for workpiece cutting under the condition of different thickness plates. It has a great advantage over wire electro-discharge machining, which is the absence of heat-affected zone around the cutting area. Moreover, the wire electrode in WECM could be used repetitively because it is not worn out. Thus, much attention has been paid to WECM. The effective way of removing electrolysis products is of importance to WECM. In this paper, the axial electrolyte flushing is presented to WECM for removing electrolysis products and renewing electrolyte. The Taguchi experiment is conducted to optimize the machining parameters, such as wire feedrate, machining voltage, electrolyte concentration, etc. Experimental results show that WECM with axial electrolyte flushing is a promising issue in the fabrication of titanium alloy (TC1). The feasibility of multi-wire electrochemical machining is also demonstrated to improve the machining productivity of WECM.     

Machining of a film-cooling hole in a single-crystal superalloy by high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling

Single-crystal superalloys are typical advanced materials used for manufacturing aeroengine turbine blades. Their unique characteristics of high hardness and strength make them exceedingly difficult to machine. However, a key structure of a turbine blade, the film-cooling hole,needs to be machined in a single-crystal superalloy; such machining is challenging, especially considering the increasing levels of machining efficiency and quality demanded by the aeroengine industry. Tube electrode high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling(TSECDD), a hybrid technique of high-speed electrical discharge drilling and electrochemical machining, provides high machining efficiency and accuracy, as well as eliminating the recast layer. In this study, TSECDD is used to machine a film-cooling hole in a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy(DD6). The Taguchi methods of experiment are used to optimise the machining parameters. Experimental results show that TSECDD can effectively drill the film-cooling hole; the optimum parameters that give the best performance are as follows: pulse duration: 12 ls, pulse interval: 30 ls, peak current:6 A, and salt solution conductivity: 3 m S/cm. Finally, a hole is machined by TSECDD, and the results are compared with those obtained by electrical discharge machining. TSECDD is found to be promising for improving the surface quality and eliminating the recast layer.     

冰层辅助对电火花-电解复合穿孔的影响

电火花-电解复合穿孔(ECDD)加工方法有望实现难加工材料涡轮叶片气膜冷却孔无重铸层高效加工,为了进一步提升小孔孔壁的加工质量,提出了在工件底部填充冰层的电火花-电解复合穿孔加工新方法。分析了冰层辅助对复合加工过程中两极之间电流电压的波形、复合穿孔的加工效率、小孔的出入口孔径、孔壁重铸层去除等的影响,进行了冰层辅助与无冰层辅助电火花-电解复合穿孔对比试验。试验表明:冰层辅助加工可以在小孔穿透之后形成充分的反向冲液,有效地解决小孔穿透之后的漏液问题。在增加底部停顿时间的基础上,即小孔穿透后管电极到达预设深度继续停留一段时间,延长管电极对孔壁的电解作用时间,可以显著提高重铸层的去除效果,有望实现小孔整个孔壁重铸层的完全去除。     

Optimization of flow field in electrochemical trepanning of integral cascades (Ti6Al4V)

Ti6Al4V is widely applied in the integral cascades of aero engines. As an effective machining method, electrochemical trepanning (ECTr) has unique advantages in processing surface parts made of hard-to-cut materials. In ECTr, the state of the flow field has a significant effect on processing stability and machining quality. To improve the uniformity of the flow field when ECTr is applied to Ti6Al4V, two different flow modes are designed, namely full-profile electrolyte supply (FPES) and edges electrolyte supply (EES). Different from the traditional forward flow mode, the flow directions of the electrolyte in the proposed modes are controlled by inlet channels. Simulations show that the flow field under EES is more uniform than that under FPES. To further enhance the uniformity of the flow field, the structure of EES is optimized by modifying the insulating sleeve. In the optimized configuration, the longitudinal distance between the center of the inlet hole and the center of the blade is 6.0 mm, the lateral distance between the centers of the inlet holes on both sides is 16.5 mm, the length to which the electrolyte enters the machining area is 1.5 mm, and the height of the insulating sleeve is 13.5 mm. A series of ECTr experiments are performed under the two flow modes. Compared with EES, the blade machined by FPES is less accurate and has poorer surface quality, with a surface roughness (R_a) of 3.346 μm. Under the optimized EES, the machining quality is effectively enhanced, with the surface quality improved from R_a = 2.621 μm to R_a = 1.815 μm, thus confirming the efficacy of the proposed methods.     

喷射液束电解-激光复合加工工艺试验研究

喷射液束电解 激光复合加工是一项新探索的加工技术,其特点是既发挥激光加工的高效率,又借助喷射电液束的冷却、冲刷、电解作用而实现在线去除再铸层。基于该加工原理的分析,在对激光电解液中衰减特性研究的基础上,研制了试验系统并对不锈钢片进行了打孔工艺试验。试验结果表明,应用液压1.5 MPa、浓度18%的NaNO₃电解液的喷射液束电解-激光复合加工可实现再铸层减少90%以上。通过对打孔形貌的对比以及加工工艺规律的初步分析,揭示了喷射液束电解-激光复合加工以激光加工为主,电解加工辅助去除再铸层的加工原理,证实了该复合加工工艺的可行性,可望在航空航天领域得到广泛工程应用。     

Breakthrough detection in electrochemical discharge drilling to enhance machining stability

Film cooling holes are widely used in aero-engine turbine blades. These blades feature large numbers of holes with complex angles and require a high level of surface integrity. Electrochemical discharge drilling(ECDD) combines the high efficiency of electrical discharge drilling(EDD) with high quality of electrochemical drilling(ECD). However, due to the existence of a variety of energy for material removal, accurate and timely detection of breakthroughs is fraught with difficulties. An insuffic...     

Simulation and experimental investigation on a dynamic lateral flow mode in trepanning electrochemical machining

An appropriate flow mode of electrolyte has a positive effect on process efficiency, surface roughness, and machining accuracy in the electrochemical machining(ECM) process. In this study, a new dynamic lateral flow mode, in which the electrolyte flows from the leading edge to the trailing edge, was proposed in trepanning ECM of a diffuser. Then a numerical model of the channel was set up and simulated by using computational fluid dynamics software. The result showed that the distribution of the flow field was comparatively uniform in the inter-electrode gap. Furthermore, a fixture was designed to realize this new flow mode and then corresponding experiments were carried out. The experimental results illustrated that the feeding rate of the cathode reached 2 mm/min, the best taper angle was about 0.4°, and the best surface roughness was up to Ra= 0.115 lm. It reflects that this flow mode is suitable and effective, and can also be applied to machining other complex structures in trepanning ECM.     

Surface-improvement mechanism of hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses

Superalloys are commonly used in aircraft manufacturing; however, the requirements for high surface quality and machining accuracy make them difficult to machine. In this study, a hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses is proposed to achieve this target. In this method, electrochemical machining (ECM) and electrical discharge machining (EDM) are unified into a single process using a sequence of variable-amplitude pulses such that the machining process realizes both good surface finish and high machining accuracy. Furthermore, the machining mechanism of the hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses is studied. The mechanism is investigated by observations of machining waveforms and machined surface. It is found that, with a high-frequency transformation between high- and low-voltage waveforms within a voltage cycle, the machining mechanism is frequently transformed from EDM to pure ECM. The critical discharge voltage is 40 V. When pulse voltages greater than 40 V are applied, the machining accuracy is good; however, the surface has defects such as numerous discharge craters. High machining accuracy is maintained when high-voltage pulses are replaced by low-voltage pulses to enhance electrochemical dissolution. The results indicate that the proposed hybrid electrochemical discharge process using variable-amplitude pulses can yield high-quality surfaces with high machining accuracy.